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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 4, 1901)
T11E OMAHA DAILY BEE:, SVyPAV, AVCTST -I, 1901. lb PIONEERS IN POSTAL WORK Death of E. R. Ortrill Btca.ll Keminii- c3DC8j.of Old Timer. HIS LONG AND HONORABLE CAREER Overall' .Service Tilth tln I'oMnlllcc In OniiiliH little llncU to the Early I)n When the Volume Wnn Not ni Great iim .Voir. TIio death of B. It. Overall will recall to old residents of Omaha the, time when, under the namo of E. It. 'Williams, the dead mall carrier created much comment mid considerable feeling by being the first negro to accept a placo In the postofllce. The ofllco waB then on Farnam street and tho freo delivery syRtcra was something mill In tho future. It was In 1SC0. when Ocorgo 11. Smith was postmaster. He found Overall, or Williams, as ho was thon known, to bo a capable man nnd did not let bis color stand In tho way of making him gen ernl delivery clerk. Williams served for several years to tho satisfaction of the postmaster and then changed his occupa tion and his name. Had Overall continued In tho service of tho government from tho tlmo of his ilrst appointment ho would have been longer In tho servlco than nuy other man in tho city nt tho tlmo ofjiis death. As It was, ho was only antedated by tho nsslstant post master, J, I. Woodard, who has probably served more years In tho 1'ostolllco depart ment than nny other man In tho United Ktntos outsldo of a few pcoplo nt tho gen eral ofllco In Washington. Mr. Woodard WUH appointed as clerk In tho Omaha olllce In IS'O nnd slnco that tlm has been upon tho payroll of tho United States, lie hns held tho position of assistant under so mnny postmasters that ho became to bo considered ns much a part of the postofllco us tho mallsacks and has tho work of tho olllco down so Duo that In every depart ment ho Is conslderod nn nuthorlty. Sunn- 3rr Olit-Tlmrrn. Asldo from Mr. Woodard there nro but fow men who havo served romarknhly long tlmo In tho Omaha olllco, Tho majority of tho "old timers" dato their entranco Into tho service from 1S87 or 18S8, when tho growth of Omaha and tho annexation of outlying additions mado necessary tho largest Incrcaso In tho working forco of tho olllco which hns over taken placo in tho sumo length of time. There are, how ovor, a number of men who havo been In tho service of tho rostoftlco department for many yenrs longer thau the record of their vork at tho Omaha olllco would show. Among tho oldest of theso was J. E. Davis, who was recently transferred to tho general postollleo nt Wnshlngton. Mr. Davis started ns railway mall clerk on tho Union IMclflc a few months after that railroad was desig nated an a postnl route. J. B. Cramer, tho present superintendent of tho mnlls, Is an other cmployo who enmo from the railway mall after a sorvlco of many yenrs. Tho oldest mnn In point of continuous service In tho Omaha postollke, asldo from Mr. Woodard, Is J. II. Tcbbins, n carrier, who was nppotnted In 1S74, tho year the freo delivery servlco was established In Omaha. Mr, Tobblns has carried mall to almost every section of .tho city and Is now tho cnrrlor nf tho routo cmbrnclng tho wholesale district, whero his fnco has becomo familiar to two generations of clerks nnd bookkeepers. Andrew l'otor snn comes next In point of continuous sorvlco. Ho came to tho ofllco In 1877 nnd gave lessons to almost all of tho carriers now on tho payroll. His rtmto lies along tho retail district on Farnam Btrcot and Includes tho Now York Life building. Tho next cnrrlor In point of servlco came to the olllco In 1SS3 In tho person of G. 11. King. Thomas Parkins was appointed In 15S3. Following him by ono year is John M. Stafford, an oldtlmo Omaha printer. Manuel Clenlcns, tho second negro to bo nppolntcd to a place In tho Omaha ofllce, wns mndo a clerk and stamper In 18SI, which plnco ho has held over slnco. Tho other mon to recelvo nppolntment boforo 1887 who nro still In tho servlco nro Simon Caramlllo, L. S. Mohl nnd A. J. I.ntcy, tho present superintendent of carriers, (IvitiiII mill Illn Home. Of tho oldest carrier, B. H. Overall, ond his horse, many stories nro told. Overall had trained tho horso so thnt but ono other In the town know moro about tho routes than he. From postbox to postbox his movements wero as rcgulnr as clockwork and tho only troublo that was over had wlh him was when n box would bo re moved. Ho would tnko kindly to now boxes nnd after tho first trip over the r uto ho would stop at them as well as at thi old -ones nnd would go away from tho old routo to reach them, but ho hated to glvo up old stopping places and would never pass a corner whero a box onco stood without stopping. I 1'riMii'li AIIiiitn Threaten to Strike. ST. ETIENNE, Aug. 3. Tho Nattonnl Minors' federation has sent a circular to nil Its members proposing a general strlko In Franco for Novcmbor 1 unless tho gov ernment nnd tho mining companies havo previously given tho miners satisfaction In regard to tho proposals for eight hours work per day and n pension of 2 francs per day after twonty-flvo years work. I could not rise to my feet without fainting. "I had suffered for three years or more nt monthly periods," writes Miss Hlla Sapp, of Jamestown, Guilford Co., N. C. "It seemed as though I would die with pains in my back and stomach. I could not rise to my feet at all without fainting ; had given up all hope of ever being cured, when one of my friends insisted upon my trying Dr. Pierce's Favorite Prescription. With but little faith I tried it, and before I had taken half a bottle I felt better, had better appe tite and slept better. Now I have taken two bottles of ' Favorite Pre scription' and one of ' fnlfliMi Mfdiri1 Tlisrm'. mkM ery,' and am happy to say l am entirely cured, and all done in two months' time when all other medicines had failed to do any good at all." Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets a pleasant and ef . fective laxative J'v for women. Norway's Capital City Ancient and Modern Life in Christiania. Writing from Christiania to the Record IIrald William B, Curtis thus sketches the ani lcnt city In Its modern makeup Christiania Is practically a modern city, although the town of Oslo, founded by King Harold Huardroada about tho middle of thu eleventh century, was tho royal residence for COO years, Tho old castle Akcrshus, which stands upon a promontory In tho center of tho city overlooking the beautl fill fjord or bay, Is moro than 1,000 years old. In tho year 872 Harald llaafagcr mado a vow that he would not cut his hair or whiskers until he had united Norway under a single government. Tho 1.000th anniver sary of his success was celebrated In 1872. Akcrshus was the palace of tho kings until 1710. It has been considerably changed during the different dynasties that havo oc cupied It and Is now used ns n peniten tiary and a barrack for the little hand of troops that garrisons tho city. In military affairs Norway Is quite as Quakerish as tho United States. It Is proposed to re store the old castle to Its prlmltlvu condi tion nnd a fund Is being raised by private subscription for that purpose. , , v In tho Cathedral of St. Halvard several of tho early Norwegian kings arc burled nnd they wero dust seven and eight cen turies ago. This old church Is tho mor Interesting because James I of England, who translated tho blblo Into English, nnd Anno of Denmark were married before Its altar In 1089. Tho old town of Oslo was burned by Its Inhabitants to prevent Its falling Into tho hands nf tho Swedes nnd then In 1621 camo Christian IV of Den mark, who wns to tho Scandinavian coun tries what Alfred the Orcat was to Eng Innd, I'cter tho Orent to Itussln, Charle magne to Franco nnd Icynsu to Japan a redeemer, regenerator nnd creator and built a city which ho called by his own nnme. It Is now ono of tho most progres sive nnd up-to-dato cities In Europe, with a rapidly Increasing population of 230, 000 nnd nn nnnunl commerce of not lcs3 than $23,000,000. It Is the sent of tho Nor wegian government ond tho king Is ex pected to spend threo months of every year In tho old paloco on tho hill, Tho su premo court, tho Parliament, which they call tho Storthing, or "the great meeting," tho university nnd the bishop of tho Luth eran church aro among the chief objects of Interest. Christiania Is rapidly becoming a manu facturing center. Its trade was formerly confined to timber, herring, snrdlncs, matches nnd beer, but factories arc being established for different purposes engine, works, cotton nnd paper mills nnd other In dustries being rapidly developed. The pco plo are rich aud prosperous; the residences, constructed In tho French style of brick and stucco nnd lined oft In Imitation of stone, nro quite Imposing, The shops aro largo and tho goods they contain lndlcata tho luxurious tastes of tho people. The city Is founded upon a rock nnd lies nround the shores of n beautiful fjord, which Is dotted with Islands, whero rich citizens have their summer residences. Lit tle steamers thnt are puffing and tooting nround nmong them all the tlmo furnish frequent nnd rapid transportation, as the electric trolley cars do upon tho land. Hack of tho town Is a stately group of mountains covered with groves of pines which nro utilized by the plensure-loving population for parks, beer gardens and picnic grounds nnd by Invalids, who are few In number, for sanitariums, A sani tarium lu Norway Is not necessarily a hospital, but a health resort. The death rato In Norway Is tho smallest of nny nation In tho world less thau four teen to 1,000 of the population Inst year, which Is owing to tho atmosphere nnd thu temperate lives of tho people. There used to be a great deal of drunkenness. In 1833 tho consumption of raw spirits wns twenty eight quarts per capita of tho entire popu lation, but by tho enactment of restrictive laws this has been reduced until tho Nor wegians aro now ono of tho most temperate? peoplo In Europe and poverty, crlniQ nnd dlscaso are greatly diminished. regular payday for tho working classes. These are practical regulations, devised for tho purpose of restraining those who are i not capablo of controlling their own appe tites nnd encourngtng thrift nnd economy, While the saloons nro closed on payday tho savings banks keep open tilt midnight. There are many Interesting features of mu nicipal administration also. Some of them nro old-fashioned and nwkword and would not be tolernted In the United States, but they Illustrate and commend tho practical common sense of tho people. Norway offers a fine field for reformers to study the effect of regulation upon tho vlco of drunkenness. Within the limits of tho kingdom are all grades of restriction, from prohibition to liberal license. Thcro nro no pretentions about the Norwegians; there 13 no affectation about their morals and no leniency In the administration of their laws. The police nnd tho magistrates aro merciless and Inexorable, nnd crime Is pun ished more severely pcrhap than In nny other country. At tho samo tlmo tho peo ple distinguish nn Important difference be tween temperance nnd total abstinence. They give their children beer In unlimited quantities, but absolutely prohibit tho salo of whisky, nnd send drunken men to prison with burglars nnd assassins. Norwegian reformers hold thnt beer Is the great pro motor of temperance nnd encourago Its uso as n beverage, although every saloon In tho kingdom Is closed on Sundays, on all holi days and Saturday afternoon, which Is tho Tho pnlaco of tho king occupies tho most beautiful and commanding nltimiinn in , i... city, at the head of tho principal street, butt Is nn ugly old building built in 1841 of brick1 and stucco, and painted a gloomy orango' tuiur. m sinning contrast are tho new Masonic temple and theater, which are the tlnest examples of modern architecture lu town. Tho Storthing, or Parliament house, Is a homely structure of brick, without or namentation, nnd Is cold, baro nnd severe In Its nppearanco and appointments. The theater was built from tho proceeds of a lottery two years ngo nnd Is considered ns much of nn educational necessity ns tho university, which stands upon tho other side of tho street and furnishes facilities for about 1,200 young men to obtain n free edu cation. Tho faculty Includes llfty-flvo pro fessors, some of them being men of uni versal reputation. There nro libraries and nrt galleries, museums of art and nrchacol ogy In connection with tho university, and under tho caro of tho archaeological do portment nro the two Viking ships which wero found burled In the clay on the coast of Norway, ono In 1SG7 nnd tho other la 1SS0. The weak spot In Christiania Is the lack of n sewerage system. As In Manchester, England, and other old-fashioned places, there nro no water closets, and tho night soil Is collected by carts every twenty-four hours nnd sold for manure. Very few houses havo running water, although thcro Is a flno reservoir In the mountains back of tho city, which could furnish an unlimited supply. Thcro nro a few drains on tho .surfneo nnd underground, but thoy nro only in tho most modern sections, where they nro tho least needed, and aro seriously ob jected to becauso they discharge Into the bay nnd spoil the water. It Is proposed to build nn entirely new nnd novel system which may bo nppltcablo to somo of tho cities of the United States whero similar difficulties aro experienced. Genuine barqafns in orap series W1 'E have just completed our midsummer inventory and have sorted out the s!ov movers and put prices on them that will sell them within the next two weeks to give room for fall goods. We quote here some of the prices that arc taken from stock the goods will take better than print call and see them. TAI'KSTKY POItTIERES In stripes nnd fig- 4 AC K 3TKHCKU1ZEI) l'OHTIEKES, corded, very "7 rf ureo, worth up to $3.50 pair, all go nt....lTO 1V1 nov,., worth J12.H0, nil goat, pair lOU 'T'Al'ESTHY POUTIEHES. extra heavy, that A q r QlNOLE POKT1EHKS for single doors. -J Qp wo iihcd to sell for Ml pair, nil go nt... i'J worth from $10 to $15 pair, go nt ench.... fJsO T OOP to tie them back with, odd, they have sold as high ns fl-tlO pair r go at, each .1 DC Lace Curtains ,t'FFt,En MUSLIN CURTAINS, (n'l soil- jK cd), worth tip to $3.00 pair I'FFLFll NKT CTltTAlNS-some soiled - r-r mm some clean, regular prices, J. 10 A.r J $7 to pair now. pair, Mc to Bacillus of Tubercle Spread of Consumption and How to Prevent It. OMAHA, Aug. 2. To tho Editor of Tho Deo; Dr. Koch discovered the bacillus of tuberculosis a few years ago and pro nounced It the cause of tho most fatal of human maladies consumption. In n recent exchange of letters with tho strongest man in mcdlclno In this country. In my opinion, Dr. Wllltnm Osier of Johns Hopkins, I ventured tho suggestion that tho bacillus of tubcrclo was n consequence and not a causo of consumption tho product of hereditary or acquired physical infirmity of toxturo In Its victim. Holding to this view of tho subject from obscrvntons of its ravages In my own family and otherwise for many years, I submit It to tho profes sion of which I was onco a member, for careful consideration. My decided opinion Is that tho bacillus of Koch Is a conse quent of tho scrofulous or Btrumous diathesis, a product of a peculiar physical weakness In tho constitution of Individuals upon which tho power of heredity, which Is so great In all living men and women nnd In animals In other respects ns to be obvious to tho commonest observation. A medical writer of tho leading editorial of tho Sun of last Sunday says: "The ques tion of heredity Is now regarded as simply ono of tho predisposition Influencing tho power of resistance." This nttempt to minimize heredity by tho" word "predisposi tion" may pass for what It Is worth, but It Is unworthy of tho ablo man who used it. bcllcvo tho moro will bo completed within I havo been a closo observer and some times a careful student of medical theories for many years. Scores of them havo ex ploded in my time. Tolstoi said a few days ago that thero was nothing In medical science. Napoleon snld the snmo thing at St. Helena elghty-llvo years ngo, nnd Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes virtually the samo less than twenty years ago. Bnctcrlan philosophies will go tho way of raoro than a baker's dozen of similar medical speculations. Dr. Osier, In tho Sun a few months ngo, reduced tho number of valuablo drugs applied to tho euro of dlseaso to four out of tens of thousands that havo been vaunted ns curatives. No man of nvcrngo Intelligence has any doubt that healthy constitutions aro pro duced In men and women by healthy par ents. Tho law Is unerring In tho breeding of animals, nB overy farmer nnd stock man knows. Does It not follow with un answerable logic of reason that dlseaso Is as certainly hereditary nB henlth? I cito my own examplo of constnnt per sonal contact with n victim of tubcrclo for nearly fifty years. If this dlscaso Is In fectious, why nnd how did I escape It? Learned writers will say that I lacked tho "predisposition," which has no meaning unless It means tho exact truth about tho whole tumult of words nnd theories that I did not Inherit that physical structural Infirmity which used to bo called for wnnt of a hotter namo, scrofula or struma. Tho way to eradicate tubcrclo from nmong men Is to prevent tho marrlngo of scrofu lous pcoplo to other scrofulous peoplo, or tho marrlngo of such peoplo nt all. And this to tho common mind must be ns plain as a nose on a man's face. GEORGE U MILLElt. OMAHA, Aug. 2. To tho Editor of Tho Peo: It Is Impossible thnt any statement can bo propounded by Prof. Koch seriously affecting nccepted doctrines with respect to tho nature and modo of transmission of consumption without nt trnctlng widespread nttentlon. if I am cor rectly informed the gist of his roccnt paper Is this: A certain number of cattle, simi larly conditioned In every particular, wero Infected with tubercular poison, half of them from cattlo suffering with tuberculosis nnd half of them from human bolngs suffer ing with tuberculosis, The result was that nil of tho cattlo which received tho poison from other cnttlo contracted the disease, whllo nono of those receiving tho poison from human beings contracted the disease. Viewed scientifically this tends to provo that cattlo aro not casllyjnfected by human bolngs with tuberculosis. As to Its proving thnt It is Imposslblo for human beings to contract tuberculosis from cattle, it cer tainly only hints nt such n conclusion. If this could Iw shown to bo true It would Im mensely simplify tho matter of sanitary measures for tho prevention of human tuberculosis. Ono of the problems that has most seriously tried tho souls of sanitarians along this line has been that of tho dispo sition of tuberculous cnttlo. The wholo question of tho nature of this terrlblo disease with referenco to Its modo of transmission Is probably moro compli cated than the average Individual Imnglncs. On March 24, 18S2, Prof. Koch announced his wonderful discovery that tuberculosis Is duo In every case to a peculiar bacillus, which has since been known by tho name of Its discoverer. The teaching of Koch has been almost universally excepted. Thla In volves tho ncceptanco of tho opinion that the dlseaso Is Infectious nnd suggests nu merous measures for Its prevention. On tho contrary, Dr. Arthur V. Meigs of Philadelphia In his work (1300) on "Tho Origin of Disease" says: "So far as con cerns human beings thero Is no existing evidence, either chemical or experimental, which can, when Judicially examined, bo considered to show conclusively thnt con sumption Is Infectious. With regard to ex periments upon tho lower nnlmals thero havo always been dlsputeB nmong tho ex perts In thnt field In regard to tho con clusions to bo drawn from tubcrclo Inocu lations." Thcso words of Dr. Meigs set forth the fact that thcso questions havo not been determined beyond dispute. With out doubt tho ovldcuco points strongly to the Infectious character of tho dlscaso. Al most one-seventh of all deaths aro due to tuberculosis. It would seem to bo tho part of prudenco to demand Incontrovertible evidence that wo aro wrong beforo we aban don tho assumption that human beings may acqulro tho dlseaso from cattlo. W. F. MILROY. OMAHA, Aug. 2. To tho Editor of Tho Beo: Tho bacillus (or germ) of tuberculo sis was discovered by Koch In 1SS2, nearly twenty years ago, Tuberculosis is to a largo extent n prevcntablo disease, nnd thnt Its ravages should contlnuo to destroy more Uvea than nny other dlseaso (from 10 to 20 per cent), nccordlng to locnllty. Is something of n reflection upon our boasted civilization. Consumption Is sometimes alluded to as tho "white plague" by the profession, who know so well Its mnny forms, nnd nro in n position to recognlzo it ns a vcrltablo scourge. It Is timely that In tho beginning of the twentieth century, during which bo much Is hoped for in preventive medi cine, that wo should concern ourselves about this most important matter. The high authority from which theso recent statements havo come, In relation to tho spread of tuberculosis, causes tho world to tako heed. And tho discussion of this subjcot will bo of great good to our peoplo who rend and reflect, which will prepare them to net. The more recent experiments, of Koch Bccm to show that contracting tho disease by tho Ingestion of tuberculosis meat nnd milk Is Impossible, which is con trary to IdcaB formerly held. If further experiments which nro being prosecuted under tho German government (and which will doubtless bo persucd by others), shall provo to bo correct, our warfaro will bo much simplified, because It will narrow tho channel of our labors and It will nlso servo to nccentuato our efforts In other directions, I. 0., In enforcing iBolntlon, dis infection nnd In tho prevention of promis cuous expectoration. Tho reporting of cases to the health authorities will do much to regulnto tho conduct of theso people, who both carry and leavo so much misery In their wake. In my recent travels through Europe tho very numerous cases of surgical tubercu losis In the wards of their hospitals was a matter of constant surprise to mo. Their communities being older, nro moro Infected, nnd then tho low state of nutrition becauso of insufficient food, especially meat nnd eggs, nmong their peasant classes Is largely responsible. The Improvement In the matter of street expectoration In tho last few years Is nntlceablo to tho traveler. "Don't spit" notices nro salutary, nut I think tho most effective which I havo seen was In tho street cars of Belfast. It read: "Spitting Is a filthy hnblt and Is dnnnerous to health. Persons offending will subject themselves to tho lonthlng and disgust of their fellow passengers." Times havo changed slnco Dickons, who wroto very graphically of that "dread dis ease, which wealth never wnrded off nor poverty could boast exemption from." It Is curablo In from 10 to 50 per cent of tho cnscB, and wealth In securing rcsplto from labor, suitable climate, etc.. Is, next to the restored forces of naturo, our best hand maid. In bringing nbout n cure. JOHN P. LOUD. OMAHA, Aug. 2.-T0 tho Editor of Tho Heo: Tho recent address of Prof. Robert Koch beforo tho Ilrltlsh congress upon tuberculosis In London brought forth a very anlmnted discussion In tho congress nnd a no less animated ono In the lay press of tho wholo world. Tho subject Is one of such 'M'"i mum Him 11 cannot navo, too much discussion, provided that it Is tem perate nnd scientific. Ho has raised n ques tion of vast Importance to tho cattle In terests nnd has startled tho world by calling In question tho necessity of the very rigid Inspection which has been deemed neces sary to fraud the human race from InXec- 7 P nil co 111 XV THISII POINT, llATTENllElia, ARABIANS, CH'NYS and HlttS3i:i.S CURTAINS that Imvo 1 ld from J, .60 to 112.0 per pair, they an' odd, one to tour parts of a kind all to lio sold at 0110 price, (tho biggest bargain we ever offered In lace curtains) only, pair S Sir.Vi .-,:" om'B 1 Tr OAAU.-SY 1IKISSEUS CURTAINS- T7 T worth $2o.n0 pair, we have too l4rU O orth JM.W pair. Just two pair Z.hCi 4,95 many, ull go nt, pair go at CURTAINS- AXONY BRUSSELS ) worth J75.00 pair, Just two pair u ui Tapestry for reiip bolstering 39.50 Purnifu 31J iol(l ns high ns 5.00 yard 1111 no ai, yarn have 50c p--INCII SILK AND COTTON DRAP- p-r rJ ERY CiOODS-enoUKh In the pieces S( n for portieresi, etc., only, yard r-rk-INCII FRENCH TAPESTRY FOLI- 4 r r rJ AOE and oriental designs, worth l.rHJ J3.50 to $1.60 ynrd, at .... lJJ t OT 1 worth from 15 cents to I , So cents per yarti r-z-x-INCII SILK TAPESTRV-ri ular r-fvINOIl Fl Oil ACE an J2.60 to $; 95c only 3c L p:ice (n.M lengths ntul colors) wntth rll IP J3.M yard, all go a;, yard vv- INCH FRENCH TAPESTRY FOLI- 1 oiletitul des nils, worth $3.00 yard, at IMP 1 3 and 7 yard, cords, 3c, le nnd So ynrd. Furniture Fringe, 25c and We yard. Fringes for curtalmi, mantels, drupe, etc. OT 2 worth from 25 ccntd to w cents per jnrd of only ' Sarpet So I . if Hon from tuberculous cattlo. It Is thercforo Important thnt wo know Just what position Dr. Koch takes In the matter. Tho Journal of tho American Medical As sociation published Prof. Koch's address simultaneously with Its delivery and tho following abstract Is glenned from Its columns: I need not point to tho Innumerable lctims tuberculosis annually clali - nor to tho boundless misery It brings. -u all know that thero Is no dlsenso which inflicts such deep wounds upon mankind. All tho greater would bo tho general Joy If tho efforts which aro being mado to rid mankind of this enemy, which consumes Us inmost mnrrow, wero crowned with success. Jluny doubt tho possibility of successfully combutlng this disease. This Is by no means my opinion. Wo may enter this conflict with a surely founded prospect of success. Only a few decades ngo Its real naturo was unknown: it was regnrded ns tho expression of soclnl misery. o know that boclal misery fosters tuber culosis, but tho real cause Is a parasite, a visible and palpable enemy, which wo can pursue nnd nnnlhllate. It Is a great blunder to treat pestilences nccordlng to a general Hcheme, as formerly; for cholera, plague and leprosy Isolation, quarantlno and useless disinfection were nlways re sorted to. Wo now know that every dis ease must bo treated according to Its own special Individuality nnd tho measures taken ngnlnst It must bo most accurately adapted to its apeclal nature, As nn Illus tration, tho pestilence which Is nt this moment In the foreground, tho bubonic plague, may bo Instructive. Peoplo used to act upon tho conviction that n plague patient was In tho highest degrco a center of Infection nnd tho dlseaso wa.s only transmitted by plaguo patients and their belongings. It Is now known that only thoso plaguo patients who suffer from plaguo pneumonia nro centers of Infection and that the real transmitters of the plaguo aro tho rats. It has been found that wherever tho rats wero exterminated tho plaguo rapidly disappeared: where too little nttentlon has been paid to tho rat plague tho pestilence continued. With cholcrn the case Is essentially different; Its main nnd most dangerous propagator Is water, and therefore, In the combating of cholera, water Is tho first thing to bo considered. Hydrophobia Is not void of Instruction. Tho only real way of com bating this pestilence Is by compulsory muzzling of dogs. Leprosy Is caused by a parasite which greatly resembles tho tubercle bacillus. It Is transmitted only from person to person, but only when thoy como In close contact, as In smnll dwell ings. Transmission by animals or water Is out of tho question. Theso exnmplea show that In combating pestilences wo must strlko ut tho root of tho evil. Tho (iiiestlon Is whether what has been done really strikes nt tho root of tuberculosis. How does Infection tako placo In tuberculosis? In tho majority of cases tuberculosis has Its scat In tho Iuoks nnd hns begun thcro; the tubercle bacilli iniiBt havo gotten Into the lungs by In halation, Wo know with certainty that tho bacilli got Into the air with tho sputum of consumptive patients, By coughing, and even speaking. It Is flung Into tho nlr In llttlo drops nnd can nt once Infect persons near. It may nlso bo pulverized when dried nnd get Into tho nlr In the form of dust. Great Irnportanco used to bo at tached to tho hereditary transmission of tuberculosis. It has now been 'demnp strnted that hereditary tuberculosis is ex tremely rare and wo nro nt liberty to leave this form entirely out of account. It Is generally nHsumed that thu transmission of tho germs of tho dlseaso from tuber cuIojh animals to man Is proved nnd that It Is so frequent as to be tho most Important modo of infection nnd the most rigorous measures nro demanded against It. My Investigations have led mo to form nn opinion deviating from tho generally accepted one. Tuberculosis has been observed in almost all domestic nnl mals, most frequently In poultry nnd cattle. That of poultry differs ho much from humnn tuberculosis that wo may leave It out of account ns a source of Infection for mnn. In my flrHt publication on tho cnuno of tuberculosis I expressed myself with reserve regarding tho Identity of human and bovine tuberculosis. Sure proofH of their absolute Identity were undlscovernblo and I had to leave tho question undecided. I have roneatedlv resumed thn Invnotii'n. tlnns, but so long ns 1 experimented on decldo whether Intestinal tuberculosis was small anlmnls, such na rabbits nnd guinea of human or animal origin. Now wo can pigs. I fnlled to nrrlvo nt nny satisfactory make tho diagnosis; If they infect cattlo results, though Indications of their 11011- thoy camo from bovine tuberculosis; If Identity wero not wanting. Not until tho not. from human. My Investigations thus ministry of agriculture enabled me to ox- far do not support tho assumption that perlment on cattlo did I nrrlvo nt absolutely bo vino tuberculosis occurs In mnn. Though conclusive results. I feel Justified In main- tho question is not yet absolutely decided, talnlng that human tuberculosis differs ono Is at liberty to say that, If such a from bovine nnd cannot bo transmitted to susceptibility really exlHts, tho Infection of cattle. human beings ! a raro occurrence. I Is man susceptible to boviho tuberculosis? nhould estimate tho extent of tho Infection It Is impossible to glvo this question a from milk and tho flesh of tuberculous direct answer, becmixn the experimental cattlo nnd from butter ns hardly greater Investigation of It with human beings Is than that of hereditary transmission, ami I out of tho question. Tho milk nnd butter do not deem it advisable to tnko nny consumed In great cities. very often con- measures against It. tnln largo quantities of bovine bncllll. Tho main Hourco of Infection In tho Most of tho Inhabitants dally consumo sputum of consumptive patlentH. Among living and perfectly virulent bncllll. If tho poor, often, tho wholo family sleons these wero able to Infect humnn beings cro'wded together In ono smull room; tho many cases of tuberculosis so caused would sufferer scatters tho morbid matter with occur. Most medical men believe this to every cough anil tho family Inhales tho 1)0 true: In realitv It is not HO. Thnt n ,wlanii nnrl lu InfniMPil : tint momhiTR rilti enso of tuberculosis hns been caused by out nnd causo thn opinion thnt the dlsenso such food can bo assumed with rertnlntv Is hereditary, whereas Uh transmission wns only when tho Intestine suffers first with duo solely to tho HlinplcHt process of In- prlmnry tuberculosis. Such cases nro ex- tectlnn. Poverty per ho does not favor tremely rare. I havo seen primary tuber- tuberculosis, It Is the domestic conditions culosls of the Intestine only twice. Among under which tho poor live, the creat post-mortem material of the - Obligatory notification of tuberculosis is Chnrlto hosnltnl In Berlin onlv ten cases lnillnn.mu;illr. niRinfec Hnn must be nt. occurred In five years; among 3.101 post- footed when consumptives dlo or chango mortem examinations of tuberculous chll-Jthelr residence; not only tho dwellings, but dren Bledert saw only sixteen cases, also tho beds and clothing should be ills Statistics Indubitably show that primary ilnfected. Tho war against tuberculnslb tuberetiloH U of tho . Intestine, especially fmiiHt bo wnged both by means of Hnnltorla nmong children, Ib a comparatively -nro 1 and all other measures. 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