- -
- - . - - . - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - . . - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -P--- - _ - - - - . -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - ---r----- . - - - - - - -p - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - -
o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ? L11iE : OMAhA DAILY B1E : S'tINIAY , AV(1-tST ( 1 1 , 1898. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ p
iiiiiis OF TIlE TRIUIPll
Itocovoring th Spanish War Bblpa Sunk
Near Santiago.
VIORKING WITH AIR BAGS AND DERRICKS
t L1eT1tnnnt Ho1Njl 1'1nTii for
Ing tJi Colon nit. ! flit Mitrie Tcrc'a
-Some of the 1)1 IlIvitIei to
lit , Oercotiic.
'That friendly hnnl of fAte which rovealcd
to fllobmon(1 Pearson flobson , naval con-
fitructor , U. S. N. . the rosul to undying
i1ory by means of the Mortiniac , had tii1
nnother mcccl of fame in BLora for bim.
rhiB young man , the personification of
flaval okili and intelligence , ha pitted him-
ielf against a board of older offlcer , who
decided in their wthdom that the Cristobni
Colon , late of Admiral Cervera's squadron ,
could not bo raised from Its bed on the
shoals of the southern Cuban coast.
\Vhen Mr. Ilobson , after a personal in-
pection of the wrecked ships , tOil Ad-
Iniral Sampson that , in his opinion , both
the iolon and the Maria Teresa could ho
Paved , ho was sent north at once to lay
his vies before the anthorities at Washing-
ton. lie talked so convincingly that it was
hot many hours before he was in consultation -
tion with a certain wrecking company ,
whoso oflices , in one of ( ho older buildings
Ca Wall street , arc known to governments
vail magnates of steamship lines and mu-
3lonairen whose whim is to sail the seas
In floating palaces.
In a corner of one of these omco rooms
sits a quiet American citizen. From his
desk go forth many invisible lines leading
to al parts of the coast. At the nd of
these lines are peculiar tugs and floats and
giant cranes and a small army of inca to
worl ( them. Ona of these linc led to an
infortunnte battieship whose hones still lie
n havana harbor. And another line is
cvon now leading down to a stretch of
beach on the south coast of Cuba , where
six Spanish war vessels nro groveling and
grinding and beating us If anxious to escape -
cape from the vengeance of an outraged
people. It is to save two of these craft
that the wrecker has marshaled his forces
at Constructor liobson's invitation.
That the task will be dimeult Is well
known to those who understand the ways
of the weather .lurlng these hurricane
nonths around Cuba , but liobson , by his
intelligence and bravery , has earned the
confldeneo of the government and ho is to
lo given a free hand in the matter.
There is another reason why the govern-
ncnL Is anxious to float these ships-one out-
] iried In a remark made by a high ofliclal in
the Navy department during the discussion
of the question.Vo must not fail to fly
old giory over at least one ot the ships of
Crvcra's former fleet , even if it means
double the cost of the vessel , " he said. "Tue
dastardly attempt on the part of the Span-
IHII crewS to cheat us out of them by open-
In. ! tim F'fI vnive after ( lie white flair of
aurrender flying , shall not succeed. "
1)1 llh..iIt ItM , , f t ii J'lMk.
To those who are familiar with the sea
and its ways , the task confronting the
vrocking compnny In the case of the Cris-
tobal Colon and Maria Teresa Is stupen-
dotis. The latter lying on an even keel in
shallow water , presents lower ditllculties ,
but the crack ship of Cervera's squadron ,
the fleet Colon , is situated about as badly as
can be imagined , She lies on her beam
ends on a sloping part of the Cuban coast ,
some forty-eight miles from Santiago. IP
will be necessary to right her and then ,
supported by pontoons , to tow the hull to
Santiago.
Soundings already taken show that her
position Is such that a sudden storm from
the south would have a tendency to drive
her further upon the beach , a contingency
that vili render the work of wrecking her
almost it not quito impossible. There are
able men engaged on ( lie task , however-
men ho have confronted such problems
before-and at the present time at writing ,
the odds nrc even ( lint the Cristobal Colon
-will sail under the American Ilag in duo
course of time.
The plaii formulated by Naval Constructor
XTobson , anl heartily approved by the wreck-
lag company holding the contract , calls for
the use of pontoons of great lifting capacity
and a tiumber of air nags. The latter are
to be Place' ' ! empty altIiin the hull and then
Inflated. The air bag liea is comparatively
now , but the use of pontoons Is an old story ,
The outfit now at s'ork on the Spanish var-
ahops includes a nunlvr ) of strongly built
Tr1
CHAINS AND METhODS Ol FASTENING
TO PONTOONS.
pontoons , several powerful tugs and a large
floating crane.
The first duty to be attended to In a case
like that of the Colon is to lighten her of
everything movable.Vlien this is accoin-
3)iiSlWli the real Inbor begins. Thu pontooud
are towed alongside and P1QCCl in position
'quaiiy divided on each side of the wreck.
heavy chains must now be iassed under the
hull and to do this it. is necessary to proceed -
ceed first with what is technically known as
a SWOCI ) chain or "messenger. " 'Ibis is a
small chain which is Bavel through tlLo mud
and debris at the lottoln to a point under
tim keel , where the nnln lifting chains
are passed from Pontoon to pontoon.
A number of chains of increasing thickness -
ness are ( lien drawn under , until the heavy
chain which is to tb the work Is in Position.
Chain after chain follows , until there are a
sullicient iiumbcr to answer the iurposo ,
This prelImInary task l by no means easy ,
as the ntass's of debris 'hic1i naturally accumulate -
cumulate under the hull retard progress ,
and often call for the services of several
divers. The chains , wlieii finally In place ,
2)aEs 1I ) through the pontoon wells to the
Pontoon ( leeks , wliero there era certain
toggles arranged for controlling them , These
chains are inimonso affairs , anti the utmost
care Is taken in their manufacture. Cases
have oceurreti where defective links have
been tue uwans of undoing in one nionicat
the work of weeks ,
In rIghting vessels on their beam ends tlto
1rOCCSB known da parbuckling is generally
used , The chains are passed ( rain the von-
teens vertically downward anti completely
under the side of the hull which touches the
shoal. Thea they vasa tIlWflI tl , by the keel ,
are led over the opposIte sIde , anti are tl2tn
attacbcd to some object on the wreck , such
as the mast or auporatructure'hon the
tide is out the slack on the chains is taken
In , and ( ho ends are sacurely ( astaed to
the itotli000L If everything works s'eli , it
the chains safely stand the strain , if tlio
s3ast or sUcrsrUetUro does not give way ,
then the rIo of ( ho tide vI1i cstuso tht hull
to ho gradually lifted , until sh tands on on
cvin keel ,
This much accomplished , preparotlons ste
made to float the wreck , In the case of the
Colon divers will be utilized to place the
empty air bags in the lower decks , Each
hag is supposed to ho capable of lifting
thirteen tons. As the Spaniard was a heavy
ship , a great number of these , In addition
to the pontoons , will ho needed , The pine.
lag of the bags is not a diflicult task as a
rule , but duo attention must be paid to the
tide on the Cuban coast , and to the tact
that the spot is entirely open to the sea and
the sweep of the southern winds.
A better understanding of the work necessary -
sary In raising the Colon can be obtained
from a description of the wrecking of the
Vella City , an English steamer of 2,000 tons ,
which was sent to the bottom of the North
river by a collision wIth the American
steamer Guyandotte. The same company is
now working on the Spanish war ships
raised the Wells City , anti the same system
of pontoons was used. The three pairs of
pontoons employed then had a. greater mis-
lag capacity than the tonnage of the
steamer. This was rendered necessary by
STATE DEPAllTIENT hISTORY I
Bn'efSkatch Prepared in Connection with th
Exposition Exhibit ,
WHAT IT IS AND 110W IT OPERATES
flrn.ltinl Development of the flepnrt-
zitent trOlls SIUnIL Ueginntngs-
l'rotnlient 1cts Contiecteit rttlL
It-The iOes it lins Untlc.
In connection with the instructive and
comprehensive exhibit of the State depart-
mcnt in the ttnited States building at. ( ho
Transmississippl Exposition , in many
respects the most valuable of all the ape-
cml exhibits for students of American life ,
the department baa published a. vamphlet
en the "Department of State of the United
States , " telling bow it was formed , what
are its duties and how it is run. No pretense -
tense is made that this is a history of the
c 7 . .4' , . ,
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: .i - ,
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"c , ( _ -4j :
' 'k'
/ , 'k'r
thI1 ' IL ( WUrK
I If # /Ih V II II\ \ \ \
IIl l\\-
. $
q' Pr , - .
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5
-
-
T-
,
- r-
RAISING THE COLON.
the fact tliatthoro were eight feetof water
over her deck , and a considerable amount of
( lebris and sedIment which had hccumulatod
by the action of the river's current ,
LI ft I pig ' , , of I'ltOOIIN.
Powerful chaIns of three Inch thIckness
were used on the pontoons. When the
chains were In place the pontoons were
pumped ftill , titan , as the latter sank , the
slack of the chains was hauled in and made
fast. The moment the pumping out began
the lifting power of the pontoons became
apparent and ( lie buoyancy of the six pan-
tootis slowly but surely overcome the
wreck's weight.
The first. attempt to raise the Wells City
was a ( allure. As the vessel left the bat-
torn her keel cut through one of the liftIng
chains , causing t' others to part like
the snapping of threads. All the tedious
operation of replacing the chains followed ,
and it was some time before the hull was
finally ( Iragged from the bottom. The first
lift was only five feet. Then a powerful
tug took the pontoons and wreck in tow
and hauled them to shallow water. Here
( lie raising details were repeated , the hull
was dragged nearer shore , and in tinie a
spot was gained where it was easy to build
tl0 necessary cofferdam , patch up the leaks
and pump her out.
In 18S4 ( lie wrecking company now engaged -
gaged on the Spanish vessels raised the
U , S. S. Taliapoosa , sunk by a coal schooner
in Long island sound. Pontoons were used
and in a remnrkably short space of time
the old wooden gunboat was lifted , pumped
free from sand and water antI sent under
her owli steam to the Brooklyn navy yard.
In ( ho history of wrecking there have
been few cases where a war ship was the
subject of attention , The battleship Howe ,
which was stranded on a reef in the Med-
Iterrancan , several years ago , was successfully -
fully raised only after the display of won-
derlul skill on ( lie part of an English corn-
pany.
Long anti varied experience have re-
tluced the wrecking of vessels to an exact
science , but it is not often that fate and
tIle eigeiieien of war otter such an excellent -
lent opportunity for the c. ercise of skill
antI practical work as will be found in the
case of the Cristobal Colon of Admiral Cer-
vera's Ill-fated fleet. It it sliotilti come to
pass that the stars and stripes shall finally
Iloat over her ileck It will surely be a tn-
untlt to Naval Constructor liobson anti
the American system of wrecking war
ships.
'I'll E Old ) 'I'IMHItS.
Captain flicharti Lawton of Baltimore ,
\vlto has just ceiebrateti his 93d birthday , la
said to be the oldest member of the Order
of Odd Fellows in the world.
The venerable flicliarti W , Thompson of
lndiana felt himself unable , on account of
advancing age-ho is 89 years old-to at-
t.ntl ( lie recent republican state conven-
( ion.
ion.John
John Adriance , 'lio played an important
part in Texas' early history , is lIving quietly
at the age of O in a znotlest home. at the old
town of Columbus , which was the first capital -
ital of the state.
Peter Murray died at W'ichita , ICan. , at
the age of Si years. lie had fourteen dill-
tlren , sixty grandchildren , thirty-five great.
grandchildren and two great.great.grand.
children. Eleven of lila children , five soiis
with their wives , anti six daughters with
their husbands , attended the funeral.
Otto itibbeck , who died in Leipsie recently -
cently , was one of the most notetl of classical -
sical philologists. lie had been professor
of the University of Leipsie for twenty-one
years , having previously occupied positions
at the universities of Bcrno , Basic , Kid tud
Heidelberg. lie was 71 years old at his
death.
It Is said that Alexander Ferguson , vlio
lIves iiear Anderson , Intl. , is 107 years old
antI that his sister , who resides some fifteen
niiles away , is just reaching her 111th
year. The sister is confined to her home
by illness and they have not seen ncii
other for ten years. They are of Irish
veasant stock ,
Mrs. Mary Casey of Washington , N , J. , is
108 years old , but the other day she went to
New York to draw sorno money frurn a t
hank where it had been on deposit for over :
thirty y3ara , She would not allow ( lie '
money to ho transferred to a Washington
bank by the New York cashier , but decided
to bring the actual cash herself. ,
Abner C , ( icodel , ageti 03 , of Salem , Mass. ,
is the oldest living inventor in the Uaileil
States. lie vcmfectcti the design of the first
printing press which printed on both sides
of a vaier at once , and lie else discovered
the process ton preparing steel and copper
plates for engravers , Later ho helped build
, jiie first locomotive for the lioston & Low-
elI railway. lie worketi on the first electric
motor ever constructeti , which afterwartl
ran between ilaitirnore anti W'ashington ,
anti on the first engine lathe tom the mail.
road repair flopg
department including Its achievements and
triumphs. for such a history would have
to be almost a complete history of the
foreign relations of the United States since
the formation of the government and for
some years preceding , but the pamphlet
does give an attractive outline of the tie-
veioprneat of the department anti shows the
various steps by which the department has
reached its present commanding place in
( lie nation and among all nations.
A large number of the men who have
been distinguIshed In American public life
have been connected with the Department
of State , among them heing Livingston , Jay ,
Monroe , Madison , Adams , Clay , Jefferson ,
Calhoun , Cass , Webster , Everett , Seward ,
Black , Washburn and maine. The list of
secrctnrlcs of state comprises a larger nurn-
her of those who have been really eminent
because of their commanding leadership
than the list of presidents. The record of
(110 department goes back to the very beginning -
ginning of the nation , for the very first
thing done looking toward separation of the
colonies from Great Britain was to form a
committee of agents to consider the foreign
relations of the colonies. Indeed , this corn-
rnitteo was formed while yet there was lit-
tie thought among the colonists that resort
would have to be had to force to secure the
justice demanded in the loyal address formulated -
lated by the First continental congress in
1774. The Second continental congress
provided for a "Committee of secret correspondence -
spondence , " with Benjamin Franklin at the
head and Benjamin Harrison of Virginia ,
John Dickinson of Pennsylvania , Thomas
Johnson of Maryland and John Jay of Now
York as members , and this coinmitteo was
in reality a committee on foreign affairs.
This committee opened the negotiations
which ended in the alliance with France.
The name of thIs omrnittee was subsequently -
sequently changed to that of Committee for
Foreign Affairs , but cOngress managed
foreign affairii directly. The first secretary
at the committee , who got the magnificent
salary of $70 a month , was dismiBsed because -
cause lie made an ofilcini matter public. The
chief function of the committee was to
furnish the agents of the government abroad
with accounts of the progress of events in
menica , but beyond that it simply executed
thio orders of congress and had little real
power over foreign affairs. The committee
finally became almost extinct from inaction ,
"There is really , " wrote Lovell , the one
member who remaiaeti continuously upon it ,
to Arthur Leo in August , 1779 , "no such
thing as a committee of foreign affairs exist-
ing-no secretary or clerk further thaii I
persevere to be ono or the other , The books
anti the papers of thnt extinguished body
lay yet on the table of congress , or rather
arc locked up in the secretary's private box. "
: unituiig it lIeIxiniic ,
A plan ( or the Department of Foreign At-
fairs was submitted to congress two years
later , the opening paragraph stating that
" ( Ito extent and rising power of these United
States entitles them to a place among the
great potentates of Europe , while our po-
hitical anti commercial interests point out
the propriety of cultivating with them a
friendly correspondence nntl connection. "
In August of that year the department was
organlzetl anti Robert It , Livingston of New
York was elected as ( lie secretary. Livingston -
ingston was an able man anti although lila
department. was not allowed to take any
independent action , its services were highly
important. Under his direction the business -
ness with the American agents and minis-
tens in foreign countries was done well.
S'hmen Livingston retired , in 1783 , he left
time tieiiartnment in the hands of Lewis It ,
Morris , time under secretary , but ho was
without authority and the matter vaa placed
in ( Ito hands at Henry Romsen , jr. But
the department virtually ceased to exist for
a time.
It will be seen from this brief summary
of the opening paragraphs of this history of
the Department of State that there is much
of general interest connected with the tie-
partment , even in its earliest years , Time
department had a great deal to do with
making history , The story goes on
in a direct way , The next
home of prominence conmmected with
the department is that of John Jay , who mc-
turned home from France in 1784 , after
negotiating the treaty of peace with arcat
Britain. lie had been elected secretary of
foreign affairs before he arrived , and he
entered upon the duties of the position in
September , lIe complained of the unsatisfactory -
factory conditions surrounding his 0111cc , but
a committee of congress reported that the
business of the depaniment was properly
conducted and tlu secretary was entitled to
redut for time ucatucas , method and yen-
1
splcneity throughout ( ho tlepaPtmeflL Jfly
was secretary when the new constittitlea
went into effct ,
Jcsel.pitigr the leinrtp.icnt-
The new deportment was not formed oft
hand by the new government , but the idea
was developed gradually. The government
started oft without any secretaries or any
cabinet , Washington anti Adams being the
whole thing , but Juno 2 , 17S9 , a bill was introduced -
troduced into congress providing for the
formation of a department for foreign at-
fairs , The first dCbato on time bill was over
the question of the removals by the president -
dent , and as amended became a law In
July. This sas "An act for establishing an
executive dpartnmcnt to be denominated the
Department of Foreign Affairs , " John Jay ,
who had continued in charge of the papers
anti correspondence of the old department ,
was appointed formally , but the department
in ( lint form had a brief existence. A bill
was i1roduced in tIme house to torni a home
department , anti before the Department of
Foreign Affairs was fairly organized another
bill was Introduced to provide for "the safe
keeping of the nets , records and great seal
of the United States ; for tIme publication ,
preservation anti nutbeatlention of the acts
of congress , etc. , " and this latter bill pro-
viiiecl that the Department of Foreign At-
fairs should be known as the Department
of State , and it greatly increased its im-
portance. The governors of the states had
been informed , July . of the formation of
time Department of Foreign Affairs , and Sep-
teniber 21 they were informed of its expan-
sian into the Department of State. A few
day5 later Jay wns nominated to be chief
utiec anti Thomas Jefferson to be the first
secretary of state. Jay continued in the
ofilce for some time anti Jeltersomi did not
finally accept the office until the next Feb-
ruary.
As aecretary of state Jefferson had a
salary of $3O0 a year , lila chief clerk got
see and the other clerks $ OO a year or less.
Roger Alden was the first chief clerk. From
the beginning tIme Department of State was
more closely connected with the president
than any other executive department.
Washington not only referred to it all
official icttcrs bearing upon its busIness ,
but made it the repository of ( lie drafts
of most of his letters. The department was
the medium of correspondence between the
president antI ( lie foreign governments and
also ( lie state governments. At one time
the department had charge of the patent
business amid time first patent issued bore
the signature of Washington , Jefferson anti
Randolph. The department was made the
repository for copyrighted articles , but it
appears not to have had time power to grant
copyrights. Time department superintended
the census work until the Initerior depart-
meat was formed , and the territories were
governed by time department also. Time
pardon busimmess was In the department ho-
fore it was put in charge of the attorney
general.
inehiIiiery of ( lie 1)eipnrtiiieitt.
The salary of ( lie secretary of state was
raised in 17119 to 5,000 , in 1819 to $6,000 ,
in 1S53 to $ S,000 and in 1873 to $10,000 , but
reduced to $8,000 a year later. At first time
duet clerk assumed charge in the absence
of ( ho secretary , but in 1833 an assistant
secretary of state was provided by law and
since ( lien provision has been made for two
other assistants. From time to ( line clerks
were added to tIme tlepartinent mind chiefs of
divisions designated , Secretary Forsyth in
1834 designated ( lie duties of the clerks.
The clmicf clerk was to exercise inmmediate
superintendence oven thrn several bureaus
and report to time secretary all acts of
negligence or misconduct. Correspondence
with ( lie American ministers abroad was to
conic through ( lie diplomatic bureau anti
hero all treaties wore to be framed , TIme
consular bureau had charge of thmo consular
correspondence , Time home bureau was
divided 10(0 four sections , one having control
of tim returns of nasseneers from foreien
portsantl misceilnimonus nail doniemitlo Con-
respondence , another hmavlmmg custody of time
seals of tIme tlepartenent 811(1 ( lie United
States , a third having charge of presi-
ilentini imardoims nhid passports mind time
other filing and preserving copyrights and
reports , Then there was a keeper of the
archives , a translator nnd librarian , a die-
Inirsing agent anti clerks in the patemit omco ,
Daniel Webster originated time "statistical
oiflce" when he was secretary , and this later
became time Bureau of Statistics , and under
Secretary Sherman Bureau of Foreign Conm-
iiicrce , The ( liploinatic aimd coimsimlar lmureatma
have continued substantially unclmangetl ,
though for a time they were each divitied
into two parts ,
The secretary of state becamno at time be.
giimnlng the custodian of ( lie seal of the
Baited States , anti timims it becomes neces-
amity in all cases where aim attest of the signature -
nature of the presitlent. is necessary -
sary for the secretary of state to
talco action. Time device for the
beth was adopted in 1782 , and a descriptiomi
of it in tIme laimguage of heraldry contains
no hint as to what it looks like. The seal
is affixed to practically all papers that pass
through ( ho hands of the hmreaidenL The
recording of coiminmisslons is done now as it
was in 1789 , tIme commimnission being made
out in lImo department , nod after it has received -
ceived the sigimaturo of time president it is
returmmed to the department amid time scene-
( amy aflixes his sigimature and the seal , As
this zeal immust be aiflxetl to requisitions for
criminals , ( lint mnatter is under time control
of time federal government. Jim former years
state governmneimts issued requisitions on
foreign governnments and delivered up fugl-
lives , but imow this is always done by time
general govcrament , except in ( lie case of
dealing with Mexicowhen atategovemnments
have power to act immdepondm.'ntiy of the fetl-
eral government ,
The business of the Department of State
is largely taken up with the diplomatic anti
consular service , The rules nail practice
governing the service grow tip gradually n *
now occasions showed what ought to ho
done , Time papers of the department wemo
pub1ihetl from time to tinme , and in these
Wore found precedents for all action. In
1S7 , under the supervision of Assistant See-
rctary Cauiwalnder , time department issued a
small volume containing a "Digest of the
I'ubhiahcd Opinions of tIme Attorney General
and of time Leading Decisions of the Federal
Courts with Reference to International Law ,
Treaties and Hindred Subjects. " The mono
Important and comprehensive work by Fran-
cia Wharton on the same subject was pub'
lisheti in 1SSG , anti the department is imavimmg
prepared by Prof. John II. Moore a new cdl-
Lion of this work. Other publications of ( lie
department give full information as to the
American practice in dealing with foreign
countries.
In time custody of the Bureau of Rolls and
Library sire deposited among other impor-
( ant papers the Declaration of Independence ,
tlmo Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution -
stitution of the United States , A fac-simile
of tIme Declaration of Independence was made
in 1824. These fac-similes are now quite
comnmon , but the original copy is almost too
much faded to be read.
The passport business of the department is
also a large one.
LCUtIOit of time 1)cpnrtmnenl.
Time foreign affairs of time United States
were properly conducted at first. by time Con-
( incubi congresses , anti the first of these
met 1mm Carpenter's hall , in Philadelphia , so
that it was there that ( ho Departnmont of
State had its origin. Time congresses occupied
the lower floor of tIme building and ( ho corn-
mnlttecs were in smaller rooms on time second
floor. Then the govenmmtnent moved over to
Independence hall. As soon as ( ho Depart.
macnt of Foreign Affairs was organized by
Livingston it took possession of a small
house in Philadelphia at 13 South Sixth
street. Livingston had his oflico in time
front room of ( ho second floor and his lcrks
were given desks in rooms immediately back
of his room. When tlmo government was
carted over to Now York in 1TSI time Dc.
partment. of Foreign Affairs found quarters
In time famous Fraunce's tavern , in the long
roomn ot vlilch Washington had taken farewell -
well of time generals of the revolution at the
close of the war. hero it. remained until
1788 , when it moved to time west side of
Broadway in a house owned by Philip Livingston -
ingston , near the Battery. Later it. was
moved to another lmouso on the sanmo street
on the opposite side.
Time capital having been again located at
Philadelphia , the departmemmt took up its
abode first on Market , then on the southeast -
east corner of Arch aimd Sixth streets , then
in North alley , anti flumally at the north-
cast corner of Fifth amid Chestnut streets ,
where it remained ummtii it was moved to
Wasliingtomm , except for an iimterval of
three months , from August to November ,
1789 , when it occupied the state house at.
Trenton , N. J. , the omco being moved front
Philadelphia on account of an. epidemic of
yellow fever.
On Juno 1 , 1SOO , thb archives were lodged
in time treasury , the only building sufficiently
completed to receive them , amid , August 27 ,
were placed in one of the "six buildIngs"
on Pennsylvania avenue. In May , 1SO1 , the
offices w'ero placed in the war office on
Seventeeimth street , then later while repairs
being made the offices were in a build-
lag on G street , and in 1820 they were removed -
moved to tile corner of Pennsylvania avenue
amid. Fiftieth street. In 1866 the department
leased the premises belonging to the Washington -
ington Orphan asylum , amid in 1S75 the department -
partment moved late its present quarters in
( lie south wing of tim War , State and Navy
building.
' , Voric of tue Ieiartiiieimt ,
The rcsults of the operation of this machinery -
chinery of the most immmportant of the
executive departments are a part of national -
tional history , 'l'ime mission of tlmo do-
partinetmt is one of peace. Its diplomatic
agents uphold time honor amid dignity of time
nation in the family of nattons by peaceful
means. Its comisular oiflcers are the agents
of trade and commerce , which prosper most
in times of veaco. Back of the peaceful
objects of the government managed by the
Department of State lies the vower of enforcing -
forcing their acceptance upon foreign powers
through other departments of the govern-
ment. It was under time old Department of
Foreign Affirs that ( ho treaty of peace
vitli Great Britain was negotiated in 1783
anti the United States became a free and
Independent state. With Thomas Jefferson
as president , James Madison as secretary of
state and Robert L. Livingston and James
Monroe as their agents in Paris , the territory -
ritory of Louisiana was bought. in
1803. It was through this tie-
partnient that John Qulncy Adams
as secretary of state announced time now
famous Monroe doctrine. 'l'ho treaty of
Guadaloupo Ilidalgo was negotiated in 1848 ,
and in 1871 Ilanmilton Flail negotIated time
treaty of Washington and tIme settlement of
claims growing out of the fitting out of
confederate cruisers in Great Britain were
settled. But nearly all important public
matters relating to time foreign policy of the
United States have come through the do-
partment.
The general history of time department in
this pamphlet was written by Gahilard Hunt.
Under the head of "how it Is Run" the
different htmreaus are described. Time chief
clerk's office is described by William H.
Michael , the Bureau of Appointments by
Robert Brent Masher , time Diplomatic bureau
by Sydney Y , Smith , time Consular bureau by
It , S. Chilton , jr. , the Bureau of Indexes and
Archives by Pendloton ICing , the Bureau
of Accounts by Frank A. Branagan , time
Bureau of Rolls awl Library by Andrew
Ilimasey Alien , and the Ilureau of Foreign
Commerce by Frederick Emory , Each of
thieso persons Is chief of the bureamms
indicated , Others connected whim the tie.
partnment. are William It , 1)ay of Ohio , eec-
rotary ; John B. Zmlooro of Now York , as-
aistamit secretary ; Alvey A. Adee of New
York , seconti assistant secretary ; Thomas
\v. Cridier ofVest Virginia , third assistant
secretary ; William 14 , Pommfleiti of Indiana ,
solicitor , anti Henry L. Thmomnas of New
York , translator. The exhibit of thmo department -
partment at time exposition is untler time
direction of Chief Cleric Michael and John
M. Biticlie , chief special agent ,
013'I' OF 'I'IIJi tIIilX4tmtY _
No person in Norway may spend more
tlmamm tlireepence at one visit to a public
house ,
It is said timat about 60,000 servant girls
go from time German proviimccs to Berlin
every year ,
Ilay is so plentiful this year in somoparts
of western Connecticut that it is offered
for sale at $1 a ton ,
Australia's best u'eapon in reducing time
rabbit plague is cold storage. fly its aid
6,000,000 rabbits have been seat to the Lon-
( lou markets ( lila season nnd found a ready
sale.
In Paris can be seen IL fire ongijme pro-
pelleci by cycling firemen. Tue mnachiiime has
time nimpearanco of two tandeimm bicycles oc-
cupled by a single steering post. Time puimmp-
log power is applied through time pedals ,
A Bangor , Me. , poodle dog goes half a
milo every morning in all weathers and
fetches ( Ito morning paper , brought aloimg
to time crossroads by an electric car. Time
poodle line time time table down to a dot
anti never misses close connection with time
car.
car.Mr.
Mr. J. A. lienie , mmmi Exmghisim statistician ,
has calculated ( hint it vould require a 10,000-
horse power englimo about seventy billion
years to lilt. time earth ( 'no foot. In height
anti that to tb this would take tea quin-
tihlion gallons of water to convert which
into steam would require tour quadrililon
tons of coal.
An Ohio postmaster lies discovered anti
obtained a 1)00k that was presented toVil. .
11am ' 1cKinloy by his father forty years
ago , Thu postnmneter has forwarded ( lie vol.
umflo to time prebident , At. the time young
McKinley received the book ho wits a vol.
unteer nsststnt to the zerm who nou re'
turns it and who was then postmaster at
I'oland , 0.
I'hotograplms were In1en last week at limo
arranged electric explosion of thr.e lingo
subnmarino mines in the main ship channel
at Boston. Time cnhi'mns of water hurled
tipwaril reacheti a height of 0 feet , with
a breathtlm of seventy-five feet at. tue base ,
One maine contained 200 pounds of geliutimme
and fifty of dynamite , The noise was'iiko
the muffled report. of a cannon.
Time opal protluction of Queensland , Atis-
tmalla , is becoming very important , More
titan $100,000 worth of rough stones were
exported last. year. In time western dis-
( rids of the colony the opal ileposit are
very considerable. Time Queensland opal is
of brilliant quality afiti exlmerts pronounce
it to ho equal to the best hungarian van-
etles.
etles.Mrs.
Mrs. , hico Palmer Henderson ot Chicago
has the oldest ( loll in the world , It came
from Alaska nnd is made of the fossil ivory
of the hairy elephant , wlmich is said to
lmavo become extinct sonic 160,000 years erse
so ago. The doll is about eight inches high
antI Dr. Sheldon Jackson , ( ho United States
conlmi8slommcr of cdtmcation for Alaska , pronounces -
nounces it. the finest apecimmmen lie has ever
aeon , lIe hums tiseti all his vowers of do-
quenco to secure it for his Sltka collection ,
but in vain.
Bangor , Me. , has a tramp dog that is a
traveler like limo lob postal dog Owney.
This dog Is a hong , lean hound , ownel by
C. F , Slicyloy , lie will not stay In his
comfortable home , twit. haunts mmows.juper
omces rind time police station anti whien tireti
of Bangor gets on the first train ho sees
and journeys over time state , lie always
rides in a seat until nmamh to gut down
and Invariably apImlies at railroad rcstau-
rants for food , Dewey ( that's lila name )
never gets lost , but , after a vcek or so omm
the road , heads back to Bangor again as if
ho kmiew time vay.
'l'lliI iIA'm"F1li OF SANTIAGO hAY ,
itmiy3 , ISH.
Timere are tears in Amifimmlmmala ,
l'imero is grief iii old Mound ,
Tlmere are sighs 1mm Valonulirosa ,
Death stmtllcs time bail of tlmd Cid.
For the iieet of brave Cor'era
'l'iittt muaiicd frommm lmrotmti Castile
Is battered amid is bemmtemu
Anti strews time rocks , mt Aumtiiies ,
Time infaumta timid Oqmiemmdo
The Vizeava and Cristobol
Are wreelced nimd toni nsummtier
Anti destroyed by simcll and bali.
Before Santiago harbor
That idle mummer tiny ,
At rest in lazy motion
Our ileet at rineimor hay.
No sigmm uiptmm ( lie water
Of Spammisim tniek or vile ,
Nit netu freni uiillen
Of lpsumuisim craft or gtulle
At as- our er.ws ter' Itiuinging ,
lresse'd in their Sunday beat ;
A ilny of l'Cute Aluui quiet.
A limo of luraer and rest.
limit dimming % ns tim Sianiard ,
, muti to hits cnet' ime said :
' 'Toulay ' we'll slip our euiimle
.ntl otit to sea well beau
For time uitiko umususwcting ;
. Of . time trick eu lutum we'll p151' ,
.w.uhl elmatit his psalms with fervor
W'imiio we will steal away , "
limit wlmat espies time lookout
From llrookiyn's lofty must ?
Suspicious seems ( tint object
A-scmmmryimmg on so ( oat ,
1'roni out time sintious winding
Of Smmntingo'R tiny
'There loomumu time tirenui infants ,
In battle's grim anna-
Vizemm'as futuimeis vommning
Illmick clouds against time sky.
"A race for life , Cerverni"
Time sailors madly cr' .
Now imoat otir iirtmmmms to quarters ,
Now roars Iowa's gun ;
Our tiecks nrc cleared for action-
Time battle has begun.
Now lmitiimgR from her station
Thio mighty Oregomm
Abreast ( lie desperate Spaniard ,
Time victory mntist ho won.
Fruimu ( turret and from tmrosdstde
BlnZ tlery Ilanimes from hell ,
Immdlnmua anti time Texas
Are tituimtiering Spain's death knelt
mmti stmorting like it charger ,
Time race horse of time mmiii ,
The Iirookiymm bears 0ot'um grimly
On time liecing amtis ) of 51101mm ,
Like eaglet fnomml its e'rio
Time ( lioticester swoops with dread
Upon time luckless Ftmror
500mm mioummlmerod with the dead. , . .
The imen'u'eims roar with thunder
Time ( loet is seared with tinmue ,
'rime bursting shells sereammm vengeance.
Amid cmi Sii.uuislu hmommor , ehmammie ,
Nim lilt ) ' , anti mme quarter
'l'o Spmmmulslm pride altimil ho ,
Uumtil our slmiptu have driven
liar Arnmatlas fromn the sea.
Till Cuiba. sits iii freelorn
Ilenemmtim time stmmm-kiimi4ed sicies ,
.Ami feels tIme joy of liberty ,
TImid. hmcaveum-blcssed prize.
Anti may tIme Cioti of hattlo
I'roteet our native iuummul ,
Anti teach ommr icOPlO iira'seiy
'l'hie foemnnii to witlmetanti ,
Btmt ctmrb time lust for coiuumluest ,
Or hCI1CO sos' thou the Seed ,
For mu umatioum is nmost maigiuty
Wimeim justice is its arced.
Then tlmreo times tlmrco for the union ,
Amid three times thmreo for tIme tars
1Vho mmitmnmied tIme shins of bmtttlti
u Under tile stripes nimti tutors ,
, nti three tiimletu tlmrce for Old Olory
And tlmrec timmlcs three for Sciule ) ' ,
Vlmo sonIc the Snaumiii aqUa&Iromi
Ott Santiago bay ,
C , B.
Take It Up Stairs ,
Too
: Nearly everybody uses Wool Soap down stairs
in the laundry. . It's th one soap that won't shrink
: h:1 : woolens , and people muit use it there. But you need
it up stairs rnorc-up in bathroom and bedroom.
) Don't use on your face what you dare not use on wool I
WOOL SOAP
is simply pure soap. Other soaps
are called pure-but they shrink
wool. They lack our secret ,
.
Whenever you need a pure
soap you need Wool Soap. You
need it most for toilet and bath.
' ° '
That's where Wool Soap is im- ZJ'
NY MAMa I WiSH MISC
usco HAD ,
Portant I WooLs.
IT SWlM ,
All Grocers and Druggists sell it.
. A1HOOD RESTORED "CUPIDENE"
This Great Vegetable
Vitalizer will quickly cure all nervous , or diseases of the generative or-
ens brought on by youth Cul errors or excesses , such as Lost M&ni'ood ,
n&omnimta , Spcrmumtornkmooa P0mB In thmck , Evil Dream. , Scmnliuni ISmi.-
aIons. Nervous Debiitty , I'Irmiplos , headache , Unfitness to Marry , lix-
hausting Drains , Ynicoccis anti Coimsttrnmtion , stops losses by day
,
- . night , Provetits quickness of duicharge. , which heads to Spermatorrhoes
and Impotency , Cleanses the htter , lcidnuuys aiid urtusry organs of lilt
SIIEORII and ETI3t imourttio , Strengthens anti restores Small weak ornimnu , . 51.00 a box ,
0 for 5.Ot ) . Guaranteed to cure. Semid for free circular aud 5000 tet-
menials. Davol Mcdicine Co. , San yrancleco , Cal. yor sale by Meyers , Dimion Drug Co. Omaha , Nob.
0
Areyou ?
Everybody is.
What ?
CoicctIng the Tioo'e Phuotogravuros of the Exposition , of couras. It
Istlme Intl to collect views and souvenirs of the Exposition. You
know , to keep thmemn nice , Time Bee line Issued a
PORTFOLIO COVER
FOR 15 CENTS.
Time price is what they cost. tie by the thousand , iumtl you could
not tummy them elsewhere for lobs than fifty cents , Timoy at'o nmiido of
still book board covered with cloth , with gilt lettering. They are
Indeed handsome.
You can pci. ail aorta of pIcture anti souvenirs of time IxposItion
in them and wimon November comes you vlil hmvo a collection of
which to be proud.
thcre o you
I Octthcm ?
I
_ _
s.-g -r-- " '
Th Omaha Bee Photogravure Dept.
N , 13. portfolios by mall cents extra forpoetago.
' .
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