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J RLIL SLNTA1 IVE STATE COMMISSIONERS.
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vI CHAUNCEY New York M. DEPEW , , i I 0. W. \Vaehington TIIOMPSON , , 0. W. Callfornla PARSONS , , S. D. Iowa COOK , , SVb1. Nebraska. NEViLLE FIIlU1NAND Illinois. 1V I'CCK , AUGUST Wfsconsln UIi7LEIN , , EX GOV. Georgia NOItTIILN , , F Minnesota. H.1EAVEI , 'Or CLARK Illinois 1v , , CAR ,
' LABOR AND TiII 1 , CXIOSITI01 T
I harmonious Relations of the Unions and the
ii Management.
CONTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNING CLASS
1 ' 'si " Pnrl Played by Or nnlaed Lnbor In
: i lh. Crept/on and Completion
of the Expoi llon
Entcrprl.e ,
'yi
r , ; . : Notable among the Incidents attending the
iwt building of the exposition Is the fact that
from lt. lnciploncy the enlerprlso has sue ,
.I tainad harmonlous relations with orBanlzed
" labor. During the long period of construe-
Lion , when thousands of men representing
early every branch of skilled and unskilled
labor wore on the pay rolls , there has never
1 been a serious difference between the management -
agement and the men who toil. On several
occasions questions have arisen between the
, contractor. and their employee that resulted
- . In temporary strikes , but In every case the
. exposition management hoe been ahlo to
bring about an understanding that was
mutually aatlsfactory , and from the time the
first shovelful of dirt was lifted until the
+ r gates opened , the worklngmen have been
among the most loyal and enthusiastic sup ,
t n porters of the enterprise.
As a matter of fact , the workingmen have
" . had no unimportant share in the success
c" , of thu exposition. Thousands of shares of
stock wore subscribed and paid for by rues
s I , who had nothing but their daily wages and
little homes on which they found it dull-
-1 cult to pay the taxes. They recognized the
fact that the exposition would open an enlarged -
larged opportunity for labor. They believed
" that it meant a new era of prosperity for
Omaha , and they loyally paid their assessments -
ments when men who had fat bank accounts
ls , put their hands in their pockets and refused
+ to take them out.
° ( The labor question was brought prominently -
nently before the board of directors almost
- as soon as its organization was determined
r on. At a meeting held January 9 , 1897 , Fred
M. Youngs introduced a resolution which
provided that all contracts , entered into by
limo exposition management should stipulate
that Douglas county labor should be given
preference and that the minimum price for
unskilled labor should be $1,50 a day. The
resolution was referred to the executive
committee and was returned a month later
without recommendation. The directory was
i ready to stipulate that laborers should be
paid at the rate of $1.50 per day , but it was
urged that the adoption of anyresolutlon that
seemed like a discrimination in favor of
local interests would be most impolitic at
that time. It was contended that the chiet
argument of the opponents of the exposition
In other localities was the allegation that
'a this was to be an Omaha show , and that If
hl such action was taken the Immediate result -
sult would ho to narrow the scope of the
enterprise and antagonize the interests
whose sympathies it was eminently desirable
to enlist. The logic of this argument was
apparent and although several efforts were
made to secure action giving a preference
to local workingmen no such measure was
r
ever formally adopted by the directory. As
the work proceeded It became evident that
local labor was receiving due recognition
and its leaders were satisfied that they had
been fairly treated.
Enrly 1)1IYereece. AdJoatcd.
As the construction of the buildings proceeded -
ceeded and a vast amount of skilled labor
was called into requisition the labor unions
demanded that the union scale of hours and
wages ebould be formally adopted. The Ilrst
difference occurred between the carpenters'
union and Drlggs & Cushman , the contractors -
tors for the Administration building , This
was settled by arbitration , but early In
October the dissatisfaction that bad been
brad by the methods of Dion Geraldine , who
1 had been employed as superintendent of coil.
structlon , culminated in an open revolt of
the part of the union men. The leaders of
, - . the movement declared that Geraldine had
been working from the first to break down
the labor organizations. They alleged that
ho brought in hundreds of cheap tnen by
sending out false -eports that there wee
not enough. men In Omaha to do the work ,
and that ho had discriminated against organized -
ganized labor at every opportunity. It was
assorted at that time that some of the coil.
tractors were paying carpenters five and ten
cents per hour less than the union scale
and connpelling them to work nine and ten
hours per day. On the morninig of Oc-
lobor 10 work was stopped by n goner l
strike of all the union won employed on
the grounds. A few non-unton mea continued -
tinued to work en one or two of the build-
IQgs , but as soon at' their day's work was
approached by the
o'er they wore quietly
strikes and most of them were Induced to
join their ranks. Perfect order was
and hone of tlia selle o p
to uco force to enforce their demands. Four
dny9 later one of the contractor : ( capitulated
and the strike roam oil in a substatliul
r victory for orgaazt'd labor.
A few days later thirty-six carpeu-
tors quit work for Goldlo & Sons
on the ground that they had not kept their
agreement to recognize the union scale. In
two days the contractors signed an agree-
meat by which they bound tbomselves to
pay the union scale and the then returned
to work. At the seine time the executive
coulmltlee of the exposition adopted an
olllclal recognition of the union scale , At
a meeting held October 28 the following
resolution was Introduced by Manager llose-
water of the tkpartmeut of Publicity and
Promotion anti adopted ;
Resolved , That from and after this dale
ull contracts for construction , which shall
be awarded by the cxpoai i fl lit provide
that the union scale a
October 1 , 1697 , shall govern in the payment
of skilled labor and that eight hours shall
constitute provided , used
extra shifts of eight
without overtime charge.
1 Resolved , That for all skilled labor employed -
ployed directly by the exposition the union
above shall
an provided
scul0 of wages
lsTlre scale which vvas thus endorsed was
tile followings Per hour.
Cents.
and joiners . .r30
Carpenters Bricklayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
w Pahners r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 9
ntcatn and ga . . . . . . . .45
lumbcre
Sheet metal . workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
Staff .oaken , modelers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Staff makers , casters . . , . . . . . . . . . 50
Contractor Ilamiltou , who was building
the Machinery building. and Contractor
Parrish of the Liberal Arts building were
now the only relualning
had not signed the agreement to pay
union scaler The unions tackled Hamilton
first and ho capitulated after a strike of one
day , and Parrish conceded the point a couple
of days later ,
Unions Force Geraldine Ont.
At this time the question of voting $100-
000 of Douglas county bonds for the exposition -
tion was before the people and the election
was at hand when the labor trouble was at
its height. The workingmen improved the
opportunity to assist in the discomfiture of
their old enemy , Geraldine , and they openly
declared that unless he was discharged from
his position they would defeat the bonds.
Resolutions expressing this sentiment were
adopted by the unions as well as by various
other bodies who condemned Oeraldine's
methods and demanded his discharge. For
some time peat Mr. Rosewater had contended
that Geraldine was not a fit man for the post
tion be occupied and the agitation ended in
his enforced resignation , which was submitted -
mitted to the executive committee and
accepted October 29.
While he was no longer omcially connected -
nected with the exposition , Geraldine continued -
tinued to haunt the grounds , where he was
still interested in several contracts. He
made several subsequent efforts to stir up
trouble among the workingmen , but they had
become too familiar with his system to be
long declved. The most recent case of this
sort occurred Saturday , May 14. As
Geraldine had completed the carpenter work
on a minor building in the contract for
which he was interested , ho discharged the
union foreman nail put in a nonunion man.
As soon as this was discovered by the
carpenters' union a strike was ordered , as
he had anticipated , but as soon as the union
leaders saw how matters stood and that
Geraldine was merely trying to make trouble
for the other contractors , the strike was
declared off and the men returned to work
on the other buildings the following Moi-
day morning.
EXCELLENT FIRE PROTECTION
lverv l'rcc n tier 't'aken to Present
the PO..Ihle Sprend of Deetrne-
tI e
In view of the inflammable character of
the material of which the exposition buildings -
ings are constructed the necessity for the
most effective and ample are protection has
been kept constantly in mind. A large eoii
flagration at any time during the process of
construction would have undoubtedly resulted -
sulted in at least the postponement of the
exposition , and a similar misfortune during
the summer would seriously affect the success -
cess of the enterprise. To insure the buildings -
ings would be useless , as no amount of
after compensation could restore the buildings -
ings In time for service. The management
has proceeded on the principle that such
fire fighting facilities must be provided as
would make it practically impossible for any
conflagration to acquire sufficient headway to
lead to such a disaster.
The arrangements made for the protection
of the exposition buildings and their contents -
tents are the most complete and effective
modern experience can suggest. In this respect -
spect the suggestions o1 Omaha's efficient
fire chief , John Redell , have been generally
followed. An ample water pressure is assured -
sured by a complete system of mains that
Intersect every part of the grounds and surround -
round each of the large buildings. Aside
from the three fire companies that will be
always on the ground for immediate use
each building Is protected by six to twelve
lines of hose , attached to stand pipes , alls-
i tributed at intervals through the building.
The pressure is always full on and the
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C , A. FELLOWS , L , W. SiIUIITLIFF , C , A , a tm.LORY , GEN'L T , J. SIiItYOCK ,
Kansas Utah. Illinota , Mnrylanl
apparatus ready at an instant's notice. Scattered -
tered all through the buildings are chemical
extinguishers , alone sumcient to suppress
nay ordinary blaze.
The regular exposition fire department
consists of one hook and ladder company ,
two hose companies and one chemical , about
twenty men in all , The exposltlon company
has purchased a sixty-five foot extension
ladder of the latest model , and two hose
wagons and the chemical engine will he
transferred to the grounds for the
summer by the Omaha department , Tit
main engine hoarse Is located on Twentieth
street , immedialey south of Manderson ,
Here are housed the truck , one hose wagon
and the chemical. These companies can
reach any part of the main grounds within
a few seconds from the alarm , and will also
bo available in case their services are
needed on the bluff tract. The remaining
hose company will be at Sixteenth and
Manderson streets , in easy reach of any part
of the grounds. The plan of Chief Redell
is to man these companies from among the
experienced men of the city department ,
Assistant Chief Wlndhelm will be assigned
to have charge of the exposition companies
and Chief Redell will also answer possible
alarms from the grounds in person ,
Aside from the house apparatus the stand
pipe system will of Itself furnish fairly
adequate protection. There are from three
to six stand pipes in each building , each of
them equipped with two lines of two and
one-half inch hose , with nozzles attached
and reeled for instant use. There are from
100 to 150 feet of hose on each reel , and
the aggregate amount of hose for stand pipe
service is 8,000 feet. There is scarcely a
point in any large building on which half a
dozen lines cannot be brought to Bear in u
few seconds. The reels are so arranged
that all that is necessary is to open the
valve and run along with the nozzle to the
fire. The hose runs off without a hitch
and the stream ! s playing on the fire almost
as soon as the alarm is sounded. The exposition -
position guards are drilled in handling these
lines , and thus become available as an auxiliary -
iary fire department of no doubtful effectiveness -
ness , The Liberal Arts , Mines and Mining.
Manufacturers' and Agricultural buildings
are equipped with six stand pipes each and
twelve lines of hose , the Fine Arts , Machinery -
chinery and Electricity and Boys' and Girls'
buildings and the Auditorium have four
pipes and eight lines of hose each , and the
Horticulture building has three pipes and
six lines of hose , in addition to these 150
chemical extinguishers are distributed at
convenient intervals through all the build-
ings.
ings.The
The alarm service is supplied by a complete -
plete equipment of electric boxes liberally
distributed over the grounds ,
SELECTIIII OF TIfE SITE
Present Exposition Grounds Chosen by Unanimous -
mous Vote of Directors.
IDEAL LOCATION FOR THE GREAT SNOW
Ilov' the t'erplexlug Site l'roblcem
% 'as Solved to the Sntlahie-
tlue of Everybody
Coeeerecd.
That portion of the Missouri bluff on
which the big transnrlsslssippl show is lo-
enled tins one distinction that is peculiarly
its owls. It is the only exposition site on
earth that was chosen by a unauhnous vole
and the selection of which did not carry with
ft all aftermath of distempered opposition
trots disgruntled property owners. With
very few exceptions previous big expositions
have started under a local handicap , arising -
ing frosts the disappointed self-interests of
people who had not been able to locate it
where it would most directly benefit their
personal interests. It is very recent history -
tory how the question whether the lake
front or Jackson park should be selected as
the site cf the World's fair split the city
of Chicago into two bitterly antagonistic
factions and similar conditions have obtained -
tained in several other exposition cities. In
this respect the present exposition was ex-
ceptioanlly fortunate. For after several
weeks bad been spent in a stubbornly contested -
tested struggle between the friends of various -
ous locations and a decision reached that
left several sore spots , the existing site
came in as a compromise that was apparently -
ently satisfactory to all Interests. It was
adopted by a unanimous vote of the full
board of directors and approved by the pee-
pie irrespective of previous preferences.
The selection of a site was one of the first
problems which was taken up by the board
of directors after the permanent organiza-
tion. Strangely enc3gh , however , the
ground that was eventually chosen as the
I home of the exposition was scarcely suggested -
gested during the weeks of agitation that
preceded the final action of the directory.
The bids offering locations were received
at a meeting of the board of directors held
Janary 9 , 1897. These had all been publicly -
licly discussed for some time previous and
were known respectively as the Miller park ,
Ilanscom park , Riverview park , Elmwood
park and Fast Omaha sites. The Miller
park proposal was vigorously supported by
nearly the entire population of the north half
of the city , The south side was equally
enthusiastic in its contention that ltivervlew
offered the only really desirable location ,
llnuscom park was backed by a smaller
but influential co ibhsalion of business usen
and property otvaers , who favored it on
account of its accessibility and its facilities
for drninnge , while Elmwood park nod the
Courtlnnd beach site were also vigorously
pushed.
Advice Is Called For ,
Thu proposals were referred to a special
counnillee consisting of Caspnr E. Yost ,
J. iL Millard and IL S. Wilcox , with
instructions to report in two weeks , The
committee was also nuthorized to employ
all engineer and a landscape gardner to
snake detailed investigations msd assist them
by such technical information as they could
furnish. The services of hi. 0. Alexander
and A. C. Schrader of Chicago were secured
by the committee and thin ) spent several
days in examining the various locations and
1n preparing their report. This was not
considered by the board of directors until
February 0 and in the meantlnse the question -
tion almost completely absorbed public at-
tention. Mass meetings were held in various
parts of the city in the interests of different
locations and the directors were literally
beseiged by people who wanted to ninke
their inilueucc count it favor of one or an-
other. When the report was opened by the
directors the hall was Jammed to its
capacity with an interested lobby in which
l Milley park sentiment seeped to pro-
domhsate. The engineers reported that they
hail based their conclusions on four points
in the following order of importance First-
Topography and general availability of
grounds for building purposes. Second-
Transportation facilities by street cars ,
steam railroads and other vehicles. Third--
Sewerage and water supply. Fourth--
Distance from posloflice. After a general
review of the adaptability of each location
they recommended them in the following
order ; Miller , Elnwood , hlauscons , River-
view and East Omaha ,
The recommendation of Miller park as the
first choice was greeted with tremendous
cheering by its supporters in the lobby. Its
advocates wanted to force a vote at once ,
but this was successfully opposed by
Directors ltosewaler , Manderson and Montgomery -
gomery , who urged that a few days should
be allowed in which to consider the report
of the engineers. The first ballot was
taken on the following Tuesday , and it resulted -
sulted as follows : Miller , 19 ; lianscom , 13 ,
ltivervlew , 4 ; Elmwood , 1 , It had previously
been decided that the vote of a majority of
the full directory should be necessary to a
choice and the contest narrowed down to a
deadlock between Miller and Hanscom.
Seventeen ballots were taken during
the afternoon in the midst of
one of the most spirited debates
that has ever occurred in the directory.
Then an ndjournmet was secured until
the pext evening , whets Duller park w nn on
tilt first ballot , with two voles to spare.
Then 1V J. Connell , who had icd the tight
for Hanscom park , moved that three cheers
be given for Miller park , and they wee
given with n tnaltuity in which every
trace of the ncrlutony that had character-
izel the discussion of the previous dny
seemed to disappear. The directors shook
hands all around mid the fight was over.
1)neislon la itcenn.ldered.
Slut in less than thirty days the meu-
hers of the executive committee arrived nl
lhu conclusion that the park was too tar
from the business district to admit of n
successful exposltlon , Then the advieabll-
ity of securlug time present location was
suggested and his a very few days arrangements -
rangements for the acquirement of the necessary -
essary territory were informally perfected.
As this site was as accessible to tire north
side residents as Miller park , no particular
opposition to the change developed and it
tvns conceded that the new site offered
advantages that could not be secured al
any other point , The change was formally -
mally accomplished by a unanimous vote
of the board of directors at a meeting held
March 17 , and their action was regarded
with universal satisfaction by the public.
Thu present site of the exposition comprises -
prises about 200 ncres'of territory that has
proved to be particularly adapted for thu
various purposes of construction rand deco-
ration. It consists of the old fair
grounds on Sherman avenue , thirty-seven
acres , the bulk of oak Chatham addition
lying west of the fair grounds , thirty-five
acres , two blocks of the Kountze property
Immediately south of Manderson 'street ,
forty acres , the strip between the fair
grounds and , Ones avenue on the north ,
fifteen acres , and time bluff tract extending
from Locust street to Ames avenue on the
east side of Sixteenth street , sixty acres.
To this was added several portions of lots
that were considered desirable to round
out line location and which were secured at
a very slight expense ,
If any doubt hind existed as to the wisdom -
dom of the change it has been dispelled
since the exposition began to take on form
and beauty , The Kountze tract lent itself
most readily to the architectural plans of
tine plain court and the Bluff tract has been
made an ideal location for the state build-
lugs , the concessions and other incidental
features of the big show. The old fair
grounds tveru admirably adapted for the
purposes for which they are now occupied
turd the all-important question of transportation -
portation has been happily solved by locating -
ing the exposition wltldu tor nilnules' ride
of time heart of the city.
Nnimiber of llen Employed ,
It has required the services of 5,000 men
to build the exposition. This estimate in-
eludes those who worked In any capacity
from the director general to the day
laborer. Of these fully half have been
carpenters. When the construction was in
full blast 1,500 carpenters were working on
time grounds at one time. The staff work
and plastering has employed about 900 men
and the landscape work has utilized the
services of nearly as many , Upwards of 200
men were employed in sewer construction
and the names of 1,000 laborers have been
on the pay roll at various times since the
grading was begun.
( 'ENTitAL tltCll OF C. S. GOVERNMENT IUiLUING
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iIEAU1IFIINC TILE GROUNDS
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Resemblance of the Exposition Tract to the y
i
Garrlml of Eden ] .
TUOUSANDSor TREES , SIIRURS AND PLANTS
Trnnsforentlon in the Land.e p.
1'rudueed by Laying Out Walk.
cud Ilrtsee nest Application of
Arttatte Gnrdenllvg ,
While the superb architecture of Onraha' .
While City has been growing tinder the busy
] rands of thousands of workmen the surrounding -
rounding grounds have beets gradually
trnhefornsed into a fltting framework for
their architectural mngnlllcence. The
rugged bluff and monotonous vista of hovel
soil line disnppenred under lilt' artistic
touches of the landserpe gardener and line
been succeeded by long cool stretches of
turf , miles of neatly groveled walks and
drives nod n wilderness of trees and shrubs
nod ( lowers suggestive of troplel luxury.
These t'ho ndndro the exquisite beauty of
thu exposition landscapes eats scarcely
realize that the marvelous change has been
ncconiplished since lire last scow melted
nrsd trickled down the bluff to swell the
turbid current of the river below. The
trees are as luxuriant nod the turf and
flowers as inviting as though years hind been
spelt in their cultivation and line beholder
wonders whether he shall most admire the
setting or the gent.
While the grounds selected ( or the ox-
positotl offered no original nttrnction this y
were susceptible of tire most beautiful landscape -
scapo effects , Rudolf Ulrlcll of New York
was employed to male plans for their beautification -
tification mul from that time until the present -
ent he has been employed hr looking after
tills featue of exposition construction , The
bulk of the work line been done during the
last two months and tire change that liae
been wrought ht that period borders on the
marvelous. It is most noticeable or the
bluff tract , which was naturally adapted for
the development of the most artistic effocte
and where tire landscape architect had more
freedom to work out his ideas uldrauuneled
by the crowding of large bnlldingsr
Thu most important Iandscnpo effect has
been worked out on the east slope of the
bluff tract and consists in properly merging
the bluff into lbe graded park. It required
3,000 trees mad nearly 0,000 shrubs to arry
out this feature mud these chiefly consist of
varieties native to Nebraska , Then 1,200
shade trees were planted along the walks
and drives and as nanny umro were set out
with the shrubbery along the fences and
In the Kountze tract. These consist mostly
of soft maples , catalpas , cottonwood , white
ash , clans and evergreens and other coniferous -
ous varieties , the first named being largely
used ou account of the rapidity with which
it could be cultivated.
Over 700,000 feet of ground ha. -
been seeded and 14,500 square yards
of sod laid and sprouted , The turf
bas been broken by miles of gravel walks n
laid out in artistic pattern around the
buildings and grass plots. The aggregate
length of these walks is 15,204 lineal feet ,
exclusive of the 8,484 yards of graveled surface -
face which form the Grand Plaza. To
supply properly the grass and flowers with
molaturo involved the
construction of at'
irrigatloa system , including 12,000 feet pipe.
\Vork of I'lonvl Ie-ellrati/ill.
All this was preliminary to the Inatalla-
tlon of over 100,000 plants and flowers , betides -
tides a vast number of vines for decorative
effects. The flowers have been largely
raised in the greenhouse which had boon
constructed early lost winter , as it would
have been a difficult matter to purchase .o
many from local greesihouses. A score of
different varieties are represented , among
which the geraniums , oleander , dahlias ,
canna , lilies and
nrbglus are most prom-
Inont. Between sixty mud seventy beds of
various patterns have been laid out in the
grass plots immediately surrounding the
Horticulture building and filled with the
exhibits of Nebroelra amid Iowa florists. One
of the most interesting floral features is the
aquatic basin Just north of the Ilortlculturo
bulldhsg , which is filled with an extensive
and valuable collectlos of pond lilies , with
50(150 magnificent speclnmens of the Victoria
Regina.
Ou time ICountze tract the landscape effects
were somewhat sinmplifled , The nmaln court
is largely occupied by 4,510 lineal feet of
brick pavelneilt , extending from the lagoon
half way to the interior line of the buildings.
The remainder has been graveled , leaving
only room for a few minor displays of grass
and shrubbery , Over 9,000 yards of sod have
been laid in the
ICountze tract and some
striking effects obtained by the use of vines
and shrubbery along the colonnades , The
abrupt slope of turf at the head of the
lagoon , broken by crescent shaped beds of
flowers , makes an artistic effect and the
appearance of the court is improved by the
huge vases of flowers and vines set at intervals -
tervals along the lagoon and against the
white elevations of the buildings ,
Another pretty feature of the main court
will be the root garden , to be constructed
on the Mines and Mining building , This
will be lavishly arrayed with shrubs and
flowers and will be a popular resort for
feminine visitors ,
ACCOJIM01),1'1'IONs I'OIt 'VIIE 1'IIESS ,
Speelal Itulldio at the 1)Ispo.nl on
( Ii , , Nevv.pnper Sloe ,
Liberal accolrlrnodatlotls have been
provided on the exposition grounds for local
and visiting representatives of the press
and these will be afforded every facility for
gathering , writing and telegraphing their
stories of the exposition. Thu Press building -
ing is a handsome structure modeled after
the Italian ltelralseatiee or the sixteenth
century and conforming in its exterior appearance -
pearance to thin other exposition buildings ,
It Is located in the center of the grounds
just back of the Adminlslralloa Arch and is
sufficiently commodious to afford ample room
for the purposes to which it is to ho devoted ,
'rho building is 50x58 feet nail the main hall ,
which will be used as a reception and road-
log room , is 30x30 feel and twenty-four feet
high. The telegraph rooms and eleven
smaller rooms for the use of reporters and
correspondents open from thin main ball and
exceptional care has been taken to have the
interior well lighted , The main entrance
is a very attractive treatment of Corinthian
columns and the character of the building
le indicated by the statues emblematic of
the Press and Telegraphy which surmount
the columns ,
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