: - - - - - - - - - - - - = - I rlTiiTT .riff , urt. if1 7 Iunlm , i - - - - - - J RLIL SLNTA1 IVE STATE COMMISSIONERS. , ' , r r ,1 r .t. I't r ! . . , . s. , ; c a. r t 4 J r Y yr I > r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vI CHAUNCEY New York M. DEPEW , , i I 0. W. \Vaehington TIIOMPSON , , 0. W. Callfornla PARSONS , , S. D. Iowa COOK , , SVb1. Nebraska. NEViLLE FIIlU1NAND Illinois. 1V I'CCK , AUGUST Wfsconsln UIi7LEIN , , EX GOV. Georgia NOItTIILN , , F Minnesota. H.1EAVEI , 'Or CLARK Illinois 1v , , CAR , ' LABOR AND TiII 1 , CXIOSITI01 T I harmonious Relations of the Unions and the ii Management. CONTRIBUTION OF WAGE-EARNING CLASS 1 ' 'si " Pnrl Played by Or nnlaed Lnbor In : i lh. Crept/on and Completion of the Expoi llon Entcrprl.e , 'yi r , ; . : Notable among the Incidents attending the iwt building of the exposition Is the fact that from lt. lnciploncy the enlerprlso has sue , .I tainad harmonlous relations with orBanlzed " labor. During the long period of construe- Lion , when thousands of men representing early every branch of skilled and unskilled labor wore on the pay rolls , there has never 1 been a serious difference between the management - agement and the men who toil. On several occasions questions have arisen between the , contractor. and their employee that resulted - . In temporary strikes , but In every case the . exposition management hoe been ahlo to bring about an understanding that was mutually aatlsfactory , and from the time the first shovelful of dirt was lifted until the + r gates opened , the worklngmen have been among the most loyal and enthusiastic sup , t n porters of the enterprise. As a matter of fact , the workingmen have " . had no unimportant share in the success c" , of thu exposition. Thousands of shares of stock wore subscribed and paid for by rues s I , who had nothing but their daily wages and little homes on which they found it dull- -1 cult to pay the taxes. They recognized the fact that the exposition would open an enlarged - larged opportunity for labor. They believed " that it meant a new era of prosperity for Omaha , and they loyally paid their assessments - ments when men who had fat bank accounts ls , put their hands in their pockets and refused + to take them out. ° ( The labor question was brought prominently - nently before the board of directors almost - as soon as its organization was determined r on. At a meeting held January 9 , 1897 , Fred M. Youngs introduced a resolution which provided that all contracts , entered into by limo exposition management should stipulate that Douglas county labor should be given preference and that the minimum price for unskilled labor should be $1,50 a day. The resolution was referred to the executive committee and was returned a month later without recommendation. The directory was i ready to stipulate that laborers should be paid at the rate of $1.50 per day , but it was urged that the adoption of anyresolutlon that seemed like a discrimination in favor of local interests would be most impolitic at that time. It was contended that the chiet argument of the opponents of the exposition In other localities was the allegation that 'a this was to be an Omaha show , and that If hl such action was taken the Immediate result - sult would ho to narrow the scope of the enterprise and antagonize the interests whose sympathies it was eminently desirable to enlist. The logic of this argument was apparent and although several efforts were made to secure action giving a preference to local workingmen no such measure was r ever formally adopted by the directory. As the work proceeded It became evident that local labor was receiving due recognition and its leaders were satisfied that they had been fairly treated. Enrly 1)1IYereece. AdJoatcd. As the construction of the buildings proceeded - ceeded and a vast amount of skilled labor was called into requisition the labor unions demanded that the union scale of hours and wages ebould be formally adopted. The Ilrst difference occurred between the carpenters' union and Drlggs & Cushman , the contractors - tors for the Administration building , This was settled by arbitration , but early In October the dissatisfaction that bad been brad by the methods of Dion Geraldine , who 1 had been employed as superintendent of coil. structlon , culminated in an open revolt of the part of the union men. The leaders of , - . the movement declared that Geraldine had been working from the first to break down the labor organizations. They alleged that ho brought in hundreds of cheap tnen by sending out false -eports that there wee not enough. men In Omaha to do the work , and that ho had discriminated against organized - ganized labor at every opportunity. It was assorted at that time that some of the coil. tractors were paying carpenters five and ten cents per hour less than the union scale and connpelling them to work nine and ten hours per day. On the morninig of Oc- lobor 10 work was stopped by n goner l strike of all the union won employed on the grounds. A few non-unton mea continued - tinued to work en one or two of the build- IQgs , but as soon at' their day's work was approached by the o'er they wore quietly strikes and most of them were Induced to join their ranks. Perfect order was and hone of tlia selle o p to uco force to enforce their demands. Four dny9 later one of the contractor : ( capitulated and the strike roam oil in a substatliul r victory for orgaazt'd labor. A few days later thirty-six carpeu- tors quit work for Goldlo & Sons on the ground that they had not kept their agreement to recognize the union scale. In two days the contractors signed an agree- meat by which they bound tbomselves to pay the union scale and the then returned to work. At the seine time the executive coulmltlee of the exposition adopted an olllclal recognition of the union scale , At a meeting held October 28 the following resolution was Introduced by Manager llose- water of the tkpartmeut of Publicity and Promotion anti adopted ; Resolved , That from and after this dale ull contracts for construction , which shall be awarded by the cxpoai i fl lit provide that the union scale a October 1 , 1697 , shall govern in the payment of skilled labor and that eight hours shall constitute provided , used extra shifts of eight without overtime charge. 1 Resolved , That for all skilled labor employed - ployed directly by the exposition the union above shall an provided scul0 of wages lsTlre scale which vvas thus endorsed was tile followings Per hour. Cents. and joiners . .r30 Carpenters Bricklayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 w Pahners r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! 9 ntcatn and ga . . . . . . . .45 lumbcre Sheet metal . workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 Staff .oaken , modelers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Staff makers , casters . . , . . . . . . . . . 50 Contractor Ilamiltou , who was building the Machinery building. and Contractor Parrish of the Liberal Arts building were now the only relualning had not signed the agreement to pay union scaler The unions tackled Hamilton first and ho capitulated after a strike of one day , and Parrish conceded the point a couple of days later , Unions Force Geraldine Ont. At this time the question of voting $100- 000 of Douglas county bonds for the exposition - tion was before the people and the election was at hand when the labor trouble was at its height. The workingmen improved the opportunity to assist in the discomfiture of their old enemy , Geraldine , and they openly declared that unless he was discharged from his position they would defeat the bonds. Resolutions expressing this sentiment were adopted by the unions as well as by various other bodies who condemned Oeraldine's methods and demanded his discharge. For some time peat Mr. Rosewater had contended that Geraldine was not a fit man for the post tion be occupied and the agitation ended in his enforced resignation , which was submitted - mitted to the executive committee and accepted October 29. While he was no longer omcially connected - nected with the exposition , Geraldine continued - tinued to haunt the grounds , where he was still interested in several contracts. He made several subsequent efforts to stir up trouble among the workingmen , but they had become too familiar with his system to be long declved. The most recent case of this sort occurred Saturday , May 14. As Geraldine had completed the carpenter work on a minor building in the contract for which he was interested , ho discharged the union foreman nail put in a nonunion man. As soon as this was discovered by the carpenters' union a strike was ordered , as he had anticipated , but as soon as the union leaders saw how matters stood and that Geraldine was merely trying to make trouble for the other contractors , the strike was declared off and the men returned to work on the other buildings the following Moi- day morning. EXCELLENT FIRE PROTECTION lverv l'rcc n tier 't'aken to Present the PO..Ihle Sprend of Deetrne- tI e In view of the inflammable character of the material of which the exposition buildings - ings are constructed the necessity for the most effective and ample are protection has been kept constantly in mind. A large eoii flagration at any time during the process of construction would have undoubtedly resulted - sulted in at least the postponement of the exposition , and a similar misfortune during the summer would seriously affect the success - cess of the enterprise. To insure the buildings - ings would be useless , as no amount of after compensation could restore the buildings - ings In time for service. The management has proceeded on the principle that such fire fighting facilities must be provided as would make it practically impossible for any conflagration to acquire sufficient headway to lead to such a disaster. The arrangements made for the protection of the exposition buildings and their contents - tents are the most complete and effective modern experience can suggest. In this respect - spect the suggestions o1 Omaha's efficient fire chief , John Redell , have been generally followed. An ample water pressure is assured - sured by a complete system of mains that Intersect every part of the grounds and surround - round each of the large buildings. Aside from the three fire companies that will be always on the ground for immediate use each building Is protected by six to twelve lines of hose , attached to stand pipes , alls- i tributed at intervals through the building. The pressure is always full on and the , . r. V ' 'K. t , y S r4 I 1F t' , C , A. FELLOWS , L , W. SiIUIITLIFF , C , A , a tm.LORY , GEN'L T , J. SIiItYOCK , Kansas Utah. Illinota , Mnrylanl apparatus ready at an instant's notice. Scattered - tered all through the buildings are chemical extinguishers , alone sumcient to suppress nay ordinary blaze. The regular exposition fire department consists of one hook and ladder company , two hose companies and one chemical , about twenty men in all , The exposltlon company has purchased a sixty-five foot extension ladder of the latest model , and two hose wagons and the chemical engine will he transferred to the grounds for the summer by the Omaha department , Tit main engine hoarse Is located on Twentieth street , immedialey south of Manderson , Here are housed the truck , one hose wagon and the chemical. These companies can reach any part of the main grounds within a few seconds from the alarm , and will also bo available in case their services are needed on the bluff tract. The remaining hose company will be at Sixteenth and Manderson streets , in easy reach of any part of the grounds. The plan of Chief Redell is to man these companies from among the experienced men of the city department , Assistant Chief Wlndhelm will be assigned to have charge of the exposition companies and Chief Redell will also answer possible alarms from the grounds in person , Aside from the house apparatus the stand pipe system will of Itself furnish fairly adequate protection. There are from three to six stand pipes in each building , each of them equipped with two lines of two and one-half inch hose , with nozzles attached and reeled for instant use. There are from 100 to 150 feet of hose on each reel , and the aggregate amount of hose for stand pipe service is 8,000 feet. There is scarcely a point in any large building on which half a dozen lines cannot be brought to Bear in u few seconds. The reels are so arranged that all that is necessary is to open the valve and run along with the nozzle to the fire. The hose runs off without a hitch and the stream ! s playing on the fire almost as soon as the alarm is sounded. The exposition - position guards are drilled in handling these lines , and thus become available as an auxiliary - iary fire department of no doubtful effectiveness - ness , The Liberal Arts , Mines and Mining. Manufacturers' and Agricultural buildings are equipped with six stand pipes each and twelve lines of hose , the Fine Arts , Machinery - chinery and Electricity and Boys' and Girls' buildings and the Auditorium have four pipes and eight lines of hose each , and the Horticulture building has three pipes and six lines of hose , in addition to these 150 chemical extinguishers are distributed at convenient intervals through all the build- ings. ings.The The alarm service is supplied by a complete - plete equipment of electric boxes liberally distributed over the grounds , SELECTIIII OF TIfE SITE Present Exposition Grounds Chosen by Unanimous - mous Vote of Directors. IDEAL LOCATION FOR THE GREAT SNOW Ilov' the t'erplexlug Site l'roblcem % 'as Solved to the Sntlahie- tlue of Everybody Coeeerecd. That portion of the Missouri bluff on which the big transnrlsslssippl show is lo- enled tins one distinction that is peculiarly its owls. It is the only exposition site on earth that was chosen by a unauhnous vole and the selection of which did not carry with ft all aftermath of distempered opposition trots disgruntled property owners. With very few exceptions previous big expositions have started under a local handicap , arising - ing frosts the disappointed self-interests of people who had not been able to locate it where it would most directly benefit their personal interests. It is very recent history - tory how the question whether the lake front or Jackson park should be selected as the site cf the World's fair split the city of Chicago into two bitterly antagonistic factions and similar conditions have obtained - tained in several other exposition cities. In this respect the present exposition was ex- ceptioanlly fortunate. For after several weeks bad been spent in a stubbornly contested - tested struggle between the friends of various - ous locations and a decision reached that left several sore spots , the existing site came in as a compromise that was apparently - ently satisfactory to all Interests. It was adopted by a unanimous vote of the full board of directors and approved by the pee- pie irrespective of previous preferences. The selection of a site was one of the first problems which was taken up by the board of directors after the permanent organiza- tion. Strangely enc3gh , however , the ground that was eventually chosen as the I home of the exposition was scarcely suggested - gested during the weeks of agitation that preceded the final action of the directory. The bids offering locations were received at a meeting of the board of directors held Janary 9 , 1897. These had all been publicly - licly discussed for some time previous and were known respectively as the Miller park , Ilanscom park , Riverview park , Elmwood park and Fast Omaha sites. The Miller park proposal was vigorously supported by nearly the entire population of the north half of the city , The south side was equally enthusiastic in its contention that ltivervlew offered the only really desirable location , llnuscom park was backed by a smaller but influential co ibhsalion of business usen and property otvaers , who favored it on account of its accessibility and its facilities for drninnge , while Elmwood park nod the Courtlnnd beach site were also vigorously pushed. Advice Is Called For , Thu proposals were referred to a special counnillee consisting of Caspnr E. Yost , J. iL Millard and IL S. Wilcox , with instructions to report in two weeks , The committee was also nuthorized to employ all engineer and a landscape gardner to snake detailed investigations msd assist them by such technical information as they could furnish. The services of hi. 0. Alexander and A. C. Schrader of Chicago were secured by the committee and thin ) spent several days in examining the various locations and 1n preparing their report. This was not considered by the board of directors until February 0 and in the meantlnse the question - tion almost completely absorbed public at- tention. Mass meetings were held in various parts of the city in the interests of different locations and the directors were literally beseiged by people who wanted to ninke their inilueucc count it favor of one or an- other. When the report was opened by the directors the hall was Jammed to its capacity with an interested lobby in which l Milley park sentiment seeped to pro- domhsate. The engineers reported that they hail based their conclusions on four points in the following order of importance First- Topography and general availability of grounds for building purposes. Second- Transportation facilities by street cars , steam railroads and other vehicles. Third-- Sewerage and water supply. Fourth-- Distance from posloflice. After a general review of the adaptability of each location they recommended them in the following order ; Miller , Elnwood , hlauscons , River- view and East Omaha , The recommendation of Miller park as the first choice was greeted with tremendous cheering by its supporters in the lobby. Its advocates wanted to force a vote at once , but this was successfully opposed by Directors ltosewaler , Manderson and Montgomery - gomery , who urged that a few days should be allowed in which to consider the report of the engineers. The first ballot was taken on the following Tuesday , and it resulted - sulted as follows : Miller , 19 ; lianscom , 13 , ltivervlew , 4 ; Elmwood , 1 , It had previously been decided that the vote of a majority of the full directory should be necessary to a choice and the contest narrowed down to a deadlock between Miller and Hanscom. Seventeen ballots were taken during the afternoon in the midst of one of the most spirited debates that has ever occurred in the directory. Then an ndjournmet was secured until the pext evening , whets Duller park w nn on tilt first ballot , with two voles to spare. Then 1V J. Connell , who had icd the tight for Hanscom park , moved that three cheers be given for Miller park , and they wee given with n tnaltuity in which every trace of the ncrlutony that had character- izel the discussion of the previous dny seemed to disappear. The directors shook hands all around mid the fight was over. 1)neislon la itcenn.ldered. Slut in less than thirty days the meu- hers of the executive committee arrived nl lhu conclusion that the park was too tar from the business district to admit of n successful exposltlon , Then the advieabll- ity of securlug time present location was suggested and his a very few days arrangements - rangements for the acquirement of the necessary - essary territory were informally perfected. As this site was as accessible to tire north side residents as Miller park , no particular opposition to the change developed and it tvns conceded that the new site offered advantages that could not be secured al any other point , The change was formally - mally accomplished by a unanimous vote of the board of directors at a meeting held March 17 , and their action was regarded with universal satisfaction by the public. Thu present site of the exposition comprises - prises about 200 ncres'of territory that has proved to be particularly adapted for thu various purposes of construction rand deco- ration. It consists of the old fair grounds on Sherman avenue , thirty-seven acres , the bulk of oak Chatham addition lying west of the fair grounds , thirty-five acres , two blocks of the Kountze property Immediately south of Manderson 'street , forty acres , the strip between the fair grounds and , Ones avenue on the north , fifteen acres , and time bluff tract extending from Locust street to Ames avenue on the east side of Sixteenth street , sixty acres. To this was added several portions of lots that were considered desirable to round out line location and which were secured at a very slight expense , If any doubt hind existed as to the wisdom - dom of the change it has been dispelled since the exposition began to take on form and beauty , The Kountze tract lent itself most readily to the architectural plans of tine plain court and the Bluff tract has been made an ideal location for the state build- lugs , the concessions and other incidental features of the big show. The old fair grounds tveru admirably adapted for the purposes for which they are now occupied turd the all-important question of transportation - portation has been happily solved by locating - ing the exposition wltldu tor nilnules' ride of time heart of the city. Nnimiber of llen Employed , It has required the services of 5,000 men to build the exposition. This estimate in- eludes those who worked In any capacity from the director general to the day laborer. Of these fully half have been carpenters. When the construction was in full blast 1,500 carpenters were working on time grounds at one time. The staff work and plastering has employed about 900 men and the landscape work has utilized the services of nearly as many , Upwards of 200 men were employed in sewer construction and the names of 1,000 laborers have been on the pay roll at various times since the grading was begun. ( 'ENTitAL tltCll OF C. S. GOVERNMENT IUiLUING 1 r 4ne ' 4 ' , Lt J r r a , e : z t ; ,19 tys r M , ' d , 'i h F Wy k R S. . „ - , ' ' .5's ( t- k ° r9 is q a ' ' Xiid 1/ 1b d 1' , r . . ' r5 xs. w i solo r { k . I I J , N. . " i e as r 1 rn t9 , r4 ' , I L . iLl ; : .v + t v s 'q . 'C ; ' f t vi _ t 1 _ _ J _ ' t. s e ' E . - - - - - - . c M t _ , . . . -r : r a _ w f l _ i _ - ( ,4 ? ' gr I 3 a m .throe I I t. I I j I ' ' } rr tr 111 5 J 1 e Iii ii i a , ' i t , e . a i t u i LTcsa LT ' t " ' 2 t5 - - a ns - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iIEAU1IFIINC TILE GROUNDS - Resemblance of the Exposition Tract to the y i Garrlml of Eden ] . TUOUSANDSor TREES , SIIRURS AND PLANTS Trnnsforentlon in the Land.e p. 1'rudueed by Laying Out Walk. cud Ilrtsee nest Application of Arttatte Gnrdenllvg , While the superb architecture of Onraha' . While City has been growing tinder the busy ] rands of thousands of workmen the surrounding - rounding grounds have beets gradually trnhefornsed into a fltting framework for their architectural mngnlllcence. The rugged bluff and monotonous vista of hovel soil line disnppenred under lilt' artistic touches of the landserpe gardener and line been succeeded by long cool stretches of turf , miles of neatly groveled walks and drives nod n wilderness of trees and shrubs nod ( lowers suggestive of troplel luxury. These t'ho ndndro the exquisite beauty of thu exposition landscapes eats scarcely realize that the marvelous change has been ncconiplished since lire last scow melted nrsd trickled down the bluff to swell the turbid current of the river below. The trees are as luxuriant nod the turf and flowers as inviting as though years hind been spelt in their cultivation and line beholder wonders whether he shall most admire the setting or the gent. While the grounds selected ( or the ox- positotl offered no original nttrnction this y were susceptible of tire most beautiful landscape - scapo effects , Rudolf Ulrlcll of New York was employed to male plans for their beautification - tification mul from that time until the present - ent he has been employed hr looking after tills featue of exposition construction , The bulk of the work line been done during the last two months and tire change that liae been wrought ht that period borders on the marvelous. It is most noticeable or the bluff tract , which was naturally adapted for the development of the most artistic effocte and where tire landscape architect had more freedom to work out his ideas uldrauuneled by the crowding of large bnlldingsr Thu most important Iandscnpo effect has been worked out on the east slope of the bluff tract and consists in properly merging the bluff into lbe graded park. It required 3,000 trees mad nearly 0,000 shrubs to arry out this feature mud these chiefly consist of varieties native to Nebraska , Then 1,200 shade trees were planted along the walks and drives and as nanny umro were set out with the shrubbery along the fences and In the Kountze tract. These consist mostly of soft maples , catalpas , cottonwood , white ash , clans and evergreens and other coniferous - ous varieties , the first named being largely used ou account of the rapidity with which it could be cultivated. Over 700,000 feet of ground ha. - been seeded and 14,500 square yards of sod laid and sprouted , The turf bas been broken by miles of gravel walks n laid out in artistic pattern around the buildings and grass plots. The aggregate length of these walks is 15,204 lineal feet , exclusive of the 8,484 yards of graveled surface - face which form the Grand Plaza. To supply properly the grass and flowers with molaturo involved the construction of at' irrigatloa system , including 12,000 feet pipe. \Vork of I'lonvl Ie-ellrati/ill. All this was preliminary to the Inatalla- tlon of over 100,000 plants and flowers , betides - tides a vast number of vines for decorative effects. The flowers have been largely raised in the greenhouse which had boon constructed early lost winter , as it would have been a difficult matter to purchase .o many from local greesihouses. A score of different varieties are represented , among which the geraniums , oleander , dahlias , canna , lilies and nrbglus are most prom- Inont. Between sixty mud seventy beds of various patterns have been laid out in the grass plots immediately surrounding the Horticulture building and filled with the exhibits of Nebroelra amid Iowa florists. One of the most interesting floral features is the aquatic basin Just north of the Ilortlculturo bulldhsg , which is filled with an extensive and valuable collectlos of pond lilies , with 50(150 magnificent speclnmens of the Victoria Regina. Ou time ICountze tract the landscape effects were somewhat sinmplifled , The nmaln court is largely occupied by 4,510 lineal feet of brick pavelneilt , extending from the lagoon half way to the interior line of the buildings. The remainder has been graveled , leaving only room for a few minor displays of grass and shrubbery , Over 9,000 yards of sod have been laid in the ICountze tract and some striking effects obtained by the use of vines and shrubbery along the colonnades , The abrupt slope of turf at the head of the lagoon , broken by crescent shaped beds of flowers , makes an artistic effect and the appearance of the court is improved by the huge vases of flowers and vines set at intervals - tervals along the lagoon and against the white elevations of the buildings , Another pretty feature of the main court will be the root garden , to be constructed on the Mines and Mining building , This will be lavishly arrayed with shrubs and flowers and will be a popular resort for feminine visitors , ACCOJIM01),1'1'IONs I'OIt 'VIIE 1'IIESS , Speelal Itulldio at the 1)Ispo.nl on ( Ii , , Nevv.pnper Sloe , Liberal accolrlrnodatlotls have been provided on the exposition grounds for local and visiting representatives of the press and these will be afforded every facility for gathering , writing and telegraphing their stories of the exposition. Thu Press building - ing is a handsome structure modeled after the Italian ltelralseatiee or the sixteenth century and conforming in its exterior appearance - pearance to thin other exposition buildings , It Is located in the center of the grounds just back of the Adminlslralloa Arch and is sufficiently commodious to afford ample room for the purposes to which it is to ho devoted , 'rho building is 50x58 feet nail the main hall , which will be used as a reception and road- log room , is 30x30 feel and twenty-four feet high. The telegraph rooms and eleven smaller rooms for the use of reporters and correspondents open from thin main ball and exceptional care has been taken to have the interior well lighted , The main entrance is a very attractive treatment of Corinthian columns and the character of the building le indicated by the statues emblematic of the Press and Telegraphy which surmount the columns , - , -