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About The McCook tribune. (McCook, Neb.) 1886-1936 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 6, 1897)
SUPPLEMENT TO THE M'COOK TRIBUNE. i Friday , Aup. 0. GR SS IMPERTINENCE. Those Ftorciqw tete tw Against The WnGhiugfout correspondent of the Troy Times justly holds that it is a piece of gross impertinence for foreign coun tries to file "protests" against the pas sage of a general tariff act by the United States , and he calls attention to the fact that no instance is on record where our Government has been guilty of similar ac tion. Nations like France , Germany , Austria-Hungary and Spain , which are now protesting against the enactment of the Dinirley bill , and which maintain the protective system themselves , have in creased their tariff rales from time to timc , but on no occasion have we entered J n remnnsttnnce of a general character. i There have been cases in which wo have J directed Ihe attention or foreign Govcrii- J meats to cei tain laws or regulations which J bore unfairly upon some one industry in I the United States , or which discriminated g against ptoductions of this republic as compared with those of other countries , i but in no instance have we protested against general tariff measure proposed by other nations , so long as it treated all countries alike. We have been entirely I consistent in according to these nations the sanitr right to encourage native indus try that we claimed for ourselves. It is inleiesting to note how the ac count slni.ds between the United States , and some of the countries which , officially or otherwise/ lime protested against the pending tarifl bill. Prominent among the latter ttr" "Germany. France. Brazil. Aus- tria-llnngary. Japan. Mexico. Spain , China. Switzerland and Turkey , and dur ing the decade of 1880-90 we bought of these ccnuitries goods to the following amounts in excess of the goods they bought of ns : Germany. $30,000,000 ; France. ' $107,000,000 : Brazil. $013,000- • 000 o'tr 'awn imports bavins ; been $734- • 000.000. asarnst exports of $121,000,000 ; Austria Hungary. $74,000,000 : Japan. 51 00.000.000 imports to the value of $213,000,000. against exports to the value of $4. .000,0C0 : Mexico. $142,000,000 ; Spain , including colonies. $403,000,000 ; China. $133,000,000 ; Switzerland , $138 , - „ . . , imports aggregating $139,000. - • 000. a snir-st'exports aggregating less than I 5300.000-and Turkey , $43,000,000. These-iountries may indulge in loud "pro tests. " > js some of them have done before , ibutit is not probable that they will proceed - ) -coed 'further. They will certainly hesi- I tate before they adopt any drastic action • which might provoke retaliation on the 1 ipaut-of ( he United States. TULcKinley on Labor Unions. Theipecqut declaration of Piesideut Mc- i Ivinley 'with reference to labor unions in airinterview with Mr. Goinpers , president • of 'the American Federation of Labor , voiced the sentiments of all fair-minded imcn-on this subject that has occasioned so miuch bitter controversy among students • of-sociological and industrial problems. The anti-pooling bill to restrain the op eration of pools and trusts has caused , the leaders of organized labor some appre hension. Mr. Gompers was afraid that tlie'labor unions might be classed as trusts and tha * the penalties of the act might be construed as applying to them rather than ito .tho large combinations usually known as itrusts. Their apprehensions were re lieved , however , by the President , who j said : " 1 regard the organization of labor ! .as the natural and legitimate effort to se cure its rights. " : . * . " < fair-minded person will dissent from tin- views of the President upon this ' question. " The encouragement of ligiti- ] 'mate trades uuioii'siD jgjfrys wrth hjfe. • 111\JSr * * < > f trJlB Boirisripionestiy'ainTTaithfully 4J * applied are certainly calculated to im prove the moral , social and physical con dition of the laborers. Through cooperative erative combinations they are enabled to I lift -up the oppressed , to succor the des- ; ' dilute and to aid the unfortunate. By • compact organizations for the advance ment of mutual interests they are en abled through the peaceful agencies of arbitration to adjust differences between employer and employe and to secure the. r best -market possible for the labor they • have \o sell. When the trades unions depart from ifliesc legitimate and honorable functions • they -imperil the highest interests of bon iest labor and invite discord , confusion and disaster. The leaders of the trades • unions should dedicate all their energies -anil powers to the social , moral and edu cational advancement of labor and should slum t'he political agitator as they would adiun a pestilence. i "Foreign Demand for Our Crops. j The preliminary data , however , sug gest the 'I'icbabllity of a considerable re duction in the yield of Russia , Bulgaria , Rwramniia and France , and the English < a-op is .likely to be smaller than that of last ve.i\ . French production is now esti mated at . 80.000.000 bushels , or about 00.000 000 bushels less , than would be re curred 1j make France independent of imports. With a crop no larger than tlw mic > iMw foreshadowed France in 1SU3-4 was -obliged to import 50.000.000 bushels , and may be an imi > orter to that : esleutdii'ing the coming year. Owing j to tin * -dronght in New South Wales and j South Austialin it is expected that large j fchiptnetrf of "California wheat will be made < Australia. The prospect of larg er foreign requirements , smaller supplies from Iiuisia. and the fact that little can lie expei'ted from India or Argentina until 14S18. imve induced foreign buyers to turn early n Htfc > n to the United States ; and already < "oiu-iderable wheat has been sold for shipment during August and Septem ber , in this country the indications of the wheat yield have improved , and the- crop is expected to be larger than that of any jesir since 1802. The unofficial j estimates | oint to a production of 530. - j 000.000 lun-fcels or more. Corn piiccs have advanced 14 to t : ; ' \ jrcnts per Lasbel. Philadelphia Record iCDem. ) . Tobaeoo and Silver. The Louisville Courier-Journal reads a lesson to the advocates of free silver on the error of their assumption that the I prices of staples follow the price of silver | Million. It is strange that any intelligent man could believe such a fallacy , but It is a fact that some do. The point mode by our Kentucky contemporary in that while sUrer ! • Jower now than it was lait fall. < V . * - - - • - ' " * P' ' " ' _ ' . " • I' ' mmmm m mamf . - , . " " .v. . L . - ' • ' ' - . - ' i. ' i . * , * v * • BUILDING OF THE STATE , WAR AND NAVY DEPARTMENTS. vast structure , erected for the accommodation of the Departments of State , War and Navy , consists of three harmonious buildings united by con necting wings , and together forming in design and execution the finest edifice of the kind in the world. It combines the massive proportions of ancient with the elegance of modern architecture. The dimensions from north to sout , including pavilion projections and steps , are 507 feet , and from east to west 342 feet. The greatest height from the terrace level over all is 128 feet. The entire structure has 150 rooms , and cost $5,000,000. There are four grand entrances by the centers of the pavilions approached by massive flights of steps through the projecting poiticos. The south front of the .building overlooking the Potomac is occupied by Secretary Sherman and his assistants. The northern half of the east connecting wing is occupied by Secretary Alger ana his assistants ; while Secretary Long , who presides over the Navy Department , is located in the south half. there has been a steady appreciation in the value of leaf tobacco , which is one of the chief farm staples of the South and especially of Kentucky. From the low point in February to the second week in June the advance has been as much as 100 to 200 per cent on some grades of burley tobacco , and on none probably has it been less than 50 per cent. On dark tobacco the rise has been much less , but it is still very noticeable. Great as this advance has been already , a further in crease in the price is expected. Business Prospects Brisrht. There has been a steady advance to ward a more prosperous business situa tion , and the sentiment has decidedly im proved. The fact that the Senate is at work at last on the tariff bill and that much is being accomplished daily in the consideration of the measure has had a good deal to do with the general restora tion of confidence which extends from one end of the country to the other. So far results are not marked in the ordinary trade reports. There is a falling off in commercial failures which may be taken as one of the early indications of a better commercial situation. Bank clearings , which at best are an unsatisfactory guide , show business to be a little below the level of last year for the month of May and for the week. ' Philaddgbia Press ttlen.mrn . WBBJMB > * " S- 2e ? ' It Was ( rood Enough for Grant. "Referring ro the criticism of the amendment of the Finance Committee im posing a duty of 10 cents per pound on tea , that it is not treed Republican doc trine , " * > aid Harry Smith. ex-Journal clerk of the National House of Represent atives , "it is proper to call attention to the fact that a duty on tea and coffee was recommended by President Grant in his annual message to Congress of Dec. 7 , 1875 ( first session. Forty-fourth Con gress ) . Referring to the serious condi tion of ihe treasury , he said : " 'One measure for increasing the reve nue and the only one I think of is the restoration of the duty on ten and coffee. These duties would ndd probably $18,000. - 000 to the present amount received from imports , and wud ] in no way increase the price paid lor those articles by the ' " * consumers. Midsummer Drilliic * I'f tT nn ri. Midsummer dullness should now be on the business of the eouutry. but. on the contrary , the outlook is steadily improv ing as the tariff skies brighten in Wash ington. Runk clearings for the past week aggregated $1,000,000,000. an increase of about y per cent over the week before. Higher quotations are reported for fin ished Iron , pig : tin , copper. lead , pork , lard and cotton. Bank clenrings for the month of June r.r < a cheering indication of the .ppcdy r.dvPirC of general prosper ity. They represent en increase of 6,8 per cent over May , of 3.7 per cent over June of last year , of 1.2 per cent over June , 1S95 , and of 2.4 per cent over June of 1894. More activity is manifest in New England manufacturing. Boston Journal. The Silver Push for Teller. The Yankton Press and Dakotan , one of the organs of Populism in South Da kota , and presumably close to Senator Pettigrew , gives support to the story re cently sent out by the Associated Press from Denver that the silver forces are planning to substitute Senator Teller for William Jennings Bryan in the campaign of 1900. Naturally the Yankton organ discredits the suggestion of a conspiracy against Mr. Bryan , and assumes that he "will be one of the first to refuse a nomi nation if he believes a stronger man can be named. " The Press and Dakotan does not deal with the presumption that it would be possible to convince Mr. Bryan that a stronger man could be named. The possibility of such a contingency did not occur to him at the time of the meeting of the Chicago convention last year , nor immediately prior to the assembling of that convention. There is no evidence that the NebrisfiSK has come to think less of himself since thaJt time. Indeed , the presumption is arrajjted.tha Mr. Bryan , ' " " ' ( feVlntbaTznz/to sti/i mpa It is well known that Senator Henry M. Teller , of Colorado , has been for'many years prominent In the pahllc mind as a suitable man for Tresldent. and without disparaging In the slightest the qualifications of Mr. Bryan , it can be honestly claimed that no statesman of the present dny In the United States possesses to a Kreater Extent the con fidence anil esteem of the American people than Mr. Teller. He possesses the advantage of a quarter of a century or more of experi ence in public position , an experience that has admlrahly equipped him to discharge the duties devolving upon the chief magis trate of this republic ; and we have no doubt that if Mr. Bryan's sentiments could be known he would be found quite favorable to the candidacy of the Colorado gentleman. There is a growing conviction that with Mr. Teller as tin' candidate , success would be assured , and this conviction has come about because of no loss of confidence in Mr. Bry an or lessening of the esteem In which he is held by those who supported him in the last campaign. Activity in Bnaincs * Centers. Attention is called to the fact that se1- dom , even in periods of the greatest busi ness activity , have the loans of the New York C.ty batiks scored as large a sain as the one imported for the week just closed. They made an increase of $11. - 000.000. For several weeks past their loans bine-been increasing , but the expan sion just trade was the largest known in any s.b. daj * . in a long time. This in creased demand for moncis significant. It means that $11,000,000 mote of moiiey weut : nto various enterprises from the New YojU City banks alone , the past week than the week before , to pay labor and to i.uicKtai all the channels oi trade and business. 1 he increase in loans is not confined to the banks of New York City. It is noted in a proportionate meas ure in all the cities of the country. The effect * of the vast additions to the ac tual mono circulation passing through the hands of the people ate also being telt everywhere- in a boom , but in a slow ly and steadily rising tide of letter times. Toledo Commercial. Reform I * . Cmrsinc People who are anxious to s > . ji general reform in the monetary system of the United States may rest nssuicd that a proposition upon this subject is being eniefully flamed , and will lx > ptesontcd to Congress either during the special ses sion or as seen as Congress meets in its regular fcosion next December , and that every Republican vote will be cast in favor of some measure of this character. LiineM Closely Drawn. The lines between the gold Democrats and the silver shouters are being as close ly drawn as last fall. Chairman Bynuni of the gold Democracy has opened head quarters in New York and announces that he and his party arp ready to hit a head whenever they see onp in the com ing campaign , provided that .head favors Ihe free coinage of silver. 1 1 * J - .1 , I. BOLT OF BOIES. Iowan Keeps Getting Further Away from Cliicaco Platform. Ex-Gov. Bees has made public another statement answering the attack recently made on his position. ' His statement takes him entirely away from the 16 to 1 doctrine. Among other things he says : Let Congress provide that any person hav ing gold or silver bullion of the value of $10 or multiples thereof may deposit the same in the treasury and receive therefor United States or treasury notes for the value there of on the day of deposit , such value ex pressed in dollars to'be determined by the quoted .market price of the bullion offered in the great centers of trade in the old world on the day of deposit , and be redeem able on demand in bullion of either metal at the option of the Government at its mar ket price in the same markets on the day of redemption , the notes ( not the bullion they represent ) to be made unlimited legal ten der. der.In In reply to the objection raised by Col. Fox that Boies' plan meant virtually a gold standard , the ex-Governor says that in a narrow sense it may be so claimed , but in a broad and practical sense it would tesult in true bimetallism , not only in law , but in fact as felt. Then he says : The Chicago platform Is no longer binding upon the conscience , political or otherwise , of any Democrat In the United States. The Issues made up by-thi jj igtrnjngnt ( u "v" n submitted" BfT , .c4d pass ni Class i winst Class. The Dei Moines fusion convention plat form and ? speeches make it evident that so far as the Democratic leaders are con cerned the purpose is to excite passion and prejudice and to array voters of different occupations against each other for po litical effect. The keynote of the speech of Candidate White , the platform and the temper of the convention , make it appar ent that the campaign is to be marked by an attempt to array one part of the citi zens against the other on the "equitable distribution of property" basis. The convention of dema- vention made an exhibition gogism in its declaration of a policy against those who have , by industry and economv , built up the lame interests of the State , and contributed to the pros perity of the whole people. It is one of the dangerous signs of the times that hostility to property and men who own property , is so marked in a great party , and that expressions hostile to the prosperous element in the State were applauded. It is a sad thing to contem plate. If it is sincere we have fallen up on evil days. If it is a sham Democratic leaders must wear the mark of the dema gogue. Such an exhibition should stattle every good citizen into activity against tliis covert socialism. The mission of good citi/ensh'p should be to allay strife and animosity , lather than to arouse t. Practical Evidence from Missouri. Kansas City is making rapid progress in nearly every line of business. There is M-ar viy a day but that some striking evidence of this gratifying fact conies to the surface. These indications of better times a iv galling to the professional alarmist ; and agitators who insistently put partisanship above citizenship. A contribution to the general prosperity tes timony of tl > i : ; town was the report of the live stock and packing interest for the month of June. The receipts of cattle , hogs and sheep at this market for June. 1895. l.v.5 ; and 1S97. are shown in the fol lowing table : Cattle. Hogs. Sin en. .Tune. 1V.V7 l1fi.O0n 32I.0OO lOlMMKi June. 1M t ! 107.000 'JttT.OoO 7L\0i-0 June. 18 ! > . ' . 97.000 l ! s .000 71.000 The lcicipts of cattle for the first six months o. this jear aggregate 712.200. a gain of H 5.1. "i o\cr the sjune period of last ye.r. The reports of the packing houses -how that for the first half of this year tln'ie has been a large increase in the slaughtering or live stock at this place. Compar-d with the same period of 1SJJ0. there habe < n a gain of o57,000 hogs , 4:5.000 : cattle and 100,000 sheep. Kansas City Journal. Railroads and Banks S-liotv Gain. The improvement in business during the latter part of May is illustrated by the reports of twpnty-three railroads for the fonrth week of the month. These roads gained 0 % per cent over last year , which is certainly a very encouraging exhibit. Taking bank clearings and railroad earn ings into account , and allowing for the reduction in the prices of commodities generally , it is plain that the actual vol ume of business is really up to some of the most active years of the past. New- York Mail and Express ( Rep. ) . Good Crops , Good Times. The movement of the crops , which now begins , will pioceed in increasing volume until the autumn. The wheat harvest begins in Texas and rolls northward like a wave until it ends ( in the United States ) in Minnesota and North Dakota. , It is followed by the corn harvest , and inter spersed by the gathering of numerous oth er crops , all representing vast wealth which must sooner or later materialize in money. With plenty of money in the East to move the crops , and with plenty of crops in the West to move , it would seem that an interchange of the commodities of money and crops must soon set in which will tend to equalize conditions by reliev ing the plethora of money in the East and distributing it through the sections where it is so badly needed. This inter change is what makes business commer cial life pg ority Ad if it isn't > " u - ' 4 % - - BryViiu iiMc ; . • - * . There is no politicnl gnificanee in Mr. Bryan's silk nightshirt. Most of his worst dreams come when he is awake and attired in his business garb. Milwau kee Sentinel. Mr. Bryan's nightshirt ocupies too much spuce in the newspapers. He has a per fect right , as has every man , to wear what he can afford. The trouble with Mr. Bryan is , he wants to pay for his silk nightshirts in 50-cent dollars. Dubuque Times. Sad News for John Bull. ? " "HE TIMES ' W _ \ I DINGLET TARIFF W j U SI6NCD r B > | ifiPRES. MeKINLEY ( H PROTECTION REST0REJ UNITED STATES , Kesult of "Wilson's Kfl'orts. . An order for S00 pounds of butter a day from a single London firm is one result of one of the efforts of Secretary "Wilson's late experiments in making a better mar ket for our dairy products abroad. He has just received a communication from a London firm asking that the entire but ter product of the Iowa State College , amounting to about S00 pounds per day , be forwarded to London regularly until further notice. The Pain j of Bryan. Signs multiply that the schism in the party which marched under the name of Democracy until the revolutionists tri umphed in 1S ! ) ( is growing wider and deeper. The average Popocrat hates the Democrat more heartily than he hates the Republican. The average Democrat sees far more to _ condemn in the Chicago platform than in the St. Louis platform. If this bitterness has grown to its present proportions in seven months , who can measure the magnitude it will attain by 1900 ? So sturdy of heart are the Bound- money Democrats that they are Beriously discussing "the pcesing of Bryan. " . . . . . . , " . . . . . r py- * rf j . * . • ' ' 'fli .r rft [ iigti | llliBgw -jL ! i JOHNNY ON-PARADE. 11JJ jirc oiiio mix of 1807. yffl "Wot'n all the bloomltV racket ? " ald John | > IjM It. on parade ; t j A "We HIlver-cratH are down on Hough , " tn | IJ 1 Dnnmconvllle said. . . . I i "W'y are you e fellers ere on Hough ? uiia . j Jobnny-on-paradc : til " 'Cause , ho oltrt sound on ellvcr. " tn \ I'll Danmconvllle mild. i 111 Then Johnny winked IiIb weather eye ana } cloned the outer door , i "IM And sent for allvcr leaders until they came ( galore. ' And they took an affidavit that they wo M J nevermore k Put Hough upon | a Democratic H " /l / • law- * "Wot'R nil the blooniln' racket ? " ad ! John- gl . M ny-on-piirade ; - "The Tops have got their backs 'up. * - Hi" Daiimcouvllle sa 'ld. , , , I "Wot have they got their backs up tori /J .lohuny-oii-parade ; . . , " Valine they ain't on the ticket-slate. " the m l'aiiiiiconvllle said. H Then Johnny grew Indignant and haul twun H very plain fl That Populists should not expect the oilier * m to gain : / | 1' jh honor quite enough for them to vote. M for John .McLean. And not be on M the Democratic fl ticket. • • V. ' ot's all the bloomln * ' racket ? " wild Jcihn- / 1 iiv-on-parade : * j | "The Slher Keps are comlii' now. " the H Dauiiiconvllle said. m "Who are the bloomln' Silver Keps ? " Mild A Johnuy-oii-parailf ; fl "They're only Just a handful. " the Damn- \M9 \ cniivlllc said. ' w "Then give 'em cheers for ISryan. " -aid u Johnny with a grin. 1J "Them guys l < easv kidded on with any- y M thing that's thin. > M We 'll get. their \otes without the 'dougb , AM 'twould only be a .sin % 'M To put tliem on fl a Democratic M ticket. " IV. / % "Wnt's all tlie bloomln * racket ? " said John- ] > ny-on-parade : f "The Coldlte Denis an ; coiiiin" now. " l.o \ i Danmt'oiivllli- . I i "Wot do them ducks expect of iih ? " silil / 1 Jolmny-on-paraile ; i "They want some crumbs. If they're to J stay. " the Daiiluioii\illp said. 1 Then Johnny he grew rurlous. and * -iiiI J 'twould never do jfl To let a single Uoldite have a smell at offl lice too ; H 'Tvvoulil lie a rank Impertinence If they M should dare to sue J • ' or places on k the Democratic M ticket. V "Wot's all the bloouiin * racket ? " hald John- M ny-on-parade : Am "The Prohlbi want a HiiifT or two. " the Dauiiiconvllle hiiIiI. "Who are the I'roblbs. anyhow ? " said John- ny-on-parade ; H "They. re Just them temp'r'nce fellers. " the _ Dannieouvllle said. Then Johnny roared with laughter , his very 1 tildes they xliook ; M The I'rohiblrtoulKtH * demand , he thought , the M reason's Joke. fl And Kald a dohe of water would very likely choke H The men who vote V the Democratic ticket. "Wot's nil the blooniln * * racket ? " said John- S ny-on-parade ; am "The labor gang Is coinin' now , " the Damn- H convllle said. SJ "Wot's labor got to do with me ? " said S Johnny-ou-parnile ; Mm "They'll bust von if you tight 'em , " the BJ Danmconvllle said. mm Then Johnny he grew serious , and thought Bj " he'd make a hit. "H And give 'em Chapman for a "stiff , " and 1 Chapman ipilekly bit. H And promised he'd put up the stuff , if lie U could only get H A place upon H the Democratic ( ticket. BJ He now the blooiuiii' racket which John and H Dan parade Am Is sugared for the workinguian with silver mm and free trade ; jH Two millionaires to lead the tight , with liry- W an on parade. S And Silver Barons crack the whip as Mi y mm go down the /'ade. . . B VMt Silver Kepau > . > " 'A'At * , w * ' * . * * " ' "gg-gg k % . ' , ] * L roWAftiTS 0l , . mm M i&v * . - xJeniocratlc | By the Way. VJ The late l'opocratic partj , having lo-t Wj its Top. has adopted a more appropriate Wj prefix , and is now the Anar-cratic _ "The Democratic party will go to d - WJ structimurelj if it does not reject h SJ " 10 to 1 dm trine It is not a vote gett r. * M Macon l * el graph ( Dem. ) . The A P C of the Democracy of 1 "J < * - fl Altgeld Anarchy * t H Bryan Bombast BJ Coxev Communism * | H Debs Deinagogism H The anti-trust piopo-ition lias been "H omitted from the tariff bill in order to save the time which would be occupied AJ in its discus-ion. and the proposition will _ be pres-ed by the Republicans in the \ . .JBJ Senate : > s : t separate measure. J The people v ho hoped to bring about an JrJ issue between the Republicans and the MM .sound inonej Democrats upon the tariff * H question find that they have not been sue- H ccssful. The gold Democrats are at v.ork Aj to defeat the silver wing of the Dcmoc- J U racy wherever it is making a enmpi.igii H this fall. H Tom Watson has a poor opinion of a JVJ party which serves another party for a .BJ "consideration. " In a recent issue of his M paper he lemarks : "Our own belief is that j H * no gentleman will remain in the People ' s fl party if the idea once gets abroad that Vfl Populism and lle-siaiiisai are synonymBfl ous terms. " Bfl "For one. 1 d > not believe it possible H to succeed upon u platform that demands BJ the unqualified free coinage of silver at | the ratio of 10 to 1 with gold.Ye have * L\ fought that battle and it is lost. VA'e can L\ never tight if over under circumstances j | more favorable to ourselves. If we hope | to succeed we innsi abandon this extreme - | treme demand. " Kx-Cov. Horace Boies ftj of Iowa BJ The administration is.till developing H plans in favor of a general monetary reBfl form , and whether thev are presented to LW Congress at tin- special sesbion or per- Lm mitted to go over to the regular session , H there is an official assurance that a meas- Lure \ ure for a currency reform w hich will obviate - | viate former troubles H currency will be presented sented and doubtless fl be made a law , it the united s.npK | rt of the Republicans is H sufficient to carry it through the Senate. B From Jlijin Authority. H SeWefnrj Cage , win , has exceptional " fJ I facilities for testing the business facilities - * ties of the country , said in a recent state- I nient : • 'The evidence I have obtained 1 from all sections of the I country , from the press , from callers , from persons , and 1 from correspondence , all points in one ds - 1 rection. an actual improvement in trade 1 " * m and " manufactures.