HERE had been some dispute
as to what constituted tue
boundary of the country
bought from Russia by the
United States in 1867, but until the
real value of the territory was known,
no one cared. The miners of the early
days managed very well with an ap
proximate boundary. They held min
ers' meetings and any decision
leached by them constituted the law.
For the opening up of Alaska we are
indebted to the panic of of 1893.
Throughout the west the hardier spir
its preferred to brave the dangers of
that almost unknown region than to
accept the starvation wages then of
fered. They knew that grubstakes
of being able to throw himself down
to rest and enjoy the glorious pan
orama, there is immediate work to
be done, and a few clouds hovering
over some distant mountain, instead
of lending beauty to the view, may
send the poor surveyor behind some
sheltering rock to wait, shivering
with cold, until morning will allow
him to take up his stand by the
theodolite and complete his observa
tions.
On the 141st meridian an astro
nomic longitude was determined at
a point on the Yukon river. Ameri
can and Canadian astronomers
worked together, bringing time over
the wires both from Seattle and
Vancouver. An azimuth was then
observed and this azimuth is be
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and independence were to be found on the bars
of the Forty Mile, the Stewart, and at Circle
City.
With the increase of population came the rep
resentatives of the American and Canadian gov
ernments, custom-houses were established and
court decisions took the place of the rude jus
tice dispensed by miners' meetings. With the
mew order of things came also the necessity of
a determined line between the two countries.
The United States claimed, under the old Rus
sian treaty, a line running up Portland canal to
the 5Gth parallel of north latitude, thence to fol
low the summit of the coast range to its inter
section with the 141st meridian. In the absence
of a definite mountain range near the coast, the
line was to be not more than ten marine leagues
distant from tide water.
Canada claimed that the line should follow the
coast range paralleling the general contour of
the coast, and cutting across all inlets and fiords.
There were other contentions of minor impor
tance, but the real trouble was that Canada
thought she was entitled to a seaport which
would allow of shipments through Canadian ter
ritory to the now valuable Klondike.
1 As to the 141st meridian being the rest of the
boundary, there was no dispute. This line starts
at a ridge of Mount Saint Elias and runs throtfgh
to Demarcation Point on the Arctic ocean.
| Maps showing a strip of land along the coast
were made, archives were rummaged, every avail
able bits of history and tradition were searched,
and the whole mass submitted as evidence to a
tribunal of three Americans, two Canadians, and
one Englishman, which met in London in 190a.
iThe sifting of the evidence required three months.
The opposing counsel helped by the geographic
experts put forth their best arguments, a vote
was taken, and the result showed four to two for
1Pthe United States, the lord chief justice of Eng
land, Lord Alverstone, casting his vote with the
Americans.
i Naturally the Canadian representatives felt
' greatly disappointed, but the evidence was too
conclusive to allow of any other outcome.
| Then came the question of what mountains con
■stituted the coast range. In places a compro
i mise was effected departing slightly from the
claims of the United States.
| It was decided that certain well-defined peaks
on the mountains fringing the coast should con
stitute the main points on the boundary. Lord
Alverstone, wielding a blue pencil, marked on the
maps what appeared to the tribunal to be the
, proper mountains. The members of the tribunal
I were all eminent jurists, but this did not make
| them proficient in the intricacies of contour maps,
and the advice of the experts was constantly re
: quested.
il The location of the boundary was left to two
commisisoners, Mr. O. H. Tittmann, superintend
ent of the coast and geodetic survey, for the
United States, and Dr. W. F. King, chief Domin
ion astronomer, for Canada.
1 Wherever the blue-pencil mark appears on the
mat), this point without any recourse is a boun
dary point, even though a higher and better point
may be but a short distance away.
To follow the sinuosities of the mountain
ranges in this country would be hopeless, so the
commissioners will probably decide that a
straight line connecting the various blue-penciled
points shall constitute the boundary.
The actual demarcation of the boundary, to be
satisfactory to both governments, must be done
jointly. By this it is not meant that there is a di
Social Museum in Barcelona
A Spanish Museo Social will be
opened in Barcelona in November,
1909, supported by the provincial as
sembly and the municipality. The ob
ject of the Museo Social is to gather
in a single exposition data of all sorts,
instruments, apparatus, models,
charts, statistics, etc., referring to
social 'questions and problems and at
the same time create a permanent or
ganization for study and development.
The committee in charge will reserve
space for each nation, grouping its en
tire exhibit. The opening exhibit will
comprise the following sections: Edu
cation, living conditions, working con
ditions, social contracts and conflicts,
action of public authorities, philan
thropic and moral action. The com
mittee calls special attention to the
section of appliances for the preven
tion of industrial accidents. While
many exhibits will be removed after
the close of the opening exhibition, it
is hoped that as many as possible will
be left for the permanent Museo So
cial.
Physicians’ Fees Fixed by Law.
A German antiquarian has found
documents showing that in ancient
Babylon; 4,150 years t.go, the sums
due to doctors for treatment were ex
actly prescribed by law. They varied
according to the social position of the
patients. ' .
Not Finished.
“American!*are so unfinished," has
been the complaint of Europeans. We
are and glad of it. Yankees are start
ling the world with their achievements
and will, we believe, stick to the
habit.
Uneasy Lies the Head, Etc.
"When you feels a hankerin’ fob
great authority, son,” said Uncle
Eben, “do a little preliminary practic
an as a baseball umpire an’ see
whether you really enjoys it.”
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vision of labor in ev
ery party. There are
American parties and
Canadian parties, and
with each locating par
ty, or party which de
cides on the line, go
representatives of the
other government.
There are line-cutting
parties, leveling par
ties topographic parties,
triangulation parties,
and monumenting par
ties, which work separ
ately, their work being
such that joint repre
sentation is not always
necessary, as the line
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win ue suujeci 10 in
spection at some later date. These parties re
port yearly to the commissioner of their respec
tive governments. The commissioners meet
sometimes in Washington and sometimes in Otta
wa, and either accept or reject the work done by
the field parties. Their decision is final.
The magnitude of the task is little understood
except by those closely connected with the work.
There are 600 miles of boundary from Portland
canal up the coast to Mount St. Elias, where it
hooks around on to the 141st meridian and shoots
for another 600 miles straight north to the Arctic
ocean.
All the land lying along the boundary must be
mapped on an accurate scale, and a strip of top
ography four miles wide must be run the entire
length of the 141st meridian; peaks which can
not be climbed, or rather those which would take
too long and would be too expensive to scale,
must be determined geodetlcally; vistas 20 feet
in width must be cut through the timbered val
leys, and monuments must be set up on the
routes of travel and wherever a possible need for
them may occur. /
The field season is short, lasting only from
.Tune to the latter part of September, and along
the coast operations are constantly hindered by
rain, snow, and fog. Rivers abounding in rapid*
and quicksands have to be crossed or ascend
ed. A man who has never had the loop of a track
ing line around* his shoulders little knows the
dead monotony of lining a boat up a swift Alas
kan river with nothing to think of but the dull
ache in his tired muscles and the sharp digging
of the rope into his chafed shoulders.
Vast glaciers are to be crossed, with their dan
ger of hidden crevasses. More than one surveyor
has had the snow sink suddenly beneath his feet,
and has been savdt only by the rope tying him
to his comrades. Several have been saved by
throwing their alpine stocks crosswise of the gap,
and one, while crossing the Yakutat glacier with
a pack on his back, caught only on his extended
arms. High mountains must be climbed; if they
are not the boundary peaks themselves, they must
be high enough to see the boundary peaks over
the intervening summits.
And these climbs are not the organized expedi
tions of an Alpine club, with but one mountain to
conquer, but dally routine. Heavy theodolites and
topographic cameras must be carried, and instead
ing prolonged in its straight shoot across the penin
sula. This line has been accepted as the_141st me- '
ridian and consequently the boundary. It has been
run into the mountains fringing the Pacific coast.
Topography, triangulation, line-cutting, and monu
menting are now being carried along the located
line.
For the present the line will not run to Mount St.
Elias. It would be possible, but not practical, to
run it across the intervening 80 miles of snow and
ice and towering mountain ranges. To complete
this part of the boundary the use of an airship is
contemplated.
In the interior the difficulties of the work are
changed. Ixing wooded stretches, interrupted by
barren ridges, take the place of glaciers and crag
gy mountains. In place of snow fields there are
heart-breaking "nigger-head” swamps to be crossed,
where the pack-horse becomes mired and exhaust
ed and the temper of man is tried to the breaking
point. Supplies have to be ferried across the riv
ers on log rafts, while the horses swim.
There is no longer the guiding line of the coast
to follow, and the surveyor must rely on his in
stinct for topography and on woodcraft to pilot him
through an unbroken wilderness.
The inconveniences of transportation have to be
overcome, and year by year they are becoming
worse as the work carries us each year farther
from the Yukon with its stenmers. For the season
of 1909 the American party of 30 men will have to
walk 300 miles before they can even start work.
Then the topographer with his theodolite tries to
make up for lost time. Regular hours for work
are ignored. A day's work is reckoned as ten
hours, if the work can be done in that time; if not
—well, in midsummer the days are 24 hours long.
Holidays and Sundays see the same old routine—
even the Fourth of July.
Usually bases of supply are established at cer
tain known points before the opening of the sea
son. These are called "caches." Mistakes in the
locating of a cache are sometimes made, and last
season one surveyor in consequence of such a mis
take was without food for two days, finally reach
ing another canjp in rather disheveled condition. It
so happened that this other party was moving
south toward the same cache and was on short ra
tions; so nothing remained to do but beat a hur
ried retreat 60 miles northward, arriving at an
other base with belts pulled in to the last notch.
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//v busy norr strbbt
ANOTHER civilization, gauged
by other moral standards,
restrained, or unrestrained,
of other laws and codes, has
for many years existed in
New Yrrk under the eyes |
and noses of that city's people and
their officials. In this sphere men and
women have moved like tiie flotsam
in an eddy, against the stream of the
world without. The secret rules of
the order provided the only known es
cape from the arm of the nation's
taw; they made men secure in the
commission of atrocities and veiled
the existence of a set of moral condi
tions almost beyond comprehension;
certainly past momentary tolerance.
Over the whole was a hectic fila
ment of romance and morbid interest
which appeared to the chance passer
or the sightseer to make the place a
curiously fascinating corner trans
planted from another world—far too
original and alluring to be removed.
They called it Chinatown. It is no
place; it is no street in particular,
though it has its center and its boun
daries. It is rather a degenerate state
of the senses.
New Yorkers know of it, of course,
in a dim sort of way. Now and then
there was a brawl, a killing of some
Oriental or an opium den raid. These
were matters of course. No one gave
them more than passing attention.
To-day, however, New York knows
Chinatown in its true perspective. The
Elsie Sigel murder was the first rift
in the cloud that obscured the fact.
Now the mist itself is dissipated. New
York knows that Chinatown—the
spirit, not the place—is one of its
cruel, almost unthinkable problems.
The latest outrage in Chinatown—a
place that brews outrages faster than
» quagmire hatches mosquitoes—is the
abduction of a pretty mill girl of
Weehawken and her imprisonment in
a Chinese den, where she was sub
jected to horrifying cruelties.
This most recent unfortunate is
Christina Braun. 15 years old, blue
eyed and inclined to be just a little
‘•wild.” Christina’s case differs from
that of hundreds of other girls who
have fallen victim to the lures of Chi
natown only in the fact that she had
the good fortune to escape before she
became a slave to opium—the su
preme evil of this most vicious hole in
all the vast metropolis.
The girl went to Coney Island with
some friends on a Sunday. She lost
her companions in the crowd and,
finally, after wandering about for a
time, went into a chop suey “joint” to
get a bite to eat. There she was
drugged, and the next thing she re
members she was being carried
through the labyrinlhal hallway to a
Chinatown den.
The girl fought desperately to get
away from two Chinese who were
dragging her along the floor of the
dark hall, but she was beaten into in
sensibility. When she next recov
ered consciousness she was in a dim
ly lighted room and a hideous China
man was leaning over her, leering into
her face.
Again the girl screamed and fought
to gat jut of the place, but was
knocked senseless. Between beatings
she was made to understand that she
was the slave of her captor and that
the best thing she could do would be
to remain quiet. But devious, dark and
dirty as Chintown is, news will travel
there, and the girl had not been in the
den more than 24 hours before a
‘lobbygow"—a Chinaman who acts as
stool pigeon and informer for the po
lice—told two Mulberry street detec
tives that there was a white girl pris
oner somewhere in the colony.
The men set watch and, after a
time, succeeded in starving out and
capturing Joe Wong, an Americanized
Chinese gambler. The girl was found
in Wong's room, her face so bruised
that her friends had difficulty in rec
ognizing her when they visited her at
the headquarters of the Gerry society.
Wong was locked up in the Tombs,
CROOKED little doyero street
but he probably will get out of the
scrape on the ground that the girl
willingly accompanied him to his lair.
A regularly organized traffic in
white and Chinese girl slaves exists in
Chinatown and every detective who
has workpd in that section knows it
now.
It is true that scores of women fall
prey to the Chinese every year by first
visiting Chinatown on slumming and
sight-seeing trips. Others are attracted
there by the gaudy tales about how
kind and gentle the Chinese are to
women; how well they clothe them
and how liberal they are with money.
These tales also are nearly all fakes.
Anyone who has ever seen a real “hop
joint” in Chinatown will never forget
the dirt and degradation of it. Some
of the wealthier Chinese have apart
ments that are fitted up in flashy ori
ental style, and a few of the gambling
houses are well furnished. Three or
four of the restaurants—maintly pat
ronized by sight-seers—are gaudy in
the extreme, but back behind all this,
back beyond the tunnels, in the
kitchens, the living quarters and up
under the roofs of the tottering old
buildings, exist squalor and misery
such as can scarce be found elsewhere
on this continent.
The pitiful story of Moy You and
Ngeu Fung, two little Chinese girls,
is enough to set the hand of all the
world against the slave traders of
Chinatown.
These girls were sold—it is believed
by the police—to Chinese slave trad
ers in China and smuggled into this
country. They fell into the clutches
of a Chinese merchant of some means
in Chinatown and their tale of the
cruelties to which they were subject
ed was brought to the attention of the
Chinese charge d'affaires in Washing
ton. The girls are in the hands of the
Gerry society. They declare that
they were compelled to work 20 hours
a day at cooking, cleaning, scrubbing
and covering button molds and that
they were beaten almost every day.
Reading of these outrages the aver
age American wonders why the perpe
trators are not sent to prison, but it
must be remembered that there are no
men more wily and skillful in con
cocting false evidence than dishonest
Americanized Chinese. It is next to
impossible to obtain evidence against
the slave traders of Chinatown that
will stand in a court of justice. To
begin with any Chinese witness who
dares testify against one of his coun
trymen in New York takes his life in
his hand. The boldness of the China
town slave trader is almost beyond
belief. .««&; —•
Capt. Galvin of the police depart
ment, who is in charge of the precinct
embracing Chinatown, has worked
hard to “clean up" the place and drive
the white women out of it, but his
efforts have been of little avail. He
has come to the conclusion that the
“town” needs "cleaning out” instead
of "cleaning up,” and has recommend
ed this action to Commissioner Baker.
If Galvin had his way he would
keep slumming and sight-seeing par
ties out of Chinatown. The "rubber
neck" wagon often is the net that
drags the innocents to the dens. i
Taught How to Prepare Lunch
Simmons college, Boston, is said to
be the only place in this country
where women can be trained to plan
and manage lunchrooms. The demand
for such training is reported to have
more than trebled during the last two
years, as more and more cities and
school boards are realizing the neces
sity of providing working girls and
boys and school children with health
ful midday meals.
In Boston the Women's Educational
and Industrial union co-operates with
the school board in conducting lunch
rooms for pupils. The school board
agrees to provide the room, equipment
and a certain amount of care, while
the union prepares and serves the
meals at cost. The union pays the
women who manage these lunchrooms
$5 a week and their helpers $3. They
work on an average three hours a day.
Preferred to Novels.
There is much raid vvwadays about
the decadence of fiction, that the
novel writer is out of commission.
author of romance is'producing noth
ing that lives beyond the first edition,
but is there not a palpable reason for
it? It stares one in the face daily
from the pages of the newspaper. For
behold there the cause for the bar
renness in literary invention. We are
living romances. Nothing in the im
agination of man can equal the events,
the situations the passions, the
crimes, the marvelous phenomena of
life that are pictured in daily print.
Culture seizes upon some classic and
retires to the closet as if it were a
bone to be gnawed in private, but the
joy of reading a new and great work
of the imagination has departed. Real
ism, the actual fact, outdoes fiction ev
ery day. The mere story book is tame
stuff compared with this panorama
passing before our eyes. Reaction i»
bound to come after the novelty of
this twentieth century whirl is worn
away, but the present generations are
too engrossed to heed the signs which
tiay cannot stop to read.
, FAMOUS DOCTOR'S
PRESCRIPTION,'
HARD UP FOR A CASE
V_J
Cop—Nar then, out of it! Mixed
bathing ain’t allowed!—Ally Sloper.
PUBLIC LAND~DRAWING
“Lamar, Colo.—The price fixed by
the Colorado State Board of Land
Commissioners for land and water
rights, under the Two Buttes Carey
act project, Southeast of Lamar which
will be allotted by public drawing Oc
tober 21st, is $35.50 per acre. Only
$5.25 per acre has to be paid at time
of making entry. The settlers being
permitted ‘eleven years’ time to com
plete the payments. Any adult citi
zen of the United States may file on
40, 80, 120, or 160 acres. Pinal proof
may be made at the end of 30 days’
residence. The soil on this tract is a
sandy loam of great depth and fertil
ity. The altitude is 4,100 feet. The
growing season 150 to 180 days, and
the climate ideal. A new townslte has
been established and a town lot sale
will be held on October twenty-sec
| ond. Both the land drawing and the
town lot sale will be held at the new
townsite of Two Buttes, which Is
reached via Atchison, Topeka and
Santa Fe R. R. to Lamar, Colorado,
from which point transportation will
be provided at reasonable rates."
And There Are Others.
The cook had been called away to a
sick sister, and so the newly wed mis
tress of the house undertook, with the
aid of the maid, to get the Sunday
luncheon. The little maid, who had
been struggling in the kitchen with a
coffee mill that would not work, con
fessed that she had forgotten to wash
the lettuce.
“Well, never mind, Pearl. Go on
with the coffee and I'll do it,” said the
considerate mistress. “Where do they
keep the soap?”
The extraordinary popularity of fine
white goods this summer makes the
choice of Starch a matter of great Im
portance. Defiance Starch, being free
from all Injurious chemicals, is the
only one which is safe to use on fine
fabrics. Its great strength as a stiffen
er makes half the usual quantity of
Starch necessary, with the result of
perfect finish, equal to that when the
goods were new.
Reaching Life’s Goal.
If you want to be somebody In this
world you must assert your individ
uality and assert it in the right direc
tion, so that it may lead to a goal of
honor for yourself and be an example
for others. Find out what you ought
to do, say to yourself: “1 must do It,”
then begin right away with “I will do
it,” and keep at it until it Is done.
A Rare Good Thing.
“Am using Allen’s Foot-Ease, and ran
truly say I would not have been without
It so long, had I known the relief it would
give my aching feet. I think It a rare good
thing for anyone having sore or tired feet.
—Mrs. Matilda Holtwert, Providence, R.
I.” Sold by all Druggists, 2ac. Ask to-day.
Many a young man starts in to
work fired with a noble i.mbition—
then the ambition exaporates and he
gets fired.
Clung to Melancholy Mood.
“One peculiarity of melancholia."
said the specialist, “is that the vie
tim of it actually enjoys the despond
ency and often doesn't want to be
cured. I once told a young woman
who had this disease that she must
be careful of her digestion and eat
nothing frieid. After that she tried
to eat only fried food. Not only did
she insist on having her potatoes and
meat fried, but didnt' want to eat
bread unless it had been fried in a
lot of grease.”
Home of the Wild Bee.
A wild bees’ home, as we all know,
serves the puropse of a storehouse as
well as of a place for the young to
grow and develop. The entrance used
by the bees is often very small, but
always leads into a large room. The
wax for their honey and brood cells
is the only thing in the least like fur
niture which they require. The firm
er and more bare the walls and floors
the better for them.—St. Nicholas.
Bought by King George in 1771.
The old house standing on the cor
ner of Batavia and Roosevelt streets.
New York, one of the few buildings
left intact as a relic of colonial times,
is about to be torn down to make way
for an apartment house. The house,
a bit altered, has been standing since
the middle of the eighteenth century.
It is one of the landmarks of the
Fourth ward. In the year 1771 King
George III. bought the house and
property for the sum of .£75. The
deed of sale, with the signature of
the king attached, is now in the pos
session of the present owner. Thomas
Farrell, of 72 West One Hundred and
Thirty-seventh stfeet. An option on
the property has been given for about
$100,000.—Exchange.
