HERE had been some dispute as to what constituted tue boundary of the country bought from Russia by the United States in 1867, but until the real value of the territory was known, no one cared. The miners of the early days managed very well with an ap proximate boundary. They held min ers' meetings and any decision leached by them constituted the law. For the opening up of Alaska we are indebted to the panic of of 1893. Throughout the west the hardier spir its preferred to brave the dangers of that almost unknown region than to accept the starvation wages then of fered. They knew that grubstakes of being able to throw himself down to rest and enjoy the glorious pan orama, there is immediate work to be done, and a few clouds hovering over some distant mountain, instead of lending beauty to the view, may send the poor surveyor behind some sheltering rock to wait, shivering with cold, until morning will allow him to take up his stand by the theodolite and complete his observa tions. On the 141st meridian an astro nomic longitude was determined at a point on the Yukon river. Ameri can and Canadian astronomers worked together, bringing time over the wires both from Seattle and Vancouver. An azimuth was then observed and this azimuth is be Z_— Urt/SVUrt -£L/r>OW2:£- /VO/VO'/V&Yr, ALO/VQ j80U/Y£>/1/?Y' L //yVQ7//r/7G£ OF/7 /77/R dj - V- {\ lA// A/ /) Cl P ATO-xcKlft k I S vision of labor in ev ery party. There are American parties and Canadian parties, and with each locating par ty, or party which de cides on the line, go representatives of the other government. There are line-cutting parties, leveling par ties topographic parties, triangulation parties, and monumenting par ties, which work separ ately, their work being such that joint repre sentation is not always necessary, as the line /7/LOF/r (/L/V/T) GJL jQC/JTjR O/Y T/i£- jQA.S£r/< /?/ YER win ue suujeci 10 in spection at some later date. These parties re port yearly to the commissioner of their respec tive governments. The commissioners meet sometimes in Washington and sometimes in Otta wa, and either accept or reject the work done by the field parties. Their decision is final. The magnitude of the task is little understood except by those closely connected with the work. There are 600 miles of boundary from Portland canal up the coast to Mount St. Elias, where it hooks around on to the 141st meridian and shoots for another 600 miles straight north to the Arctic ocean. All the land lying along the boundary must be mapped on an accurate scale, and a strip of top ography four miles wide must be run the entire length of the 141st meridian; peaks which can not be climbed, or rather those which would take too long and would be too expensive to scale, must be determined geodetlcally; vistas 20 feet in width must be cut through the timbered val leys, and monuments must be set up on the routes of travel and wherever a possible need for them may occur. / The field season is short, lasting only from .Tune to the latter part of September, and along the coast operations are constantly hindered by rain, snow, and fog. Rivers abounding in rapid* and quicksands have to be crossed or ascend ed. A man who has never had the loop of a track ing line around* his shoulders little knows the dead monotony of lining a boat up a swift Alas kan river with nothing to think of but the dull ache in his tired muscles and the sharp digging of the rope into his chafed shoulders. Vast glaciers are to be crossed, with their dan ger of hidden crevasses. More than one surveyor has had the snow sink suddenly beneath his feet, and has been savdt only by the rope tying him to his comrades. Several have been saved by throwing their alpine stocks crosswise of the gap, and one, while crossing the Yakutat glacier with a pack on his back, caught only on his extended arms. High mountains must be climbed; if they are not the boundary peaks themselves, they must be high enough to see the boundary peaks over the intervening summits. And these climbs are not the organized expedi tions of an Alpine club, with but one mountain to conquer, but dally routine. Heavy theodolites and topographic cameras must be carried, and instead ing prolonged in its straight shoot across the penin sula. This line has been accepted as the_141st me- ' ridian and consequently the boundary. It has been run into the mountains fringing the Pacific coast. Topography, triangulation, line-cutting, and monu menting are now being carried along the located line. For the present the line will not run to Mount St. Elias. It would be possible, but not practical, to run it across the intervening 80 miles of snow and ice and towering mountain ranges. To complete this part of the boundary the use of an airship is contemplated. In the interior the difficulties of the work are changed. Ixing wooded stretches, interrupted by barren ridges, take the place of glaciers and crag gy mountains. In place of snow fields there are heart-breaking "nigger-head” swamps to be crossed, where the pack-horse becomes mired and exhaust ed and the temper of man is tried to the breaking point. Supplies have to be ferried across the riv ers on log rafts, while the horses swim. There is no longer the guiding line of the coast to follow, and the surveyor must rely on his in stinct for topography and on woodcraft to pilot him through an unbroken wilderness. The inconveniences of transportation have to be overcome, and year by year they are becoming worse as the work carries us each year farther from the Yukon with its stenmers. For the season of 1909 the American party of 30 men will have to walk 300 miles before they can even start work. Then the topographer with his theodolite tries to make up for lost time. Regular hours for work are ignored. A day's work is reckoned as ten hours, if the work can be done in that time; if not —well, in midsummer the days are 24 hours long. Holidays and Sundays see the same old routine— even the Fourth of July. Usually bases of supply are established at cer tain known points before the opening of the sea son. These are called "caches." Mistakes in the locating of a cache are sometimes made, and last season one surveyor in consequence of such a mis take was without food for two days, finally reach ing another canjp in rather disheveled condition. It so happened that this other party was moving south toward the same cache and was on short ra tions; so nothing remained to do but beat a hur ried retreat 60 miles northward, arriving at an other base with belts pulled in to the last notch. ~- —= m York ’s © I r4~- — ~ ■—— —T~—Ups, //v busy norr strbbt ANOTHER civilization, gauged by other moral standards, restrained, or unrestrained, of other laws and codes, has for many years existed in New Yrrk under the eyes | and noses of that city's people and their officials. In this sphere men and women have moved like tiie flotsam in an eddy, against the stream of the world without. The secret rules of the order provided the only known es cape from the arm of the nation's taw; they made men secure in the commission of atrocities and veiled the existence of a set of moral condi tions almost beyond comprehension; certainly past momentary tolerance. Over the whole was a hectic fila ment of romance and morbid interest which appeared to the chance passer or the sightseer to make the place a curiously fascinating corner trans planted from another world—far too original and alluring to be removed. They called it Chinatown. It is no place; it is no street in particular, though it has its center and its boun daries. It is rather a degenerate state of the senses. New Yorkers know of it, of course, in a dim sort of way. Now and then there was a brawl, a killing of some Oriental or an opium den raid. These were matters of course. No one gave them more than passing attention. To-day, however, New York knows Chinatown in its true perspective. The Elsie Sigel murder was the first rift in the cloud that obscured the fact. Now the mist itself is dissipated. New York knows that Chinatown—the spirit, not the place—is one of its cruel, almost unthinkable problems. The latest outrage in Chinatown—a place that brews outrages faster than » quagmire hatches mosquitoes—is the abduction of a pretty mill girl of Weehawken and her imprisonment in a Chinese den, where she was sub jected to horrifying cruelties. This most recent unfortunate is Christina Braun. 15 years old, blue eyed and inclined to be just a little ‘•wild.” Christina’s case differs from that of hundreds of other girls who have fallen victim to the lures of Chi natown only in the fact that she had the good fortune to escape before she became a slave to opium—the su preme evil of this most vicious hole in all the vast metropolis. The girl went to Coney Island with some friends on a Sunday. She lost her companions in the crowd and, finally, after wandering about for a time, went into a chop suey “joint” to get a bite to eat. There she was drugged, and the next thing she re members she was being carried through the labyrinlhal hallway to a Chinatown den. The girl fought desperately to get away from two Chinese who were dragging her along the floor of the dark hall, but she was beaten into in sensibility. When she next recov ered consciousness she was in a dim ly lighted room and a hideous China man was leaning over her, leering into her face. Again the girl screamed and fought to gat jut of the place, but was knocked senseless. Between beatings she was made to understand that she was the slave of her captor and that the best thing she could do would be to remain quiet. But devious, dark and dirty as Chintown is, news will travel there, and the girl had not been in the den more than 24 hours before a ‘lobbygow"—a Chinaman who acts as stool pigeon and informer for the po lice—told two Mulberry street detec tives that there was a white girl pris oner somewhere in the colony. The men set watch and, after a time, succeeded in starving out and capturing Joe Wong, an Americanized Chinese gambler. The girl was found in Wong's room, her face so bruised that her friends had difficulty in rec ognizing her when they visited her at the headquarters of the Gerry society. Wong was locked up in the Tombs, CROOKED little doyero street but he probably will get out of the scrape on the ground that the girl willingly accompanied him to his lair. A regularly organized traffic in white and Chinese girl slaves exists in Chinatown and every detective who has workpd in that section knows it now. It is true that scores of women fall prey to the Chinese every year by first visiting Chinatown on slumming and sight-seeing trips. Others are attracted there by the gaudy tales about how kind and gentle the Chinese are to women; how well they clothe them and how liberal they are with money. These tales also are nearly all fakes. Anyone who has ever seen a real “hop joint” in Chinatown will never forget the dirt and degradation of it. Some of the wealthier Chinese have apart ments that are fitted up in flashy ori ental style, and a few of the gambling houses are well furnished. Three or four of the restaurants—maintly pat ronized by sight-seers—are gaudy in the extreme, but back behind all this, back beyond the tunnels, in the kitchens, the living quarters and up under the roofs of the tottering old buildings, exist squalor and misery such as can scarce be found elsewhere on this continent. The pitiful story of Moy You and Ngeu Fung, two little Chinese girls, is enough to set the hand of all the world against the slave traders of Chinatown. These girls were sold—it is believed by the police—to Chinese slave trad ers in China and smuggled into this country. They fell into the clutches of a Chinese merchant of some means in Chinatown and their tale of the cruelties to which they were subject ed was brought to the attention of the Chinese charge d'affaires in Washing ton. The girls are in the hands of the Gerry society. They declare that they were compelled to work 20 hours a day at cooking, cleaning, scrubbing and covering button molds and that they were beaten almost every day. Reading of these outrages the aver age American wonders why the perpe trators are not sent to prison, but it must be remembered that there are no men more wily and skillful in con cocting false evidence than dishonest Americanized Chinese. It is next to impossible to obtain evidence against the slave traders of Chinatown that will stand in a court of justice. To begin with any Chinese witness who dares testify against one of his coun trymen in New York takes his life in his hand. The boldness of the China town slave trader is almost beyond belief. .««&; —• Capt. Galvin of the police depart ment, who is in charge of the precinct embracing Chinatown, has worked hard to “clean up" the place and drive the white women out of it, but his efforts have been of little avail. He has come to the conclusion that the “town” needs "cleaning out” instead of "cleaning up,” and has recommend ed this action to Commissioner Baker. If Galvin had his way he would keep slumming and sight-seeing par ties out of Chinatown. The "rubber neck" wagon often is the net that drags the innocents to the dens. i Taught How to Prepare Lunch Simmons college, Boston, is said to be the only place in this country where women can be trained to plan and manage lunchrooms. The demand for such training is reported to have more than trebled during the last two years, as more and more cities and school boards are realizing the neces sity of providing working girls and boys and school children with health ful midday meals. In Boston the Women's Educational and Industrial union co-operates with the school board in conducting lunch rooms for pupils. The school board agrees to provide the room, equipment and a certain amount of care, while the union prepares and serves the meals at cost. The union pays the women who manage these lunchrooms $5 a week and their helpers $3. They work on an average three hours a day. Preferred to Novels. There is much raid vvwadays about the decadence of fiction, that the novel writer is out of commission. author of romance is'producing noth ing that lives beyond the first edition, but is there not a palpable reason for it? It stares one in the face daily from the pages of the newspaper. For behold there the cause for the bar renness in literary invention. We are living romances. Nothing in the im agination of man can equal the events, the situations the passions, the crimes, the marvelous phenomena of life that are pictured in daily print. Culture seizes upon some classic and retires to the closet as if it were a bone to be gnawed in private, but the joy of reading a new and great work of the imagination has departed. Real ism, the actual fact, outdoes fiction ev ery day. The mere story book is tame stuff compared with this panorama passing before our eyes. Reaction i» bound to come after the novelty of this twentieth century whirl is worn away, but the present generations are too engrossed to heed the signs which tiay cannot stop to read. , FAMOUS DOCTOR'S PRESCRIPTION,' HARD UP FOR A CASE V_J Cop—Nar then, out of it! Mixed bathing ain’t allowed!—Ally Sloper. PUBLIC LAND~DRAWING “Lamar, Colo.—The price fixed by the Colorado State Board of Land Commissioners for land and water rights, under the Two Buttes Carey act project, Southeast of Lamar which will be allotted by public drawing Oc tober 21st, is $35.50 per acre. Only $5.25 per acre has to be paid at time of making entry. The settlers being permitted ‘eleven years’ time to com plete the payments. Any adult citi zen of the United States may file on 40, 80, 120, or 160 acres. Pinal proof may be made at the end of 30 days’ residence. The soil on this tract is a sandy loam of great depth and fertil ity. The altitude is 4,100 feet. The growing season 150 to 180 days, and the climate ideal. A new townslte has been established and a town lot sale will be held on October twenty-sec | ond. Both the land drawing and the town lot sale will be held at the new townsite of Two Buttes, which Is reached via Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe R. R. to Lamar, Colorado, from which point transportation will be provided at reasonable rates." And There Are Others. The cook had been called away to a sick sister, and so the newly wed mis tress of the house undertook, with the aid of the maid, to get the Sunday luncheon. The little maid, who had been struggling in the kitchen with a coffee mill that would not work, con fessed that she had forgotten to wash the lettuce. “Well, never mind, Pearl. Go on with the coffee and I'll do it,” said the considerate mistress. “Where do they keep the soap?” The extraordinary popularity of fine white goods this summer makes the choice of Starch a matter of great Im portance. Defiance Starch, being free from all Injurious chemicals, is the only one which is safe to use on fine fabrics. Its great strength as a stiffen er makes half the usual quantity of Starch necessary, with the result of perfect finish, equal to that when the goods were new. Reaching Life’s Goal. If you want to be somebody In this world you must assert your individ uality and assert it in the right direc tion, so that it may lead to a goal of honor for yourself and be an example for others. Find out what you ought to do, say to yourself: “1 must do It,” then begin right away with “I will do it,” and keep at it until it Is done. A Rare Good Thing. “Am using Allen’s Foot-Ease, and ran truly say I would not have been without It so long, had I known the relief it would give my aching feet. I think It a rare good thing for anyone having sore or tired feet. —Mrs. Matilda Holtwert, Providence, R. I.” Sold by all Druggists, 2ac. Ask to-day. Many a young man starts in to work fired with a noble i.mbition— then the ambition exaporates and he gets fired. Clung to Melancholy Mood. “One peculiarity of melancholia." said the specialist, “is that the vie tim of it actually enjoys the despond ency and often doesn't want to be cured. I once told a young woman who had this disease that she must be careful of her digestion and eat nothing frieid. After that she tried to eat only fried food. Not only did she insist on having her potatoes and meat fried, but didnt' want to eat bread unless it had been fried in a lot of grease.” Home of the Wild Bee. A wild bees’ home, as we all know, serves the puropse of a storehouse as well as of a place for the young to grow and develop. The entrance used by the bees is often very small, but always leads into a large room. The wax for their honey and brood cells is the only thing in the least like fur niture which they require. The firm er and more bare the walls and floors the better for them.—St. Nicholas. Bought by King George in 1771. The old house standing on the cor ner of Batavia and Roosevelt streets. New York, one of the few buildings left intact as a relic of colonial times, is about to be torn down to make way for an apartment house. The house, a bit altered, has been standing since the middle of the eighteenth century. It is one of the landmarks of the Fourth ward. In the year 1771 King George III. bought the house and property for the sum of .£75. The deed of sale, with the signature of the king attached, is now in the pos session of the present owner. Thomas Farrell, of 72 West One Hundred and Thirty-seventh stfeet. An option on the property has been given for about $100,000.—Exchange.