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About The frontier. (O'Neill City, Holt County, Neb.) 1880-1965 | View Entire Issue (July 19, 1945)
-WEEKLY NEWS ANALYSIS Japan Begins to Feel Full Weight Of Allied Air, Sea, Land Blows; Europe Warned of Food Shortage Released by Western Newspaper Union. .. (EDITOR'S NOTE: When opinions are eipresaed In these rolamne. they are those of Western Newspaper Union's news analysts and not neressaPlly of this newspaper.! Juicy sides of beef, whole hogs, veal and lamb hang In the aging room of a quick freete and food looker plant In Towson, Md., near Baltimore, while OPA Investigators question looker holders about their meat supplies. The OPA reported 'that It was not satisfied with the ex planations of holdings given by half of the group questioned to date. JAPAN: Target for Onslaught Japan’s dwindling empire was given a thorough going over with bombs, warship strikes and offen sives by American and Australian land forces. In an attack that carried Amer ican naval power almost within sight of Russian Siberia, a U. S. battle fleet made a surprise bombardment of the Japanese-held southern half of Sakhalin island in the Sea of Okhotsk. The Tokyo radio reported that American surface units had broken through the Kurile barrier and steamed more than 500 miles westward to attack Sakhalin. Tokyo likewise reported an American bat tle fleet threatening the northern coast of Japan. Meanwhile the relentless air of fensive snuffing out Japanese war production cities continued unabat ed. Climaxed by an hour-long radio challenge of American fighter planes circling three Tokyo airfields for the Japanese air force to come up for battle, approximately 800 planes set off the latest Ares and explosions In Japan. Fires in four Japanese cities burned so brightly they could be seen simultaneously by returning B-29 pilots. Everything from power houses to light houses was strafed. Six Tokyo air fields were riddled with bombs. Two Japanese destroy ers were hit in the Yellow Sea. Borneo Oil On Borneo the coveted oil fields held by the Japs since early 1942 came closer into Allied hands. De struction of well facilities by the Japs had been widespread, but en gineers were prepared to work on repairs. Australian and American forces were co-operating In the lib eration of this former Dutch hold ing. With Australian infantrymen battering at the last Jap footholds In Balikpapnn, this major oil port was in Allied hands. Across the bay from the city, artillery had shelled strongly placed enemy guns. Mean while engineers had rushed recon struction of the captured Scpingang air strip. RUSS AID: For China Foreseen To Japan the dread question of possible Russian participation in the Pacific war was heightened by the cordial reception Chinese Premier T. V. Soong received in Moscow on his official visit to the Soviet Union. Foreign diplomats In the Red cap ital reported that the Japanese mis alon there were highly nervous over the friendly relations evident be tween the Chinese and Russians. The Japs were the only diplomats who did not attend a sumptuous re ception that Vacheslav Molotov, so viet foreign commissar, gave for Premier Soong. Whether the Russ-Chinese meet ings presaged future action by the soviets against Japan continued to be a moot question, but reports were current that Soong might at least negotiate a mutual aid pact where by Russia would undertake to sup ply Chinese armies without lending them direct military aid. In return it was assumed that China would make certain concessions to Russia —possibly granting a warm water naval base in the Liaotung penin sula of Manchuria and certain rail way transportation rights through Manchuria. CABINET CHANCES: Morgenthnu Mo. 6 The resignation of Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau marked the sixth member of Presi dent Truman’s official family who has severed his ties with the cabi net. The five who preceded him were Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, Postmaster General Frank Walker, Secretary of Agriculture Claude Wicard, Attorney-General Francis Biddle and Secretary of State Edward Stettinius. Successors to all five have assumed their of fices. Secretary Morgenthau's resigna tion was accompanied almost simultaneously by the resignation of Associate Justice Owen D. Roberts from the Supreme court. This was the first resignation from the high tribunal in President Truman's term, but unlike those of the cabi net, it was not expected to set a precedent for others. Justice Roberts, appointed by Pres ident Hoover had served 15 years on the Supreme court. One of his most notable public services was performed as head of the commit tee that investigated the Pearl Har bor disaster. PHILIPPINES: Springboard for Tokyo In one of the proudest moments of his thrill-studded career, Gen. Douglas MacArthur proclaimed that the Philippine Islands had been won back “in the greatest disaster ever sustained by Japanese arms.” The doughty American command er announced that the islands’ 115, 600 square miles are being trans formed into bases “comparable to the British Islands” to pace the march on Tokyo. The saga of the Philippines tri umph disclosed that In 250 days of campaigning, 17 American divisions defeated 23 Jap divisions in "one of the rare instances when . , , a ground force superior in numbers was entirely destroyed by a numer ically inferior opponent.” It was estimated that 420,000 Jap anese were slaughtered, including such hated outfits as the 16th Im perial division which had tortured American and Filipino prisoners in the “Death March” of 1942 follow ing the fall of Bataan. FOOD: Europe Must Speed Output A blunt warning to the liberated nations of Western Europe to speed up their own food production be cause relief shipments from abroad may fall short of expectation has been delivered, according to Dennis A Fitzgerald, United Stutes deputy on the combined food board. Officials of the nations involved have been told that “they’d better start pulling themselves up by their own bootstraps and use every conceivable device to increase their production." Fitzgerald disclosed. Liberated countries have been as sured that vigorous efforts are be ing made to give them all assist ance possible, he said, but they have also been reminded that the United States “still has a full-sized war in the Pacific" which will get first call on our own food stocks By far the largest share of re lief shipments to Europe will be composed of wheat and flour, Fitz gerald reported Approximately 650.000 bushels of wheat are ex pected to go out from the U. S. and Canada. HIGHLIGHTS • • • »n the week’s news COPENHAGEN: For the first time in 53 years the death sentence was passed in Denmark when au thorities announced Terben WulfT, accused informer for the German Gestapo, was sentenced in a nation al purge of Danish traitors. WulfT was accused of disclosing informa tien to the enemy resulting in the murder of a Danish patriot, Arboe Rasmussen. MUM It'll: The famed Munich beer hall where Adolf Hitler made his first bid for power shortly will become a G.I. club and American soldiers will munch doughnuts in the fuehrer's "eagle nest" overlooking Berchtesgaden Frederick Carroll. American Red Cross commissioner, reported that repair work on the bomb-damaged hall would start soon. O UNIVERSAL TRAINING: Governors Hear Plans Pleai for support of a system of universal military training after the war were made to the 37th annual governors' conference at Mackinac island by Gen. George C. Marshall, army chief of staff, and Adm. Er nest King, chief of the U. S. fleet. Meeting with the state executives to report on the progress cf the war on Japan, the top leaders of the army and navy pictured universal military training as essential to the future safety of the United States. The two chieftains warned that if there should he another world war, it would come swiftly, without time or opportunity to train a large army. Maintenance of a strong national guard with a large reserve main tained through universal training would keep the United States pre pared, they declared, without the ne cessity of a large standing army. ATLANTIC AIR: O. K’d for Three Lines Certificates authorizing the opera tion of air transportation routes across the North Atlantic were is sued to three United States air car riers by the Civil Aeronautics board. The companies are Pan-American Airways, Inc., Transcontinental and Western Air, Inc., and the American Air Lines, Inc. Terminal points des ignated by the board include New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Wash ington, Chicago and Detroit. The certificates authorizing the new services were limited to a term of seven years "in order that the operations thereunder, after a rea sonable period, may be reviewed.” The action of the Civil Aeronau tics board was approved by Presi dent Truman. BERLIN: G.I.s Take Over Area As MaJ. Gen. Nikolai N. Barinov, soviet commander in Berlin, formal ly turned the American occupation zone in the German capital over to Gen. Omar N. Bradley, the Amer ican flag was raised over the Adolf Hitler barracks. A 4,000 vehicle convoy brought the American forces from Halle to the Zehlendorf area of war battered Berlin which will comprise the U. S. zone of occupation. American vet erans of World War II entered the former Nazi stronghold as conquer rors, returning the smart salutes of Red army traffic police. For the duration of the occupation of the Reich by Allied armies, Ber lin was to be jointly in the hands of the Russians, the Americans and the British. The British generally will control the northwest area of the city, including the localities of Char lottenburg and Wilmersdorf. WAR PRODUCTION: 96,359 Planes A forecast of the enormous Amer ican industrial capacity for postwar years was given by J. A. Krug, War Production board chairman, in a re view of production results by war plants since the summer of 1943. The United States produced 45 per cent of the world’s munitions in 1944, Mr. Krug’s report disclosed. “In 1944 the country produced 96, 359 airplanes, including 16,048 heavy bombers, built 30,889 ships, 17,565 tanks, 595,330 army trucks, and ppo duced 3,284 heavy field guns and howitzers and 7,454 light ones, 152. 000 army aircraft rocket launchers, 215,177 bazookas and 1,146,774 tons of ground artillery ammunition,” the report declared. STARVATION STATION: Discovered in Bavaria The grisly discovery of a Nazi "scientific starvation" station which was claiming children and adult victims until recently was re ported by two public health officials of the American Military govern ment in Bavaria. The arrest of 4 German doctors and 3 hospital attendants at the sta tion in the Kadfbeuren area, 45 miles southeast of Munich, preceded the announcement. One woman con fessed killing 211 children for which she drew extra compensation, the announcement said. LEGION: Backs U. IS. Charter Full support of the 1,600.000 mem bers of the American Legion, includ ing veterans of both World wars was pledged to the United Nations char ter when National Commander Ed ward Schieberling urged the senate to ratify the pact. Schieberling set forth his views in a letter to all members of the sen ate. "The American Legion feels that the San Francisco charter is an honest and able attempt to create a workable association of free and sovereign nations," the letter de clared, "implemented with force to maintain peace and prevent recur rence of war. It is obvious that it is the best and only charter that can be produced at this time." [NAVAL LU5SL5 The loss of two American destroy ers and one submarine was reported by the navy department. The destroyers were the William D. Porter and the Twiggs Jap aer ial attacks sank the destroyers ofT Okinawa six days apart, the riavy reported. Casualties totaled 244. Of these. 183 were suffered by the Twiggs in a surprise attack that blew oft the ship's bow. Sixty-one wounded comprised the entire casu alty list of the Porter, hit by an —» atileiHa dive bomber \Vfrshin8toiv Digest; Concentration Camps Turned Men Into Brutes — Prisoners Who Survived Cruelties Eventu ally Adopted Ways of Their Sadistic Guardians. By BAUKHAGE /Veit s Analyst and Commentator. (This Is the second article on postwar Germany explaining how the Nazi "planned terror,” methodically applied to the older Germans, has produced a state of mind among the anti-Nazis which vastly complicates American rule of Germany.) WNU Bervlce, Union Trust Building Washington, D. C. In my preceding column I de scribed the state of mind of the mid dle-aged German who had been anti-Nazi or at least had no con nections with the Nazi party. A study of the gestapo methods has revealed that it was planned defi nitely to destroy initiative and indi viduality. This has greatly compli cated the work of the American ad ministration of occupied Germany. As I said, the gestapo made use of a definite system of "planned terror.” It will, I realize, be somewhat dif ficult for p persm living in a demo cratic country to grasp the extent to which such methods could be ap plied. First, we must realize that a totalitarian government is the abso lute antithesis of a democracy. In a democracy the individual is the unit. The state exists for the individ ual. Under Nazi-Fascist totalitarian ism, it Is not enough to say that the individual exists for the state. The individual as a concept does not exist at all. "The Fascist conception of the state,” said Mussolini, “is all embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist. ...” It was the first task of the Nazis to destroy this concept of indi viduality. The terror was a part of the method employed. Purpose Was to Break Will to Resist Bruno Bettelheim, author of “My Life in Nazi Concentration Camps," testifies to the purpose of the camps and the achievement of this purpose by the gestapo from his own experi ences. He says that among the aims were these: 1. To break the prisoners as indi viduals and convert them into docile masses from which no individual or group act of resistance could arise. 2. To spread terror among the rest of the population by: a. Using the prisoners as hos tages; b. Demonstrating to them what happened to those who oppose Nazi rulers. S. To provide gestapo members with a training ground so they could: a. Lose all human attitudes and emotions; b. Learn the most effective ways of breaking civilian re sistance. 4. To provide a laboratory in which the gestapo could study the effectiveness of torture, minimum nourishment and medical care, and normal activities plus hard labor. The general purpose, of course, was to create a civilian population of maximum benefit to the Nazi state. The author's study of prisoners conducted under the camp regime, supplemented by a careful self analysis, leads him to believe that the camp treatment resulted in either death or an adaptation to camp life. The prisoner finally ac cepted his position and even came to imitate the gestapo in manner and conduct. This seems a logical progression when we know that the gestapo themselves in their training were submitted to tortures almost equal to those inflicted on the prisoners. One of the gestapo games, the au : thor relates, was for two of them to stand up and beat each other. The one who stood the longest, won. Old prisoners who were thor oughly "changed” were said to in dulge in the same sport among themselves. Many Were Killed, Or Were Suicides Bettelheim describes the three stages through which the prison ers passed. The first is the arrest; the second is transportation to the camp, which is the hardest to bear, he says. The last is prison life; after a period of transition during which, unless the prisoner either re sists physically and is murdered or resists introspectively and commits suicide, he is gradually ‘'changed" until he reaches the "old prisoner" stage. Then his previous nature is eradicated, his individuality lost and his subjection complete. The initial shock was devastating especially to a German, accustomed as he was to processes logically con trolled by law and order. To be de prived suddenly of one’s civil rights with no recourse, came as a severe blow to the prisoner’s mentality. The transportation to the camp and the initiation into it frequently is the first experience of physical and psychological torture which the prisoner has ever experienced. Corporal punishment, says Bettel heim, describing his own observa tions, consisted of whipping, kick ing, slapping, intermingled with shooting and wounding with the bayonet. Then there were tortures, the obvious goal of which was ex treme exhaustion. "For instance,” he says, "the prisoners were forced to stare for hours into glaring lights, to kneel for hours, and so on. From time to time a prisoner got killed; no prisoner was permitted to take care of his or another’s wounds. The purpose of the tortures was to break the resistance of the pris oners, and to assure the guard that they were really superior to them." Many were killed in this process. But those who lived, according to the author, were conditioned to the point where what followed—more beatings, more indignities, little food, exposure and brutally hard work—was not as bad as the initial experience. For the rest, it was a slow but sure process of degeneration of body, mind and soul. One thing which has surprised the Americans in occupied Germany is the tendency of the German people to deny that they knew the extent of the atrocities which were perpe trated in the camps or to appear to ignore their existence. This is a result of a planned ef fect of the camp. Dread Fear Hung Over Everyone According to statements concern ing conditions in Germany as early as 1930, most of the Germans who had committed actual offenses against the Nazi regime, had al ready been imprisoned, murdered or had died in the camps. Then the Nazis found it necessary to go out and arrest members of various groups indiscriminately, say a few lawyers, a few doctors, a few from one organization or another. This was done as a threat against that whole particular group. The effect on a group was some what the same, though in a lesser degree, as the effect on a family. The effect on the families of the prisoners, of course, was marked. At first a great deal of money was spent in attempting to get the pris oner released. The gestapo always replied that it was the prisoner's own fault that he was imprisoned. Then members of the family began to find it hard to get jobs, children had trouble at school; poor relief was denied. Always the terror hung over them. The friends and relatives of a prisoner were considered sus pects. So the influence of the camp reached out over the whole group. As the Nazi regime became more harsh and especially latterly, when world resentment increased against it even before the war, many more Germans, passive before, became openly dissatisfied and critical. It was impossible to imprison them all without interfering with the func tioning of the country’s economy. Then “group” arrests increased. People in lots of a hundred or so from one profession, or trade, or af filiated body, would be jailed. Thus the effect of the “terror" was multi plied. This was the manner in which the entire population of the country was enchained. General McClure recognizes how crushing has been the effect of “planned terror,” but I doubt if the general public has any realization of its magnitude. “We shall often have to go far out of our way.” says the general, ‘to help certain in dividuals who have not had an easy life these last 12 years and more, men whose broken spirits may well need our support and guidance to return to the ways of active per sonal democratic initiative.” It took centuries to develop human dignity, but it took only a few months in a Nazi concentration camp to destroy it. BARBS . . . 6 y Baukhage There is pressure to break down the anti-fraternization rules in the American army of occupation in Germany. It is not coming from American girls. • • • Life is gradually returning to nor mal in the Berlin suburbs, says a Moscow broadcast, and a bicycle rac« was held in one town on July 1. We hope it wasn’t a master race. Three million barrels of petrole um products were lost by recent strikes in this country, according to an estimate made by the Petroleum administration. • • • Two thousand seven hundred Lib erty ships have been battered be yond use in service. A lot of them put up a good scrap before they were scrapped. Converting Wastes Into Poultry Feed Vitamin Concentrates From Vegetable Spoils Vitamins are absolutely necessary for poultry—to baby chicks they are all-essential. Considerable work has been done in order to provide poul try with the elements, either from a vegetable or animal source and rapid improvement has taken place. The newest source is promised from waste vegetable leaf meal. Chicks Started With Farm Waste. which has been proven an excel lent chick feed supplement, accord ing to results of cooperative re search between the U.S.D.A. and the Delaware agricultural experi ment station. The experiment was undertaken to find uses for the large tonnage of waste leaves in the production and processing of vegetable crops. It showed that the blade portions of the leaves are high in protein, caro tene and riboflavin, all of which are needed in poultry feeds. Some were so rich in carotene, or vitamin A. that they have become sources of raw material for vitamin concen trates. The scientists have processed large quantities of both field and packing bouse vegetable wastes. They utilized the waste leaves of broccoli, beets, spinach, turnips, carrots and lima bean vines, and from all excellent sources of poul try feed. Saw for Barn Scraper Qfd cross-cuf saw NK ■Wire, twof«d An efficient scraper for the barn flour can be made of an old cross cut saw. The scraper may also be used in poultry houses and on roosts. Braces should be run from the saw on either side to the handle, at an angle shown in the illustration If steel rods are not available, heavy wire may be used. Agriculture In the News W. J. DRYDEN Apples The milk of the apple is being made into medicine and candy This pi OUC'&S Wdd UCVCI* oped in Virginia from apple pulp. The use of apple syrup in tobacco, as a glycerin substi tute, has been well advertised. Other uses have also been found for the syrup By the fermenta tion of the expressed juice ol the ap- : pie. an alcoholic beverage 1* pro duced from apples. It takes, on the average, a bushel of apples to produce three gallons of cider. It is now possible to se cure concentrated cider The pulp, after juice has been ex- I traded, has a definite feeding value equal to corn silage for cattle. Treacle, made from apples, can replace 50 per cent of sugar usually employed in making preserves A good quality vinegar is also pro duced from apples Other uses of apple products are: supplement to gram flour products, apple wax used in lubricants, and apple seed oil Earlv Chick Feeding As soon as baby chicks are placed in the brooder house, they should be fed, and taught to eat. otherwise they may eat part of the litter and die. While a sand litter is excellent the crop full of sand will not result in chick growth or in health. The first few days it would be well to place the feed on a cardboard After four or five days, hoppers, which prevent the chicks from get ting into the feed should be substi tuted 4 CLASSIFIED DEPARTMENT • Persons now engaged in essential industry will not apply without state ment of availability from their local United States Employment Service. HELP WANTED—MEN Wanted—Auto Car Painter, largest Chev rolet dealer In northeast Nebraska. 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