-WEEKLY NEWS ANALYSIS
Japan Begins to Feel Full Weight
Of Allied Air, Sea, Land Blows;
Europe Warned of Food Shortage
Released by Western Newspaper Union. ..
(EDITOR'S NOTE: When opinions are eipresaed In these rolamne. they are those of
Western Newspaper Union's news analysts and not neressaPlly of this newspaper.!
Juicy sides of beef, whole hogs, veal and lamb hang In the aging
room of a quick freete and food looker plant In Towson, Md., near
Baltimore, while OPA Investigators question looker holders about their
meat supplies. The OPA reported 'that It was not satisfied with the ex
planations of holdings given by half of the group questioned to date.
JAPAN:
Target for Onslaught
Japan’s dwindling empire was
given a thorough going over with
bombs, warship strikes and offen
sives by American and Australian
land forces.
In an attack that carried Amer
ican naval power almost within sight
of Russian Siberia, a U. S. battle
fleet made a surprise bombardment
of the Japanese-held southern half
of Sakhalin island in the Sea of
Okhotsk. The Tokyo radio reported
that American surface units had
broken through the Kurile barrier
and steamed more than 500 miles
westward to attack Sakhalin. Tokyo
likewise reported an American bat
tle fleet threatening the northern
coast of Japan.
Meanwhile the relentless air of
fensive snuffing out Japanese war
production cities continued unabat
ed. Climaxed by an hour-long radio
challenge of American fighter planes
circling three Tokyo airfields for the
Japanese air force to come up for
battle, approximately 800 planes set
off the latest Ares and explosions
In Japan. Fires in four Japanese
cities burned so brightly they could
be seen simultaneously by returning
B-29 pilots. Everything from power
houses to light houses was strafed.
Six Tokyo air fields were riddled
with bombs. Two Japanese destroy
ers were hit in the Yellow Sea.
Borneo Oil
On Borneo the coveted oil fields
held by the Japs since early 1942
came closer into Allied hands. De
struction of well facilities by the
Japs had been widespread, but en
gineers were prepared to work on
repairs. Australian and American
forces were co-operating In the lib
eration of this former Dutch hold
ing. With Australian infantrymen
battering at the last Jap footholds
In Balikpapnn, this major oil port
was in Allied hands. Across the bay
from the city, artillery had shelled
strongly placed enemy guns. Mean
while engineers had rushed recon
struction of the captured Scpingang
air strip.
RUSS AID:
For China Foreseen
To Japan the dread question of
possible Russian participation in the
Pacific war was heightened by the
cordial reception Chinese Premier
T. V. Soong received in Moscow on
his official visit to the Soviet Union.
Foreign diplomats In the Red cap
ital reported that the Japanese mis
alon there were highly nervous over
the friendly relations evident be
tween the Chinese and Russians.
The Japs were the only diplomats
who did not attend a sumptuous re
ception that Vacheslav Molotov, so
viet foreign commissar, gave for
Premier Soong.
Whether the Russ-Chinese meet
ings presaged future action by the
soviets against Japan continued to
be a moot question, but reports were
current that Soong might at least
negotiate a mutual aid pact where
by Russia would undertake to sup
ply Chinese armies without lending
them direct military aid. In return
it was assumed that China would
make certain concessions to Russia
—possibly granting a warm water
naval base in the Liaotung penin
sula of Manchuria and certain rail
way transportation rights through
Manchuria.
CABINET CHANCES:
Morgenthnu Mo. 6
The resignation of Secretary of
the Treasury Henry Morgenthau
marked the sixth member of Presi
dent Truman’s official family who
has severed his ties with the cabi
net. The five who preceded him
were Secretary of Labor Frances
Perkins, Postmaster General Frank
Walker, Secretary of Agriculture
Claude Wicard, Attorney-General
Francis Biddle and Secretary of
State Edward Stettinius. Successors
to all five have assumed their of
fices.
Secretary Morgenthau's resigna
tion was accompanied almost
simultaneously by the resignation of
Associate Justice Owen D. Roberts
from the Supreme court. This was
the first resignation from the high
tribunal in President Truman's
term, but unlike those of the cabi
net, it was not expected to set a
precedent for others.
Justice Roberts, appointed by Pres
ident Hoover had served 15 years
on the Supreme court. One of his
most notable public services was
performed as head of the commit
tee that investigated the Pearl Har
bor disaster.
PHILIPPINES:
Springboard for Tokyo
In one of the proudest moments
of his thrill-studded career, Gen.
Douglas MacArthur proclaimed that
the Philippine Islands had been won
back “in the greatest disaster ever
sustained by Japanese arms.”
The doughty American command
er announced that the islands’ 115,
600 square miles are being trans
formed into bases “comparable to
the British Islands” to pace the
march on Tokyo.
The saga of the Philippines tri
umph disclosed that In 250 days of
campaigning, 17 American divisions
defeated 23 Jap divisions in "one of
the rare instances when . , , a
ground force superior in numbers
was entirely destroyed by a numer
ically inferior opponent.”
It was estimated that 420,000 Jap
anese were slaughtered, including
such hated outfits as the 16th Im
perial division which had tortured
American and Filipino prisoners in
the “Death March” of 1942 follow
ing the fall of Bataan.
FOOD:
Europe Must Speed Output
A blunt warning to the liberated
nations of Western Europe to speed
up their own food production be
cause relief shipments from abroad
may fall short of expectation has
been delivered, according to Dennis
A Fitzgerald, United Stutes deputy
on the combined food board.
Officials of the nations involved
have been told that “they’d better
start pulling themselves up by
their own bootstraps and use every
conceivable device to increase their
production." Fitzgerald disclosed.
Liberated countries have been as
sured that vigorous efforts are be
ing made to give them all assist
ance possible, he said, but they
have also been reminded that the
United States “still has a full-sized
war in the Pacific" which will get
first call on our own food stocks
By far the largest share of re
lief shipments to Europe will be
composed of wheat and flour, Fitz
gerald reported Approximately
650.000 bushels of wheat are ex
pected to go out from the U. S. and
Canada.
HIGHLIGHTS • • • »n the week’s news
COPENHAGEN: For the first
time in 53 years the death sentence
was passed in Denmark when au
thorities announced Terben WulfT,
accused informer for the German
Gestapo, was sentenced in a nation
al purge of Danish traitors. WulfT
was accused of disclosing informa
tien to the enemy resulting in the
murder of a Danish patriot, Arboe
Rasmussen.
MUM It'll: The famed Munich
beer hall where Adolf Hitler made
his first bid for power shortly will
become a G.I. club and American
soldiers will munch doughnuts in the
fuehrer's "eagle nest" overlooking
Berchtesgaden Frederick Carroll.
American Red Cross commissioner,
reported that repair work on the
bomb-damaged hall would start
soon.
O
UNIVERSAL TRAINING:
Governors Hear Plans
Pleai for support of a system of
universal military training after the
war were made to the 37th annual
governors' conference at Mackinac
island by Gen. George C. Marshall,
army chief of staff, and Adm. Er
nest King, chief of the U. S. fleet.
Meeting with the state executives
to report on the progress cf the war
on Japan, the top leaders of the
army and navy pictured universal
military training as essential to the
future safety of the United States.
The two chieftains warned that if
there should he another world war,
it would come swiftly, without time
or opportunity to train a large army.
Maintenance of a strong national
guard with a large reserve main
tained through universal training
would keep the United States pre
pared, they declared, without the ne
cessity of a large standing army.
ATLANTIC AIR:
O. K’d for Three Lines
Certificates authorizing the opera
tion of air transportation routes
across the North Atlantic were is
sued to three United States air car
riers by the Civil Aeronautics board.
The companies are Pan-American
Airways, Inc., Transcontinental and
Western Air, Inc., and the American
Air Lines, Inc. Terminal points des
ignated by the board include New
York, Boston, Philadelphia, Wash
ington, Chicago and Detroit.
The certificates authorizing the
new services were limited to a term
of seven years "in order that the
operations thereunder, after a rea
sonable period, may be reviewed.”
The action of the Civil Aeronau
tics board was approved by Presi
dent Truman.
BERLIN:
G.I.s Take Over Area
As MaJ. Gen. Nikolai N. Barinov,
soviet commander in Berlin, formal
ly turned the American occupation
zone in the German capital over to
Gen. Omar N. Bradley, the Amer
ican flag was raised over the Adolf
Hitler barracks.
A 4,000 vehicle convoy brought the
American forces from Halle to the
Zehlendorf area of war battered
Berlin which will comprise the U. S.
zone of occupation. American vet
erans of World War II entered the
former Nazi stronghold as conquer
rors, returning the smart salutes of
Red army traffic police.
For the duration of the occupation
of the Reich by Allied armies, Ber
lin was to be jointly in the hands of
the Russians, the Americans and the
British. The British generally will
control the northwest area of the
city, including the localities of Char
lottenburg and Wilmersdorf.
WAR PRODUCTION:
96,359 Planes
A forecast of the enormous Amer
ican industrial capacity for postwar
years was given by J. A. Krug, War
Production board chairman, in a re
view of production results by war
plants since the summer of 1943.
The United States produced 45 per
cent of the world’s munitions in 1944,
Mr. Krug’s report disclosed.
“In 1944 the country produced 96,
359 airplanes, including 16,048 heavy
bombers, built 30,889 ships, 17,565
tanks, 595,330 army trucks, and ppo
duced 3,284 heavy field guns and
howitzers and 7,454 light ones, 152.
000 army aircraft rocket launchers,
215,177 bazookas and 1,146,774 tons of
ground artillery ammunition,” the
report declared.
STARVATION STATION:
Discovered in Bavaria
The grisly discovery of a Nazi
"scientific starvation" station which
was claiming children and adult
victims until recently was re
ported by two public health officials
of the American Military govern
ment in Bavaria.
The arrest of 4 German doctors
and 3 hospital attendants at the sta
tion in the Kadfbeuren area, 45
miles southeast of Munich, preceded
the announcement. One woman con
fessed killing 211 children for which
she drew extra compensation, the
announcement said.
LEGION:
Backs U. IS. Charter
Full support of the 1,600.000 mem
bers of the American Legion, includ
ing veterans of both World wars was
pledged to the United Nations char
ter when National Commander Ed
ward Schieberling urged the senate
to ratify the pact.
Schieberling set forth his views in
a letter to all members of the sen
ate.
"The American Legion feels that
the San Francisco charter is an
honest and able attempt to create
a workable association of free and
sovereign nations," the letter de
clared, "implemented with force to
maintain peace and prevent recur
rence of war. It is obvious that it
is the best and only charter that can
be produced at this time."
[NAVAL LU5SL5
The loss of two American destroy
ers and one submarine was reported
by the navy department.
The destroyers were the William
D. Porter and the Twiggs Jap aer
ial attacks sank the destroyers ofT
Okinawa six days apart, the riavy
reported. Casualties totaled 244. Of
these. 183 were suffered by the
Twiggs in a surprise attack that
blew oft the ship's bow. Sixty-one
wounded comprised the entire casu
alty list of the Porter, hit by an
—» atileiHa dive bomber
\Vfrshin8toiv Digest;
Concentration Camps
Turned Men Into Brutes
—
Prisoners Who Survived Cruelties Eventu
ally Adopted Ways of Their
Sadistic Guardians.
By BAUKHAGE
/Veit s Analyst and Commentator.
(This Is the second article on postwar Germany explaining how the Nazi
"planned terror,” methodically applied to the older Germans, has produced a state
of mind among the anti-Nazis which vastly complicates American rule of Germany.)
WNU Bervlce, Union Trust Building
Washington, D. C.
In my preceding column I de
scribed the state of mind of the mid
dle-aged German who had been
anti-Nazi or at least had no con
nections with the Nazi party. A
study of the gestapo methods has
revealed that it was planned defi
nitely to destroy initiative and indi
viduality. This has greatly compli
cated the work of the American ad
ministration of occupied Germany.
As I said, the gestapo made use
of a definite system of "planned
terror.”
It will, I realize, be somewhat dif
ficult for p persm living in a demo
cratic country to grasp the extent
to which such methods could be ap
plied. First, we must realize that a
totalitarian government is the abso
lute antithesis of a democracy. In a
democracy the individual is the
unit. The state exists for the individ
ual. Under Nazi-Fascist totalitarian
ism, it Is not enough to say that the
individual exists for the state. The
individual as a concept does not
exist at all. "The Fascist conception
of the state,” said Mussolini, “is all
embracing; outside of it no human
or spiritual values can exist. ...”
It was the first task of the Nazis
to destroy this concept of indi
viduality. The terror was a part of
the method employed.
Purpose Was to Break
Will to Resist
Bruno Bettelheim, author of “My
Life in Nazi Concentration Camps,"
testifies to the purpose of the camps
and the achievement of this purpose
by the gestapo from his own experi
ences. He says that among the aims
were these:
1. To break the prisoners as indi
viduals and convert them into docile
masses from which no individual or
group act of resistance could arise.
2. To spread terror among the
rest of the population by:
a. Using the prisoners as hos
tages;
b. Demonstrating to them what
happened to those who oppose
Nazi rulers.
S. To provide gestapo members
with a training ground so they could:
a. Lose all human attitudes and
emotions;
b. Learn the most effective
ways of breaking civilian re
sistance.
4. To provide a laboratory in
which the gestapo could study the
effectiveness of torture, minimum
nourishment and medical care, and
normal activities plus hard labor.
The general purpose, of course,
was to create a civilian population
of maximum benefit to the Nazi
state.
The author's study of prisoners
conducted under the camp regime,
supplemented by a careful self
analysis, leads him to believe that
the camp treatment resulted in
either death or an adaptation to
camp life. The prisoner finally ac
cepted his position and even came
to imitate the gestapo in manner
and conduct.
This seems a logical progression
when we know that the gestapo
themselves in their training were
submitted to tortures almost equal to
those inflicted on the prisoners.
One of the gestapo games, the au
: thor relates, was for two of them
to stand up and beat each other.
The one who stood the longest,
won. Old prisoners who were thor
oughly "changed” were said to in
dulge in the same sport among
themselves.
Many Were Killed,
Or Were Suicides
Bettelheim describes the three
stages through which the prison
ers passed. The first is the arrest;
the second is transportation to the
camp, which is the hardest to bear,
he says. The last is prison life;
after a period of transition during
which, unless the prisoner either re
sists physically and is murdered or
resists introspectively and commits
suicide, he is gradually ‘'changed"
until he reaches the "old prisoner"
stage. Then his previous nature is
eradicated, his individuality lost
and his subjection complete.
The initial shock was devastating
especially to a German, accustomed
as he was to processes logically con
trolled by law and order. To be de
prived suddenly of one’s civil rights
with no recourse, came as a severe
blow to the prisoner’s mentality.
The transportation to the camp
and the initiation into it frequently
is the first experience of physical
and psychological torture which the
prisoner has ever experienced.
Corporal punishment, says Bettel
heim, describing his own observa
tions, consisted of whipping, kick
ing, slapping, intermingled with
shooting and wounding with the
bayonet. Then there were tortures,
the obvious goal of which was ex
treme exhaustion. "For instance,”
he says, "the prisoners were forced
to stare for hours into glaring lights,
to kneel for hours, and so on. From
time to time a prisoner got killed;
no prisoner was permitted to take
care of his or another’s wounds. The
purpose of the tortures was to
break the resistance of the pris
oners, and to assure the guard that
they were really superior to them."
Many were killed in this process.
But those who lived, according to
the author, were conditioned to the
point where what followed—more
beatings, more indignities, little
food, exposure and brutally hard
work—was not as bad as the initial
experience.
For the rest, it was a slow but sure
process of degeneration of body,
mind and soul.
One thing which has surprised the
Americans in occupied Germany is
the tendency of the German people
to deny that they knew the extent of
the atrocities which were perpe
trated in the camps or to appear to
ignore their existence.
This is a result of a planned ef
fect of the camp.
Dread Fear Hung
Over Everyone
According to statements concern
ing conditions in Germany as early
as 1930, most of the Germans who
had committed actual offenses
against the Nazi regime, had al
ready been imprisoned, murdered
or had died in the camps. Then the
Nazis found it necessary to go out
and arrest members of various
groups indiscriminately, say a few
lawyers, a few doctors, a few from
one organization or another. This
was done as a threat against that
whole particular group.
The effect on a group was some
what the same, though in a lesser
degree, as the effect on a family.
The effect on the families of the
prisoners, of course, was marked.
At first a great deal of money was
spent in attempting to get the pris
oner released. The gestapo always
replied that it was the prisoner's
own fault that he was imprisoned.
Then members of the family began
to find it hard to get jobs, children
had trouble at school; poor relief
was denied. Always the terror hung
over them. The friends and relatives
of a prisoner were considered sus
pects. So the influence of the camp
reached out over the whole group.
As the Nazi regime became more
harsh and especially latterly, when
world resentment increased against
it even before the war, many more
Germans, passive before, became
openly dissatisfied and critical. It
was impossible to imprison them all
without interfering with the func
tioning of the country’s economy.
Then “group” arrests increased.
People in lots of a hundred or so
from one profession, or trade, or af
filiated body, would be jailed. Thus
the effect of the “terror" was multi
plied. This was the manner in which
the entire population of the country
was enchained.
General McClure recognizes how
crushing has been the effect of
“planned terror,” but I doubt if the
general public has any realization
of its magnitude. “We shall often
have to go far out of our way.” says
the general, ‘to help certain in
dividuals who have not had an easy
life these last 12 years and more,
men whose broken spirits may well
need our support and guidance to
return to the ways of active per
sonal democratic initiative.”
It took centuries to develop human
dignity, but it took only a few
months in a Nazi concentration
camp to destroy it.
BARBS . . . 6 y Baukhage
There is pressure to break down
the anti-fraternization rules in the
American army of occupation in
Germany. It is not coming from
American girls.
• • •
Life is gradually returning to nor
mal in the Berlin suburbs, says a
Moscow broadcast, and a bicycle
rac« was held in one town on July 1.
We hope it wasn’t a master race.
Three million barrels of petrole
um products were lost by recent
strikes in this country, according to
an estimate made by the Petroleum
administration.
• • •
Two thousand seven hundred Lib
erty ships have been battered be
yond use in service. A lot of them
put up a good scrap before they
were scrapped.
Converting Wastes
Into Poultry Feed
Vitamin Concentrates
From Vegetable Spoils
Vitamins are absolutely necessary
for poultry—to baby chicks they are
all-essential. Considerable work has
been done in order to provide poul
try with the elements, either from a
vegetable or animal source and
rapid improvement has taken place.
The newest source is promised
from waste vegetable leaf meal.
Chicks Started With Farm Waste.
which has been proven an excel
lent chick feed supplement, accord
ing to results of cooperative re
search between the U.S.D.A. and
the Delaware agricultural experi
ment station.
The experiment was undertaken
to find uses for the large tonnage
of waste leaves in the production
and processing of vegetable crops.
It showed that the blade portions of
the leaves are high in protein, caro
tene and riboflavin, all of which are
needed in poultry feeds. Some were
so rich in carotene, or vitamin A.
that they have become sources of
raw material for vitamin concen
trates.
The scientists have processed
large quantities of both field and
packing bouse vegetable wastes.
They utilized the waste leaves of
broccoli, beets, spinach, turnips,
carrots and lima bean vines, and
from all excellent sources of poul
try feed.
Saw for Barn Scraper
Qfd cross-cuf saw
NK
■Wire, twof«d
An efficient scraper for the barn
flour can be made of an old cross
cut saw. The scraper may also be
used in poultry houses and on
roosts.
Braces should be run from the
saw on either side to the handle, at
an angle shown in the illustration
If steel rods are not available, heavy
wire may be used.
Agriculture
In the News
W. J. DRYDEN
Apples
The milk of the apple is being
made into medicine and candy This
pi OUC'&S Wdd UCVCI*
oped in Virginia
from apple pulp.
The use of apple
syrup in tobacco, as
a glycerin substi
tute, has been well
advertised. Other
uses have also been
found for the syrup
By the fermenta
tion of the expressed juice ol the ap- :
pie. an alcoholic beverage 1* pro
duced from apples.
It takes, on the average, a bushel
of apples to produce three gallons
of cider. It is now possible to se
cure concentrated cider
The pulp, after juice has been ex- I
traded, has a definite feeding value
equal to corn silage for cattle.
Treacle, made from apples, can
replace 50 per cent of sugar usually
employed in making preserves A
good quality vinegar is also pro
duced from apples Other uses of
apple products are: supplement to
gram flour products, apple wax used
in lubricants, and apple seed oil
Earlv Chick Feeding
As soon as baby chicks are placed
in the brooder house, they should be
fed, and taught to eat. otherwise
they may eat part of the litter and
die. While a sand litter is excellent
the crop full of sand will not result
in chick growth or in health.
The first few days it would be well
to place the feed on a cardboard
After four or five days, hoppers,
which prevent the chicks from get
ting into the feed should be substi
tuted
4
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