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About The frontier. (O'Neill City, Holt County, Neb.) 1880-1965 | View Entire Issue (June 21, 1945)
,-WEEKLY NEWS ANALYSIS-, Japs Foresee Invasion as Yanks Tighten Noose on Home Islands; Peg Meat Supply at Present Level ho Western Newspaper Union. ■ (EDITOR’S NOTE: When opinion* are expressed In these column*, they are those of Western Newspaper Union's new* analysts and not necessarily of (hi* newspaper.) Captured on Luzon inland in the Philippines, these Jap war prisoners relish cans of U. 8. army C rations. PACIFIC: No Halt Though fighting on Okinawa was as tough as that on Iwo Jima, re sults have been the same, with the gradual U. S. conquest of the island pressing home the immediate dan ger to Japan proper, 325 miles to the north. With Japan already hard hit by air, the enemy looked for an im minent invasion of the homeland, with propagandists seeking to as sure the people of the strength of well-provisioned underground for tifications, long in the making to thwart any landings. Having fought through the mare of interlocking Jap caves on Iwo Jima and Okinawa, American sol diers viewed any underground forti fications in the enemy homeland as an elaboration of the defensive sys tems on these outlying islands. Though heavily battered after ter rific aerial and artillery bombard ment, they were only cleared by steady, concentrated U. S. fire from close-up, plus the gradual exhaus tion of supplies. Even as U. S. ground troops re duced Okinawa with its valuable air fields for raids upon the enemy homeland, U. S. fliers were busy hammering at Jap industrial cen ters and supply lines to China. With the American fleet dominant in Pacific waters, U. S. aircraft took oft from carriers to plaster enemy shipping plying between Japan and Korea, thus forcing the Nipponese to use a more round-about route far l ther north to get into China or else try to break the bloackade at night I or in rough weather. I Harassment of this route came on top of the U. S. sea and air threat to the Japanese overwater supply line from their conquered South Pacific possessions, and the Chinese pres sure against the enemy's overland corridor running the length of the east coast of China. Meanwhile, Superfort bombard ments of Jap industrial centers con tinued apace, with the B-29s extend ing the devastation of already heavily battered homeland cities. EUROPE: Allied Snap Reworking of the occupational zones in the face of Russian de mands for greater territory, and the Reds insistence that U. S. and Brit ish forces withdraw from fringes of their proposed holdings, slowed up organization of machinery for co ordinated Allied adnvnistration of the beaten country. The snag in plans followed the U. S., British, Russian and French declaration stripping Germany of all Hitlerian conquests and restor ing its 1937 borders, and placing all of the material and human re sources of the country at the dis posal of the Big Four. Severe as the declaration was, it left the door open for further alteration of the German frontier, and imposition of addition al regulations for governing the people. As the U. S. and British repre sentatives at the Big Four meeting In Berlin, Gen. Dwight D Eisen hower and Field Marshal Montgom ery visited the battered German capital for the first time since its fall, leaving shortly after the sign ing of the declaration because of the inability of the Russian dele gate to proceed on joint control ac tion until settlement of the latest claims of Moscow. Recognition of Russian demands for additional occupational terri tory would give the Reds control of half of Germany and include the cities of Leipzig, Gotha and Erfurt and the whole province of Thurin gia presently held by the U. S. SAN FRANCISCO: Break Lop-Jam With Russia's agreement to per mit the discussion of disputes by the security council of the United Nations’ postwar peace organiza tion, the log-jam holding up the con clusion of the San Francisco confer ence was broken. In Insisting that any of the five major powers have the right to veto the discussion of a dispute, Rus sia almost stood alone through three weeks of prolonged bickering, final ly giving in after consultations be tween U. S. Envoys Hopkins and Harriman with Stalin in Moscow. Though the agreement permits dis cussion of a dispute without danger of veto, any of the Big Five can vote down proposals for formally in vestigating the trouble or calling for peaceful settlement. One of the outstanding issues of the conference, the veto question ranked in importance with the sub jects of international trusteeships Mexico'* Foreign Minister F.zequlel l'xdilla (left> and U. S. Secretary of State Edward K. Stettinius at San Fran cisco parley. and regional pacts, also resolved after lengthy deliberations. In the matter of the trusteeships, the U. S. was grafited unqualified possession of Pacific islands wrested from the Japanese and needed for American defense until congress should de cide to turn them over to the peace organization. Under the agreement on regional pacts, groups of nations banded into cooperative units can try to work out their own problems before submitting them to the se curity council of the postwar peace organization, or resort to self defense if attacked without waiting for league action. MEAT: Pog Supply In addition to steering more cat tle to federally inspected packers to permit greater distribution of meat across state lines and cutting out all lend-lease or relief meat ship ments through July-August-Septem ber, the government also reduced military allocations to allow a pro po.iionate increase in supplies to civilians. Even so, the severe meat pinch will endure through the summer months, with prospects for improve ment in the fall when increased marketings should not only permit greater supplies for civilians but also resumption of limited ship ments overseas. Though the government chopped military allocations down to 1,213. 000,000 pounds for July-August-Sep tember, and pegged civilian allot ments around present levels of 3. 740,000,000 pounds, the amount available for home consumption will remain dependent upon supplies in the quarter. During April - May June, supplies fell below govern ment goals. NEW FIRE BOMB A new incendiary bomb which sprouts pyrotechnic gel has figured prominently in U. S fire raids on Jap industrial centers. Known as the M74, this 10 pound tubular bomb spills a blend of violently inflammable chemicals over the target like natural lava erupting from a volcano. One of the ingredients is “goop’’—magnesium powder coated with asphalt mass. CUT TRAVEL State governments saved 430,254, 000 miles of official travel in 1944 through operation of mileage reduc tion programs in comparison with official state mileage figures for 1941, the last prewar year. Translated into equipment, the 430,254,000 un-traveled miles repre sent a saving of 28,683,000 gallons of gasoline, 78,228 tires, 7,171 new pas senger vehicles—all needed by the armed forces vitally for the all-out global warfare. CONGRESS: Hack Hrctton ff'oods Having voted to extend the recip rocal trade treaty act for three years and grant the President power to cut tariffs 50 per cent under ex isting levels, the house also ap proved the Bretlon Woods monetary agreements as part of the adminis tration’s program for participation in world economic stabilization. Passed by a large vote against the opposition of a handful of Re- ; j publicans, the agreements include: | | | An 8.800,000,000 dollar fund I of currencies of 44 or more United Nations upon which any member country could draw to ob tain foreign exchange at a stable rate for conducting business; 2 A 9,100,000,000 dollar world bank for reconstruction and develop- | ment, with the various governments either loaning money directly or j guaranteeing any private loans made. As has been the case ever since the announcement of the agree- - ments, chief opposition centered j around the 8.800,000,000 dollar cur rency fund, designed to prevent up ward or downward fluctations in the value of different currencies. | According to opponents of the plan, j sound currencies would be drawn j from the fund, leaving only the un stable money of countries not ade quately required to straighten out their economic affairs. BERLIN: Dead City Entering Berlin over a month after its capture, U. S. newspa per correspondents found a city of death, strangely quiet with piles of brick and masonry and steel heaped along the streets; seared and gaunt walls sticking up like jagged teeth amidst the ruins, and all about the sweetly sickening odor of death. Though the Russians have pressed for the clearance of some streets for motor and pedestrian traffic, and installed emergency surface water piping in some sections, Berlin re mains the terrifying example of the fate of present-day cities subjected to the fire of modern warfare. As Americans motored through this fantasy of destruction, some of the 2,000,000 of surviving Ber liners living in cellars or pum meled lower stories of burned out buildings emerged from their hapless shelters, dazed and unkempt. They are living on meager rations and have no fuel. The only men seen were old and unshaven. FARM MACHINERY: Production Problems Despite easing of manufacturers restrictions in June and the sched uled removal of all quotas in July, farm machinery companies are run ning up against a shortage of parts and manpower in producing sorely needed implements. Of the parts, the most serious shortage is in gray and malleable castings, including cylinder blocks for tractor engines and rear axle housings. Because of the pinch, output of mowers, binders and some types of harrows, plows, hay rakes and manure spreaders may be restricted. Though the manpower shortage Is general in the industry, the scarcity is particularly felt in the foundries producing castings. Throughout the entire war, foundries have experi enced difficulties obtaining the necessary amount of employees, leading to wage increases in some instances to attract workers Because farm machinery manu facturers continued output during the war, they stand in a favored position in the reconversion period, not only because of the mainte nance of their productive facilities but also because of the continuation of their contacts with the thousands of sub-contractors turning out nec essary small parts. U. S. CASUALTIES: West Front Toll Topping a million for all branches of service since Pearl Harbor, U. S. casualties in the fighting against Germany alone since D-Day to talled 514,534 or an average of 1,527 a day. Of the 514,534, 89,477 were killed, 367,180 wounded and 57,877 missing. Against the 514,534 losses sus tained by the 60 U. S. combat divi sions opposing the Germans, 14 British and Canadian divisions in curred 184,512 casualties, including 39,599 killed, 126,145 wounded and 18,368 missing. Eleven French divi sions suffered 11,080 casualties and one Polish division 5,593. Of the 57.877 U. S. troops reported missing, 15,000 to 20.001) may be prisoners yet to be recovered, it was said Many may have teen taken as such in the closing months of the campaign, when the disorgan ization of the Nazis prevented the official listings of prisoners. WAR DEBTS Addressing a statement to a sen ate committee considering exten sion of the reciprocal trade act for three years, prominent U. S. busi ness men advocated passage of the measure and cancellation of all i World Wars I and II debts if neces- | sary to promote speedy postwar economic recovery. The business men made' their rec ommendations through the Commit tee for Economic Development, headed by Paul G. Hoffman, presi dent of the Studcbaker corporation. Plan Just and Speedy Trials for Nazi Bigwigs Allied Commission to Handle Cases of High Leaders; Local Officials to Prosecute Minor Offenders. By BAUKHAGE Neut Analyst and Commentator. WNU Service, Union Trust Building, Washington, I). C. The legal profession is about to meet the greatest challenge it has ever faced. The Moscow declaration, pub lished November 1, 1943, and signed by President Roosevelt, Prime Min ister Churchill and Premier Stalin, declares that "those German officers and men and members of the Nazi party" who are responsible for or who have taken a consenting part in "atrocities, evidence of which has been received from authoritative quarters in many countries,” will be “tried, judged and punished” accord ing to the laws of those countries. This same declaration also de clares in its final paragraph that “major criminals whose offenses have no particular geographical lo calization” will be tried and dealt with by “joint decision of the Gov ernments of the Allies." That is where the United States and the challenge of its legal profes sion comes in. The body which will try these "big shots” is an international military tribunal, to be designated by an of ficial title, probably by the time these lines are printed, and it is be fore this court that a member of the Supreme court of the United States, Associate Justice Robert H. Jack son, chosen as American chief of counsel, will appear as prosecutor. He will act jointly, it is presumed, with the counsels of the United King dom and the Union of Soviet Social ist Republics. Legal Body Without Precedent Never in history has such a legal body been convened. Never has such a task as the one it has before it been of such potential significance to the social and political well-being of the peoples of the earth—never, at least, since the day of a certain Ro man procurator of Judea in Pales tine. Pontius Pilate was unable to face his responsibility, and finding "that he could prevail nothing, but rather that a tumult was made, he took water, and washed his hands. . . The United States does not intend to wash its hands of the responsibil ity before it. There seems to be a welter of con fusion as to just what the function of this “military tribunal” is; as to just what, if any, policy has been established by the “Office of the Chief Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality," which is the title on the letterhead before me. The permanent address of this office is, at this writing, a little uncertain, but it can be reached care of the Penta gon in Washington. Soon it will es tablish foreign headquarters. Despite the confusion, this institu tion has a definite policy and I shall Interpret it informally hereunder: (1) We shall avoid “the law’s de lay” which so annoyed Hamlet. My reason for this assumption is the fact that Justice Jackson did not retire from the Supreme court. The fall term of the court begins in October. Already he has made one trip to Europe for the purpose of rounding up key witnesses and doc uments and is now beginning final preparation for the prosecution. His staff has been assembled for several weeks and he has coordinated the other government agencies interest ed in war crimes (war department, navy department, Office of Strate gic Services, and others). Authority for this action is vested in Execu tive Order 9547 of May 2, 1945, which named Justice Jackson as Amer ican prosecutor. Jackson himself said when he was appointed: “There will be no delay on the part of the United States, and we think undue delay js itself a fail ure.” (2) There is no confusion as to United States policy with respect to ihe type of offender to be tried. Many Individual cases have already been prepared, though not yet announced. Ks I mentioned earlier, what the United States is concerned with is the big shots, that is Jackson’s job— to try tlie men whose offenses are proader than those committed in and egainst members of any single community. To put it broadly, those charged with crimes against human ity as a whole. This rules out the persons brought back to the scene of their crimes, the trials of spies and saboteurs which are coming up daily, offenses against American nationals or against Germans, or individual acts of persecution against Jews or oth ers. In other words, Jackson is after big game and he will not be content to Addle with minor offenses even if committed by major criminals. His job will be to nail those leaders who are responsible for engineering the whole general criminality of the Nazi-Fascist program. The smaller fry will be taken care of by other legal authorities at the scene of the individual crimes or elsewhere. Jackson Versed As Prosecutor Justice Jackson’s reputatim and his record are a pretty good guaran tee that he will not be stumped by any hurdles that international lawyers might try to put in his way. But that does not mean he will “railroad” the accused. He will not let the trials sink below a dig nified judicial level. They must be, he says, “trials in fact, not merely trials in name, to ratify a predeter mined result.” On the other hand, he does not believe that “e. ery step must be taken in accordance with technical common law rules of proof.” His record shows that he is a “direct actionist”—he can be expected to pull no punches. I said this was the greatest chal lenge the legal profession had ever faced. I said that because upon the manner in which these trials are conducted will depend just how clearly Naziism will be revealed to the people of the world in its true light. These criminals must convict themselves and their philosophies out of their own mouths. They must not be allowed to stand before the world with their testimony and that of their accusers as a background, as martyrs to what Jackson himself calls “farcical judicial trials” which rationalize previously settled opin ions. This would destroy the con fidence of the people in the whole case for democracy, he believes. Nor must the case against them be pre sented in such a manner as might give even the skeptical a false sug gestion that the enemies of democ racy have a vestige of right on their side. The small but efficient staff which Justice Jackson has selected is worth looking over. There is Maj. Gen. William Dono van, colorful World War I hero and successful lawyer, now head of the OSS; Sydney Alderman, a distin guished trial lawyer and general so licitor of the Southern Railway; Francis Shea, assistant attorney general and well versed in compli cated litigations; Naval Lts. James Donovan and Gordon Dean. Dono van is general counsel of the OSS. Dean, a former assistant attorney general under Jackson when he was head of the department of justice, is a brilliant and successful lawyer who is being transferred from active duty by the navy for the job. There are no hand-washing Pon tius Pilates among them. • • • \ The rise in income payments to individuals in the United States from an annual figure of $66,168,000,000 in the prewar year of 1938 to a record high total of $156,794,000,000 in 1944 was extended during the first quar ter of 1945, according to the Alex ander Hamilton Institute. Income payments during the first three months amounted to $39,825,000,000 this year as against $37,726,000,000 last year, an increase of 5.6 per cent. Income from every source showed expansion. Salaries and wages rose from $27,357,000,000 to $28,628,000,000, an increase of 4.6 per cent, while dividends and interest rose from $2,454,000,000 to $2,770,000,000, an in crease of 12.9 per cent. Although spending by consumers was at a record high rate during ! the first quarter, it is evident from preliminary information that con sumers' income exceeded spending i by an amount sufficient not only to meet taxes but to add to consumers’ wartime savings, thus increasing the threat of inflation when peace re turns. BARBS . . . by B aukhage The government has sold the camp In New Jersey seized from the Ger man-American Bund. It will be made into a boys’ camp—not a con centration camp. • • • Some German business men re cently asked the American military governor of one of their cities how to make out an application for a loan t& r«/v»Vi She town. Field Marshal Mannerheim, com mander of the Finns in their wars with Russia, congratulated Stalin on his victory over Germany in 73 words. Stalin replied in 19. * • • The British Broadcasting company says it has proved during the war that telling the truth can be more effective than calculated lying. May j be Goebbels was wrong after all. Larger Acre Yields Receive Weather Aid Major Role Played In Control of Pests During the war years good weather has consistently pushed yields of crops beyond what would be expected with ordinary condi tions and improved farming prac tices. Additional credit for high acre yields during the war years is at tributed by Agricultural Adjustment Grasshoppers destroy millions of wheat dollars agency reports to the widespread increase of land conservation prac tices, which aid in producing bigger crops from the same planted acre age. The problem for farmers lies in the fact that it is not easy to guess which pests will increase and which crops will be attacked, since weath er conditions are very likely to en courage some pests while reducing others. Last fall, for instance, un usually large populations of several serious crop pests went into hiber nation. As a result, observations now show that many, such as chinch bugs, the boll weevil, the codling moth, and the cattle pests, the screwworm, began the season with the largest over-wintering popula tion in many years. Although entomologists do not predict that increased insect dam age is inevitable this year, they urge farmers to be more watchful than usual throughout the season, and to take definite steps to save crops and animals. Ordering in secticides and equipment now, be fore pests have attacked crops. Is vital to proper handling of the situ ation. Wasteful Branding Cuts Stockmen’s Profit The stock raisers of America are losing more than $10,000,000 a year by faulty branding. Considered necessary on the ranges to identify ownership, and required by law in some sections, it is possible to brand cattle without material damage to the hide. The value of the hide represents 50 per cent of the by-products, and the purchase price of all cattle is determined by value of by-prod cuts as well as meat. This makes it essential that when branding is de sirable, that the brands be as small as possible, and placed on jaws, neck—or that acid branding be used. In the past, due to direct market value of hides, producers have paid little attention to the condition of the hide. Ticks, grubs and brands, which had ruined hide, were not considered seriously. The attitude Checked area indicate!) location of quality hide. Dots indicate proper brand area. has been, "when we get paid a good price for hides we will turn out a quality hide " Despiie the justice m this attitude, the farmer not only is losing 10 million dollars annually, but the men in service are out 3 million pair of shoes—and rationing of civilian shoes must continue. Hog Cholera Serum The loss among hogs from nog cholera has been reduced 80 per cent since the discovery and use of the preventive serum-virus treatment. While sanitation is essential, it is not always possible to protect hogs by sanitation alone. The most dependable preventive is to keep the entire swine herd immu nized by the serum-virus method. Since dosage is governed by weight it is more economical to treat pigs while still young. Famous Paintings Were Halved and Sold as Two Unknown even to most artists, many of the world’s famous oil paintings were long ago cut in two and sold as separate pictures, chiefly by greedy dealers, to col lectors who had not seen the entire work, says Collier’s. One case came to light a short time ago when the two sections of The Finding of Moses by Tiepolo happened to be displayed side by side at an exhibition in London. Masterpieces of sculpture have likewise been separated, one of which is the Lemnian Athena whose head is at Bologna while her body is at Dresden. CLASSIFIED DEPARTMENT • Persons now engaged in essential industry will not apply without state ment of availability from their local United States Employment Service. _HELP WANTED—MEN_ AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS AND BODY MEN Live in the famous South Dakota Black Hills, with plenty of fishing, hunting and recreation at your back door. Permanent employment, steady work and top wages assured with an old time, well established passenger car-truck dealer. Write or wire collect to Black Hills Oldsmobile Company Rapid City - South Dakota. MR. MECHANIC—If you want to come West, a permanent job is waiting for yott where living expenses are lower. If interested contact Fassler Machine Shop, Akron, Colorado. EXPERIENCED CABINETMAKERS Steady work. ALFRED BLOOM CO. - Omaha. Nebr. HELP WANTED—WOMEN PART TIME INTERVIEWERS To call on local housewives to get infor mation on products used in tliohome.no selling. Experienced interviewers pre ferred, but will consider school teachers and librarians. State age and experience. Reply Dept. EAD, PO Box 464, Grand Central Station, New York City. AUTOS, TRUCKS & ACCESS. UNRATIONED MOTOR FUEL Available everywhere 10c per gallon. I’ve used it for 25 years. Will send guaranteed complete information for one dollar. FRANK WETZEL F. O. Box 833 - Salt Lake City. Utah. LIVESTOCK _ BYERS BROS & CO. A Real Live Stock Com. Firm At the Omaha Market MOTORCYCLES FOR SALE~ Farmer* Do Vou Need economical trans portation? New Indian Motorcycles with or without sidecars and vans are available witiiout priority for essential farm uses. Bee us for details. Indian Motorcycle Sales & Service, Lincoln, 8, Nebraska. Win Free Scholarship Leorn Beauty Culture, make from $125.00 to $250.00 monthly. 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