IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRICITY
Niagara FalU Outolusad by th Ftntr
Pint as tha St. Lawruot.
FACTS ABOUT THE NEW DEVELOPMENT
Dintrllintlnn of L'rbnu I'oiiiilntloii Af
frctril hy the Trailer nnd llie
Telephone I'rugrrM lu
Other Unci.
Tho power plant rcreutly lnntalled nt
Masiena, N. Y., by which somo of tho power
ot tho Bt. Lawrence Is converted Into eleo
trlclty, In pronounced much larger nnd su
perior to that nt NlflRarn Kails. It has
been under construction for flvo years, Is
capnblo of producing 75,000 horso power
and represents on outlay of 14,000,000.
Tho water Is conveyed from the St. Law
renco by a canal 265 feet wide nnd twenty
five feet deep for n distance of three miles
to tho Do Orassa river, by which It Is con
veyed ah'aln to tho St. Lawrence. As It
tumbles from tho canal toward tho De
OrnsRo rlvor It passes through n number of
turblno wheels nnd thereby performs Its
function. The forebay next to tho power
houso Is 33! foet wide, and In this the water
stands nt a depth of twenty-five fcot. Krom
tho forebay tho water passes through mas
sive Iron racks Into tho turblno chambers.
Here, In cavornllko npartmcnts, seven In
number, nro situated tho Immense turbines.
Each unit consists of six wheels, In sets ot
two, nnd each will develop 6,000 horse
pownr. Tho wheels arc tho largest mado
In tho Victor type. Tho shaft, which ex
tends through tho wnll nnd connects with
the generators, is clghtly feet long and
twelve and ono-hnlf Inches In diameter.
Each chamber Is controlled from tho power
houso by n Oelssler automatic electric gov
ernor, situated over each shaft, and tho
speed can bn regulated ns desired, or ench
chamber can bo operated Independently of
tho others. This dividing wall through
which tho shaft extends Is nothing less than
a huge concroto dam twcnty-onf and a hnlf
feet thick at tho base. Tho walls ot the
turblno chambers nro protected from the
sctlon of tho water by Toque wnterproof
paint, which In alternated with coats of
plaster for flvo thicknesses. Each cham
ber Is provided with gates Immediately
back of thn racks to cxcludo tho wntor when
repairs nro necessary. Tho gntes nro built
of Mississippi pine nnd nro operated from
above Tho prossuro of the water will
close nun! make thorn absolutely .tight.
Krom tho wheels the water passes be
neath, through draught tubes. Each tubn
Is eleven and ono-hnlf feet In diameter nnd
shoots tho volumo of wntor out through tho
arches at tho rear ot tho building to (low
Into tho Do Qrasso river.
Cnpnclty of the I'owrr House.
In tho power houso nearly all tho space,
352x82 feet, Is tnken up by tho hugo gen
erators. A gallery extonds tho length of
tho south ultlo of tho building overlooking
thn hugo machines, and on this will bo the
swltchbonrds. The generators' thcmsolves
nro rangod upon tho solid rock foundation
nlong tuo center of tho building. Thoy
stand 214 feet high and weigh 427,000
pounds ench. Tho spider nnd shaft, or tho
rovoJvlnK portion of tho generator nlone,
weighs 155,000 pounds. These generators
are each of tbree-phaso revolving Field
typo, with. external armature, 5,000 horse
power output, 2,200 volls, a,700 amporos
and a revolution of 150 a minute. At tho
oast end of tho power house are throe
smaller generators used ns exciters for tho
fields of 'tba' largo' ones-, 'or ot each other,
from tho forobay to tho tall rnco. They
lire each of 300 kilo watts, electric motor
force of 125 volts, 2,400 amperes and a
revolution of 275 a minute. Tho control
ling station for all' of the gonerntors Is n
pulpttllko construction upon the platform
nt tho east end of tho building. The
switches for tho alternating current will
bo operated clectro-pnoumatlcnlly, and for
tho exciters a standard direct current
switchboard will bo Installod with hnnrt
operatlng switches. All Indicating Instru
ments will bo placed In sight of tho oper
ator, nnd direct control Is had of each nnd
all of tho hugo gonorntors from this stn
tlon. Under Its franchlso tho company can de
flect from tho St. Lawrenco rlvor all tho
water It can possibly need enough, In' fact,
to, glvo It unlimited power. That portion
of tho St. Lawrenco where tho Intako Is
situated Is near tho beginning of tho Llttlo
fiuult rapids,' In tho south channel, whleh Is
unnavlgablc. ' Tho stoambont channel Is on
tha opposite Bldo ot Ing Snult Island and
is unaffected by tho canal.
Specimen of Nrrvr.
Telephone companies tako n great many
liberties with roofs nnd back yards thoy do
not own In tho national capital and they
invado alleys with small reapect for tho
possessors of contiguous property, but gen
erally they aro obliged to put their wires
under ground owing to the lnw ngnlnst
ereotlng any new poles In tho streots. Hut
thoy occasionally meet with dlsftgreenblo
opposition to plans Involving vandalism.
An application was recently mndo hy a
telephone company to tho district com
missioners for permission to romovo a treo
In front ot a houso on East Capitol street.
It was stated by the application that tha
treo Interfered greatly with tho telephono
wires and that tho owner of the premises
had given his consent to Its destruction.
This extraordinary request was turned
over to tho engineer commissioner, who
presently replied that "tho trees of tho
city aro ono of Its most attractive features,
serving to mako Washington one ot the
"My hatr now measures lust a feet
length. WhatAyer's Hair Vigor has done for me I
certainly believe, it will do for others."
Amelia I'bttegrew, Oelrich, S. Dak.
Always Restores
"My hair was turning gray very fast, but
vigor has completely lestored It to Its
Miss b. Almcn, Kellerton, Iowa.
Hair Vigor
most beautiful cities In the country; that
the growth of trees Is n matter of time,
their full growth not being attained until
nftcr years of waiting, nnd that the com
missioners feel that the request that a tree
In a public street be cut down simply for
the convenience of stringing wires Is very
Inconsiderate of the public Interests." It
was further recommended by this vexed
ofllcer that If the wires are now In the trees
tho company be notified that they must be
removed and relocated, so ns not to Inter
fere with tho tree, within thirty days from
date of notice.
Klrctrli'lt y ntiil I'oinilnlloii.
The rapid expansion In area of American
cities, especially those of the second class,
without what would twenty years ago have
been thought a proportionate Increase In
population, Is ono of tho striking and hope
ful signs ot the times, ays the Milwaukee
Sentinel. Cities nro largely losing their
former character of densely packed nnd
unsanitary hives, nt once working places
and dwelling plnccs, tending to become
more and moro congested with tho Increas
ing demand for labor in the business dis
tricts. Towering tenement houses and
continuous rows of dwellings unrelieved by
Intervunlng patches of greensward, nlrcudy
have on air of the past, nud urban boundary
lines, onco ho sharply defined, disappear
with the growing tendency of city nud
country to mergo Imperceptibly Into each
other. Obviously the direct cauio of this
sudden and salutary expansion In area of
the onco over-crowded nnd Inelastic city,
nnd of the tendency to remove residence
districts, even those occupied by the labor
ing classes, farther nnd farther from busi
ness centers, Is tho application of electricity
to means ot transit nnd communication.
The trolloy car and the telephono aro tho
twin agents that have wrought within the
memory of most of us changes which lndl
cato n rndlcnl nnd bcncflclnl distribution of
our population In the not distant future.
In the gradual redistribution tho trolloy
car, with Its rapid trauslt and Inexpensive.
sorvlce, has, of course, been the moro potent
agent of tho two. It has built up countless
new suburban districts, nnd has expunded
urban boundaries until nil ouburbs und out
lying towns and hamlets fall well wlthTn
tho limits of tho cities. Tho worhor who
was once compelled to llvu wlthlu fair
walking distance of tho factory or tho shop,
and often in a crowded tenement, wltli Its
obvious dangers nnd discomforts, now has
his home, with Its grnso plot nnd garden,
miles nwny from tho emolio nnd noise and
unwholesome conditions of tho bUBlnros
streots. That great benoflts, moral and
physical, to tho community, havo resulted
from tho application of electricity to trac
tion will hnrdly bo denied. It Is predicted
by students of tho subject that the changes
already lultlntcd nro only tho forerunners
of greater ones, nnd thnt, with tho perfec
tion of tho new eystcm of transit, cities, ns
places of rcsldonce, will vlrtunlly disap
pear, "owing to tho redistribution of popu
latlon In a moro sanitary and altogether
moro deslrnblo way." A Btnte wnleh would
combine, without sacriflco on elthor side,
urban nnd rural ndvantages might well be
tho Ideal ono.
In trrnrlinn nnlMrnyn.
Mr. Guy Morrison Walker hns written nn
Interesting arttclo for tho New York Flnnn
cler on tho contest between steam nnd elec
tricity, and his investigation hns convinced
him that tho "building of stenm roads will
from this time decrease, nnd tho great sup
ply of stenm road securities that has satis
fled tho Investment domnnd of tho pnst will
diminish, while in their placo will bo
offered for somo years to come an increas
ing volumo of tho securities of Interurbau
electric rnllwnyp." This fact, ho says,
should lead trust compnnlcs, bankers and
Investors generally to Investigate tho In
trinsic value of tho securities of tho Inter
urban railways now In operation, and to
discover If posslblo something to their fu
turo by Investigating the conditions under
which they aro now competing for trntllc
In their rcbpcctlvo territories. lie nlBti
makes tho point that tho earnings of Inter
urban lines nro not bo quickly nor so bo.
vcrcly nffected In times of Industrial de
pression ns nro tho enrnlngs of tho stenin
roads. Tho reason for this Is easy to see,
for uhen pcoplo begin to cconomlzo they
nnturully first curtail those disbursements
which nro heaviest, and as tho steam road
fares usually nmount to considerable sums,
their payment Is henvy nnd Is enrly cut
off, wbllo tho fares of tho Interurbnn rond,
being small and light In comparison with
tho steam road fares, aro hardly felt, and,
as n consequence, trnfllc on Interurbnn
roads continues heavy long after n consid
erable shrinkage hns been noticed In tho
travel over steam lines.
In Mr. Walker's opinion tho electric lines
will bo forced Into tho carrlngo of freight
nnd express, nnd that It will In their ense.
na It has been In tho case of tho steam
roads, provo to bo the most profitable
branch of their traffic. Tho possibilities
of tho development of this class of business
when tho electric lines shall havo been
connected Into systems, and when their
roadbed nnd equipments nro standardized
so that they will be enabled to oxchanga
trafllc with steam roads, nro so great that
It Is Idle, to Hprculato concerning them.
Trolley nml Telephone.
"Tho trolley car," says tio Electrical Re
view, "has been perhaps tho largost agent
In the redistribution of population, making
It posslblo for tho peoplo who work In tho
crowded districts of cities to live- nt con
sldorablo distances away nnd enjoy the very
great advantages of suburban life, This Is
particularly notlcenbln lu cities ot the In
termediate size. Twenty years ngo cities
of tho second clnss were much condonsed
in area, for tho reason that practically
everyono walked to and from his placo of
work, nnd for this reason the rcsldrnco
areas crowded upon tho business districts
f lnch in
Color
Ayer's Hair
natural color."
THE OMAHA DAILY HJSEt MONDAY, OCTOUISll 11, 1001.
as closely as possible. Tho horse car ot
those days was at best a poor thing, and It
was not until the coming ot tho swifter
trolley that It was possible for the ordinary
man of business or laborer to live more
than hnlf a mile, or such a matter, from
the sisenc of his dally tnsk. Today all this
Is changed, nnd as a consequence the resi
dence district In nil such cities has vastly
extended, and people not uncommonly live
nnywhTe from ten to twenty miles away
from their places of'buslncss.
"To double tho radius of a city means to
Increase Its area four times. The trolley,
by Its duplication nnd triplication of the
city radius, has enabled very large terri
tories to bo Included In the suburban dis
tricts of towns, with the result that houses
have plenty of room around them, tho peo
ple aro no longer compelled to live close
together, and to this degree a very Impor
tant social revolution has been wrought,
and, Indeed, Is still In process of extension.
No one can deny the benefits of a freer life
and the Immense social sanitary and other
advantages which havo followed tho Intro
duction of the trolley car, and tho subse
quent extension ot residence neighborhoods.
"Hut another agency has not been Idle.
The principal objection to country life has
been Its loneliness nnd the absence ot those
conveniences which differentiate the city
house from tho country residence. The
loneliness, by which Is meant the lack of
Intercourse with neighbors, has been In a
great degree removed by the telephone.
Perhaps tho best work that tho Independent
telephone movement has accomplished has
been tho popularization of the telephono
nnd Its Introduction at low rates Into
sparsely-settled neighborhoods, thus re
moving the bugbear of Isolation which hns
been so long a complaint of the rural resi
dent. Hut tho telephono has done more
for those living In tho country nnd In the
country districts surrounding cities than to
furnish thorn u means for social conversa
tion. It has proved Itself a very practical
nnd valuablo addition to the farmer's means
for making n living. Ily putting him In
Immedlnto touch with his inarkots, whether
for selling or for buying, It enables him
to conduct his business In a much moro
businesslike way than formerly, when tho
Isolated gardncr or truckman loaded his
vehicle In tho early hours of tho morning
with tho produce of tho fields nnd drove to
town without tho slightest Idea of what he
would recelvo for It, or whether he could
sell It nt all."
t'nrrent Aotvn.
Probably for tho first tlmo In the history
ot amine logging electricity will bo ukciI
this winter In tho transporting of logtj from
tho woods to.n river Inndlng. An elect! Ic
traction engine Is now being constructed for
two on u. tract of land In tho Ueud river
region.
A high-speed electric railway has recently
been opened between Milan, nnd Nurose.
Itnly. The dlstuneo of fifty miles Is covered
In llfty minutes, tho train reaching n speed
of Klxty-slx miles un hour. , The third rati
nnd four motor earn aro used. Power Is ob
tained ftom tho Tlclno nt Tornnvento.
Tho value of tho wireless tolegrupli nt sea
was recently demonstrated when the Cam
pntila nnd the Lucnnta passed ono another
In mldocean. They were ublo to communl
cntn with ench other for a hundred ra w.
Unch signaled the other nbout tho sighting
of Icebergs bntoro they sighted ench other
nnd when they were thirty-live miles apart.
A French electrlcat Joumul of standing
icportu thnt ut u railway station In Mciiiiu
thev havo n phonograph which calls out In
stentorian tones particulars of the tralno
from tlmo to time. Tho work whh formerly
dono bv u railway porter, but ns tho phono
graph is controlled by electricity ho has
now only to preen a button nnd sturt tho
Instrument.
Tho Chicago Great Western ltallwny com
pany contemplates the Installation of elec
tric motor power for nil Its suburban scrv
Ico within a radius of thirty miles of Ht.
Paul. This new departure is a forerunner
of tho evolution in nuburbnn tralllc nml
local rnllwuy transportation. It means
steam railroads for tho long haul nnd elec
tric railroads for the short haul.
In St. Umls tho nut-cracking Industry
gives employment to n considerable number
of persons, thcro being three plants In tho
city. Tho nut-c-rncKer are driven by cleo
trlcltv, each nut being fed Individually Into
tho crusher. After tno shells nre cracked
the nuts nro winnowed by an nlrblast and
tho meat Is picked from the crushed shells
by hand, women und girls being employed
for this part of the work.
lleforo tho end of tho year sleeplnc cars
will bo put In operation on the trolley 1 no
of tho l.nko Shore, Electric company. 1 bo
sleepers will run on the line from Uptroll,
Mich., to Cleveland. O.. nnd .possibly to To
ledo. Through trains with sleepers will run
between Cltuvlnnd and Detroit, It Is prom
ised, by Christinas. This will bo tho long
crt electric road In thn world when com
pleted from Detroit to Pittsburg.
A practical use of Htorago batteries In
boatfi linn como to the notloo of tho Helcn
tlfle American. A gentleman in t.onnectt
cut lias n small launch operated by a stor
age, battery; this Is charged in the daytime,
and when not In uko tho boat Is tied to tho
dock from which feed wires run (connected
with tho utorngn battery In tho boat) to his
house, a short dlstanco nway. In tho oven
lug ho thus uses tho battery In the boat to
light tho houso nnd llnds It a very satis
factory arrangement.
KIMBALL HAS THE PLANS
CotiHiiltlnK Areliltcct of the Audito
rium Company linn Xot Finished
Inspection of I.nlenser's Work,
Thomas It. Kimball, consulting architect
of the Auditorium company, returned Satur
day from St. Louis, whero ho had been In
consultation with the board of architects
of the Louisiana Purchaso exposition.
In regard to tho Omaha Auditorium plans
Mr. Kimball said: "Theso plnns at present
aro In my possession. As consulting archi
tect of tho ways and means committee I
must mako tho Investigation ot them full
and comploto In every dotntl. I have not at
this tlmo completed tho Investigation Into
the details. When I havo dono so which
will probably bo by tho middle of tho week
I will turn the plans and the recommen
dations over to tho ways and means coni
mlttoo of the Auditorium company."
FIRE RECORD.
SAN JOSE, Cal., Oct. 13. Tho nut do
structlvo flro In the history of Los CJatos
occurred nt an enrly hour this murnlng.
Tho entlro business section of the town
was wiped out. Tho area covorcd by the
fire Is estimated at about four blocks.
Property variously estimated In value at
from f 100,000 to $160,000 was,, completely
destroyed. Several manufacturing plants,
livery stable nnd many dwellings were
burned. The flro department was Inade
quate to copo with the flames, which
stopped only when all tho fuel nt hand
was exhausted. A number of men wore
Injured, but nono seriously,
llentrlee Icrliouac.
UEATHICE, Neb,, Oct. 13. (Special Tele
gram.) Flro at C o'clock tonight destroyed
tho largo Icehouse ot Franklin Salts on
West Sumner streot. Lobs, $1,500; Insur
ance, $300. Tho flro Is thought to havo
originated from carelessness of boys who
wero smoking cigarettes around tho place
prnvlous to tho Are. Mr. Salts had another
policy, for $700, which expired a day or
so ago and had not ban renewed.
Horner' Notion House,
HALTIMOIIE, Oct. 13, Fire, which oc
curred today In the notion houso of John
A. Horner & Co., caused a loss of $70,000,
fully covered by Insurance,
Kutrlr Clone .Voveiulier IN,
NEW YORK. Oct. 13,-Tho Coney Island
Jockey club announces that entries for tho
following stakes will clcse on November
18 next:
For the June meeting, 1P02: Tho Foam
and tho Surf stakes.
For the Juno meeting, 1903: The Tidal,
the Mermaid nud the Iuwrence Realization
stakes.
For the nutunin meeting, 1003: The Great
Filly nnd the Century stakes.
For the autumn meeting. 18"3, nnd after:
The Annual Champion makes.
For the June meeting, iwt; The Lawrence
Realization stakes,
SCHOOL FACTS AND TOPICS
Futures of Educational Frogrtu Marking
the Fall Opaninr.
COST OF SCHOOLS IN GREATER NEW YORK
Detnll of the .school .iHteiu of
- Ilnunll llnslnrss Course In Col
leges llrnlth of Pupil
nml Tcnrhcrs.
Statistics compiled by Superintendent
Robertson of the public schools of Brooklyn,
N. Y., show a marked Increase In attend
ance, compared with the two preceding
years. At the closo of the first week of
school In September, 1S99, the attendance
was 151,312: In 1900, 153,092, nnd this year,
103,063, thn latter being an Incrraso ot S.000
In registration, more than double that of
the year previous. Tho lntter figures were
about 2.000 greater than were looked for.
According to the budget prepnred by th'!
Central Hoard of Education for school put
poses In Orentor New York for 1902 the
Hoard of Estimate will be asked to provide
the sum of $20,GS2,&0C59, divided between
tho general fund of $1S, 061,584. 89 and tho
special fund of $1,917,071.70. The general
fund, out of which tho teachors aro paid,
Is practically mandatory under the now
law, while tho special fund, which takes
care of the business branch of the school
systom, Is more or less permissive on tho
part of the Hoard of Estimate The gen
eral fund Is divided between Manhattan and
tho llronx, $8,029,898.93; Brooklyn, $3,343,
076.09; Queens, $1,019,203.81; Richmond,
$338,757.43, nnd tho Hoard of Education,
$28,000.
lliMYiill' .Seliool S)n(ciii,
One. of the first questions asked ot a resi
dent of a now territory by pcoplo of tho
states Is "What kind of schools hnvo you?"
Fortunately tho residents of Hawaii can
answer this question most satisfactorily
and with prldo In tho answer, reports tho
Honolulu Republican.
The school systom of the Islands dates
back to tho year 1843, when the department
of education was organized nnd put In
charge of a cabinet minister. The first
minister of education was Dr. Armstrong,
nnd to his work Is to be credited the orig
inal lines of Hawaii's educational system.
At tho present time there aro 140 public
schools taught by 352 teachers, and con
taining 11,501 children. Thcro nro fifty-five
private schools taught by 207 teachers pro
viding for 4,036 children. Thus the school
population attending school Is 15,537; thoro
are S.G71 male pupils and 6,963 female. Of
this totnl 4,977 nro Hawallnus, 2,631 nro
part Ilnwnllau. The Portuguese hnvo 3,809
children In the schools Japanese, 1,352;
Chinese, 1,289, nnd tho remainder Is divided
among the Amcrlcnn nnd European.
Under the old order of thlngn tho schools
taught In Hawaii wero Known ns "com
mon schools" nnd wero frco. Those taught
In English wero called "select schools" and
In these n smnll tuition feo was charged.
About fifteen years ngo It was decided In
close out nil that remained of the former
ns fast ns It could be done without crip
pling the service, nnd somewhat later, n a
necessary result of raising all tho schools
to tho grado of what had been formerly
known ns "select schools," tuition In all
public schools were mndo entirely free. In
most cases tho change from tho qld "com
mon" to tho "select" sc.hool was mndo nt
the request of the natives, themselves. The
Inst schoot taught In Havatkn, n small
nffnlr on the Island of Nllhau, was changed
to nn English school at tho beginning of
tho present school year.
It should be added that school attend
ance between the ages of 6 and 15 years
Is compulsory, nnd thnt tho law in this re
spect Is enforced by a systom of truant
ofllccrs or school police In ench district.
It Is entirely optional with parents or guar
dians whether they send their chlldron to n
government or an Independent school, but
within tho nges named they must go to
somo school and that with a reasonable de
gree of regularity.
The tuition In tho goernmcnt schools In,
therefore, entirely free. Among tho pri
vate schools n smnll feo Is genernlly
charged. A high school was established In
1895 on the property which formerly be
longed to the Princess Ruth, nnd nftcr
ward to Mrs. Hornlco P. Rlshop. Tho mnn
slon was fitted up for school purposes,
making one of tho hnndsomest high school
buildings this sldo of the Rocky mountains.
Tho teachers employed In tho public
schools nro of varied natlonnltles. There
nro 100 of Hawaiian blood, 176 of American,
forty British, four German, nlno Scnndlnn
vlnn, twenty Portuguese and four of other
natlonaltlcB,
Iluslnpsn Courses In College.
"Tho action of tho ofllclats of tho Uni
versity of Chicago In adding a 'college of
commerce nnd ndmlnlstratlon' to tho regu
lar curriculum of thnt Institution," says tho
Chicago News, "Is a significant movo In
keeping with tho times. Already tho Uni
versity of Wisconsin has established a val
uable department of this sort. Several
years ago when It was seon thnt the rapid
extension of manufacturing and Industrial
enterprises was bound to crcnto a great
demand for technical experts a number of
now mnnual training and technological
schools camo Into existence, and tha wis
dom of their founders haB been abundantly
demonstrated. Just as thcro 1b need for
special training In tho field of Industrial
art, a special education 1b necessary to
tho young man who Intends to step Im
mediately from his college Into the nctlvo
llfo of tho business or mercnntllo world.
"It Is significant that simultaneously with
tho announcement of tho new plans for tho
University of Chicago comes tho news of a
similar undertaking In England. In n cable
gram to the Nows, published last Wednes
day, Its London correspondent presented
the outllno of a plan projected by the Lon
don Chamber of Commerce. It Is tho Inten
tion of tho English commercial men, who
will havo tho co-opcratlon of business men
In other countries, to establish a com
mercial school with a special vlow to fitting
young men for a career In business. Tho
course will Includo Instruction In certain
modern languages and lectures on the prac
tical dotalls with which every merchant
must acquaint himself If ho Is to win suc
cess. So far as posslblo tho method era
ployed In banking and foreign exchango,
ofllce methods, maratlme affairs, as they
pertain to commercial dealings; marine In
surance, variations In business mothods as
practised In dlfforcut countries, and othor
kindred topics will bo brought up for con
sideration. "It cannot bo doubted that In an Indus
trial age whon the largest rewards uro to
bo won In business and the ambition ot
young men Is sn largely directed toward
business success somo such addition to the
ordinary courses ot university education
Is destined to become almost Indispensable,"
Schools und Contniclon IlUenses,
Tho recent opening of the public tchools
has led some cities to take special precau
tions against the spread through that moans
of infectious diseases Uko diphtheria, scar
let fever, measles, etc. Ot these diphtheria
Is probably the most dreaded, and experi
ence has shown that It often gains Its
strongest foothold through schools, Chil
dren between tho ages of 3 end It years aro
chiefly liable to It, and as It Is very con
tagious and easily transmissible, the health
authorities and teacbtrs in every city
should co-opcrato to excludo it from tho
schools. In some cities it hns been found
that the two or thrco months following the
opening of tho schools havo been marked
by n decided Increnso ltuthe number ot
diphtheria cases. In Raltlmoro the health
commissioner sends to tho principal of
every school In the city on Monday and
Thursday of each week during the term
a circular giving the surname and street
address of overy person In the city afflicted
with diphtheria or scarlet fever. This cir
cular Is read to the different schools by tho
principals and then turned over to tho
teachers, whose duty It Is to see that no
child from any of the afflicted homes Is
allowed In his or her room until nfter the
houso has been thoroughly disinfected nnd
pronounced entirely frco from tho germs of
nlscaso by the health department. In Wasn-
Ington diphtheria was prevailing to somo
extent when tho schools opened, threo
schools In tho vicinity having been closed
on account of It, nnd tho health board
Issued a general circular of Instruction on
the subject to parents nnd tenchers. Tho
following extract from tho circular Is of
general interest;
"One great dldlctilty conies In tho early
recognition of tho disease; the lnlty has not
yet become educated to believe generally
that the mildest soro throat may bo of
diphtheritic origin, yet such Is In fact the
case. Whether nn Infection with diphtheria
bacilli will resutt In the development of a
membrane, with swelling of tho throat and
neck and sevcro prostrntlon; whether It
will result merely In n mild sore throat, or
whether it will produce no symptoms what
soever depends to n certain extent on the
susceptibility of tho person attacked. Tho
.disease may, therefore, vary from tho mild
est Imnglnnblo soro throat up to tho se
verest posslblo typo of old-fnshloncd diph
theria. In fact, pcoplo showing no symp
toms whatever mny carry Infection. A
period during which patients who have Buf
fered from diphtheria, but who have ro
covered from all symptoms, aro liable to
spread this dlscaso exists In nil enscs, tho
Infective orgnnlsm remaining In tho throats
for a considerable length of time after the
membrane has disappeared. Of course, tho
danger of infection being duo chiefly to tho
dlschnrgo from the nose nud throat, the
dangor of tho spread of tho disease exists
chiefly In those cases lu which such clinical
symptoms nro present, nnd is to a certain
extent In proportion to their severity. In
fection through the uso of dishes, drinking
cups, etc., may, however, occur In any case,
nnd It Is probnblo that infection through
drinking cups, lead pencils and direct per
sonal contact is the chief source through
which the disease Is Bprcad from mild cases
In a school."
llcnUli of TcneliPrs.
"No llttlo stir has been created among tho
school mistresses of Amcrlcn by nn Idea re
cently ndvnnccd nt tho National Congress
of Women Tcnchcrj nt Bonn," says tho
Chlcngo Chronicle. "r. l-rieiincn im
mcrn, nftcr consldcrnblo study and Investi
gation, hns come to tho belief that women
teachers In Germany nt least nro particu
larly subject to lunacy and other mental
disordors.
"A tabulated list of data received In reply
to letters sent to various lnsnno asylums
shows that throughout the Gcrmnn-speak-Ing
world out ot eighty or ninety patients
In lunntlc asylums ono has bren n teacher.
According to German statistics thcro Is ono
teacher In ovcry 350 women. It would
seem, then, that the danger of mental dis
eases with teachers Is four times greater
thnn In any other walk of life.
"An Important point of Dr. Zimmern's
report is that nmong those girls who aro
propnrlng to teach tho pcrcentago of those
who break down mentally Is even much
greater thnn those who have entered upon
their work ns teachers. Tho Prussian min
ister of public. Instruction Is looking Into
tho mutter and has nlrcndy decided that
examinations shall take less nccnunt of tho
results of cramming nnd more note shall
be mndo of generni Intelligence.
"Although there nro no statistics of the
sanity or InsnnPy of tenchers In America,
doubtless If tho facts In- tho case could bo
nseertnlnod tho showing would bo far moro
favorable to the American thnn to tho Ger
man teacher. The hours spent In the
school room hero nro much shorter than In
Germany and better salaries arc paid, which
means better food, better (.oclnl opportuni
ties and moro desirable forms of recrea
tion, nil of which tends to sanity.
"Each year slnco tho civil war a higher
grado of teachers has met tho Increasing
demand. Beforo tho civil war few, If any,
lady teachers had had a college education.
Few know anything of scientific methods
of Instruction. All that Is now changed to
tho advnntngo of tho teacher who goes be
foro her class not with nervous apprehen
sion, but with an ussurnnco bated on Intel
ligence nnd Intelligent methods. It Is true
thnt tenfold moro Is required of n teacher
than was demanded thirty years ago, but
better preparation makes tho requirements
proportionately easy.
"If statistics could bo obtained it would
bo Interesting to compare tho school mis
tresses of America with thoso of Germany
In point of health. Temperaments dlffor,
but tho environment Is certainly In favor
of tho American teacher."
J. Odgers of Frostburg, Md., wrltjo: "I
had a very bad attack of kldnoy complaint
and tried Foley's Kidney Cure, vilch gave
ino Immedlato relief, nnd I was perfectly
cured nfter taking two bottles." Bo suro
you tako Foley's,
OTHERS ESTIMATE THE WHEAT
Department of AKrleiilturp filve Out
the Yield TnMrn Coin pi led
Abroad.
WASHINGTON, Oct. 13. Tho Department
of Agriculture announces thnt tho thrco
most Important estimates ot tho world's
wheat crop of 1901 so far made agreo tha.
the crop la larger than In either ot tho two
preceding years. Tho estimates follow:
Hungarian ministry of agriculture, 2,671,
360,000 bushels of sixty pounds; Ilecr
bohm's corn list of London, 2,711,600,000
bushels of clxty pounds, and Bulletin des
Hallos' ot Paris, 2,790,810,000 Winchester
bushels.
Our department withholds Its opinion as
to tho degree In which tho world's crop
has been approximated In any of these
estimates until n considerably larger num
ber of ofllclnl roturns Is available,
Tho ofllclnl Hungnrlnn estimate snys thn
crop exceeds last year's by 20,8S6,000 bushels
of sixty pounds, or by 212.430,000 Win
chester bushels. According to Bcerbohtn,
tho excess over last yonr's crop Is 200,200,
000 bushels of sixty pounds, and, according
to tho Bullotlu des Hallos, tho excess Is
117,000,000,
Ofllclnl reports from the Russian ministry
of finance received at the Agricultural de
partment stato that not for n long time
hnvo meteorological conditions In Russia
been so serviceable, to tho cereal crops
as tho season concluded with tho harvest
of 1901, These advices estlmnto the fol
lowing yield for 1901: Wheat 311,112,000
bushels of sixty pounds, against an aver
age of 415,796,000 for tho yoars 189S-1899
and of tho final ofllclal figures ot 122,993,000
bushels for tho total wheat crop in 1900,
The rye estimate. Is 709,357,000 bushels of
fifty-six pounds nnd oats 756,110,000 bushels
of thirty-two pounds, against 920,132,000
bushels and 853,695,000 bushels respectively
for 1900.
Backache should never bo neglected. It
means kidney dlsordor, which, If allowed to
run too long, may result In Brlght's disease,
dlabctet or other serious and often fatal
complaints. Foley's Kidney Cure makes tho
kidneys well,
THE COMMON ENEMY ...
Kidney disease Is the enemy we htve most to fear ts a result of thi
feverish restlessness of our moJern clvlliratloni (t Is a treacherous
enemy, working out Its deadly effect under cover of the most trifling
symptoms. The first Indication of changes In the urine, frequent head
aches, digestive troubles, shoutJ be the signal for prompt remedial
measures. PRICKLY ASH HITTERS Is a kidney remedy of great
merit. It is- soothing, heating and strengthening, quickly relieves the
aching or soreness that always appears In the advanced stage, checks the
progress cf the disease, and through Its excellent cleansing and regulating
effect In the liver and bowels, It brings back the strength and rudJy
(tow of vigorous1 health.
old at Drug Storec.
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OMAHA.
PICTOfl"'
Land
Made famous by the early Traders, Explor
ers, Pioneers, Mormons, Emigrants, Pony
Express Riders, Overland Stage Coaches,
Indian Encounters, etc., are seen from the
car windows of the Union Pacific trains.
In trnvellnrj over this line you cun sec tha
wonderful achievement of ttw Union Pacific
engineer over mighty chaimi, lofty peaks,
ana through mountains of solid rock.
Be sure your ticket reads OVER THIS ROUTE.
Gity Ticket Office, 1324 Farm
'Phono
& Perrins'
Tho Original Worcestershire
BEWARE OP IMITATIONS.
Butlers, Chefs and Cooks pronounce .
it the best Sauce; piquant and ct&a. t)&srruf
appetizing, it enriches all dishes.
Price, $1.00 Per Bottlt.
Century Farmer
Marks
C5
316.
Sauce
TMi itgntturr It on ev'ty bottle.
JOHN DUNCAN'S SONS. Atnti. Jf. V.
