THE COURIER
I
lakes, that the temperature of liquid
lava la 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and
that' there being an Increase of one de
gree for each fifty or sixty feet of. de
scent the temperature at 8,000 feet Is
211 degrees, or boiling point The
level of. the floor In a volcano like
Vesuvius may rise nearly to the brink
of the crater, or In one like Kllauea at
least some hundreds of feet The erup
tlon-beglns when the pressure from the
vapors generated and confined below
and from the hydrostatic pressure of
the lava column Is too great to be
withstood by the containing mountain.
The mountain, therefore breaks, the
conduit Is rent open on one side or the
other and the lava runs out If the
mountain Is too strong the lava merely
rises to the summit and overflows. The
eruptions of the present day are usu
ally through fissures, however, and the
vibrations which attend the rending
of the mountain may result In the
underground rumbling and shock,
which means earthquake. So It was at
Martinique.
The volcanic "sound waves" Is some
thing like the discharge of heavy guns
in quick succession, but It can really
be likened to no effect produced by hu
man agency. Nothing ever heard from
the sky, indeed, can equal It in range
or volume. The great eruption of
Krakatoa was heard 2.000 miles away!
The "water wave" is the shock trans
mitted to the sea. The largest of these,
as a consequence of the Krakatoa erup
tion, on reaching the shores of Sumat
ra and Java, rose to a height of fifty
feet above normal water level, destroy-,
ing 163 villages entirely and 132 partial
ly. More than 30,000 human beings
perished.
The "froth" upon the surface of lavas
varies greatly In character. In the
majority of cases the lavas consist of
a mass of crystals floating in a liquid
magma, and the distension of such &
mass by the escape of steam from its
midst gives rise to the formation of
the rough, clndery looking material to
which the name of "scoriae" is ap
plied. Dr. Whymper relates that, while
standing on the summit of Chlmbarazo,
he witnessed an eruption of Cotopaxl,
distant fifty miles. The fine volcanic
dust fell in great quantities around
him, and he estimated that no less than
two million tons of it must have been
ejected during this slight outburst.
Prof. Bohney examined the dust from
Cotopaxl, and calculated that it would
take from 4,000 to 25,000 particles of It
to make up a grain in weight
Of present and particular interest to
the people of the United States is the
fact that, like other regions In Its
neighborhood, the Philippine archipela
go abounds in volcanoes. Spanish writ
ers have left accounts of many de
structive eruptions In the last 300 years.
The most remarkable was that of Jan
uary 4, 1641, when a volcano on the
southwestern extremity of Mlndanoa,
another to the west, on the northern
coast of the island of Luzon, and a
third. In Luzon, far to the north, be
came active at the same time.
The volcano of Mazon or Albay, prov
ince of Camarines, In the Philippines,
has been in frequent eruption from
1616 down to within the post thirty
years. In 1776 a village was destroyed
EDWARD'S QUEEN AND HER CORONATION FINERY
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Photograph by special artist
The expected coronation of Queen Alexandra would have ranked in human interest with the crowning of
King Edward. The Archbishop of York was to have performed the office on her majesty, the crown to be used
being lighter than St Edward's crown, as will be observed by the above authentic photograph. The above photo
graph shows her majesty exactly as she would have appeared at the ceremony but for the misfortune that so sud
denly befell her royal spouse. This Is the first photograph of the queen In the robes In which she rehearsed for the
coronation.
and some fifty persons perished. In
1814 12,000 were killed nnd many wound
ed by an eruption. "After the moun
tain had become quiet,' tho record
says, "It presented a frightful appear
ance, Its former picturesque, highly
cultivated slopes being covered with
barren sand which enveloped tho co
coanut trees to their tops. The finest
villages of the Camarines were de
stroyed, and the best part of the prov
ince was converted- Into a sandy
waste."
The heights of the Philippine vol
canoes vary from 10,000 and 9,000 feet
(Albay or Mazon) down to Taal, only
780 feet high. This last and curious
one Is on an Islet in the middle of Lake
Bomban, south of Manila. The lake,
originally, no doubt, a vast crater, is
separated from the China sea by a nar
row isthmus. It contains secondary
craters, crevasses emitting vapor and
lakelets of acid water. When it was"
in action in 1885 all the vegetation of
the island was burned up. A further
idea of the volcanic activity of the
region may be gained from the fact
that a volcanic Island emerged from
the sea on the northern coast of Luzon
In 1S56, grew to 700 feet In four years,
and is now about 800 feet high. The
earthkuake Is such a common event' In
Manila that it is always taken Into ac
count in building operations.
Up in the JD&me
"Going up to the dome" Is the night
mare of the state house Janitors that
is the wish being expressed by other
people. For In spite of the sign limit
ing the top of the capltol building as
an observation point to 5 p. m. on
week days, the public can never be
made to understand. Consequently
hosts innumerable flock in to climb the
winding stairs at all hours.
So the dome and the limitations of
the visitors cause more trouble for the
Janitors than myriads of dandelions
firmly and maliciously planted on the
state house lawn.
"Solid" couples attracted by the
fabled darkness and obscurity of the
upper portions of the capltol, flock In
on Sundays. They have to be relig
iously turned down by such Janitors as
are on duty around the building. Sun
day furnishes a fitting pretext in some
cases. In others there are bold at
tempts to debauch the official by sneak
ing him a half dollar, but he must re
main firm and he usually avoids re
sponsibility by the true tale of the
"keys being locked up." They are.
But still he could get at them should
the capltol take fire and be in Imminent
danger of burning down.
Many citizens of the state swarm to
the dome to chew tobacco and spit
Others transform the place into a
smoker and leave their cigarette and
cigar stubs where they will be most
conspicuous.
As the fourth of July season draws
nigh, ambitious boys sneak domewards
to toss lighted firecrackers into the
atmosphere below.
One day last summer some boys al
lowed a heavy oaken frame to slide
down one of the wires connected with
the dome. It caught on a post Just
above the north entrance of the build
ing and dangled there for a half day
a menace to pedestrians and possersby.
Never a day passes but belated ones
try to ascend after 5 o'clock. In such
Instances It Is discovered that "the
man who has the key to the dome has
Just gone home." No one seems to
know Just where he lives. Then the
troops of visitors file away, sadly dis
appointed. Occasionally strangers wish a pilot
In such instances the "dome Janitor"
must go up and point out the features
of the city or be rated as sulky and
sullen by those who seek his services.
Jack It Is mighty hard to be the son
of a self-made millionaire.
Tom Why so'
Jack A fellow can't decide whether
to go into business and live up to his
father's reputation, or go Into society
and live It down.
II
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