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About The courier. (Lincoln, Neb.) 1894-1903 | View Entire Issue (June 28, 1902)
THE COURIER I lakes, that the temperature of liquid lava la 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and that' there being an Increase of one de gree for each fifty or sixty feet of. de scent the temperature at 8,000 feet Is 211 degrees, or boiling point The level of. the floor In a volcano like Vesuvius may rise nearly to the brink of the crater, or In one like Kllauea at least some hundreds of feet The erup tlon-beglns when the pressure from the vapors generated and confined below and from the hydrostatic pressure of the lava column Is too great to be withstood by the containing mountain. The mountain, therefore breaks, the conduit Is rent open on one side or the other and the lava runs out If the mountain Is too strong the lava merely rises to the summit and overflows. The eruptions of the present day are usu ally through fissures, however, and the vibrations which attend the rending of the mountain may result In the underground rumbling and shock, which means earthquake. So It was at Martinique. The volcanic "sound waves" Is some thing like the discharge of heavy guns in quick succession, but It can really be likened to no effect produced by hu man agency. Nothing ever heard from the sky, indeed, can equal It in range or volume. The great eruption of Krakatoa was heard 2.000 miles away! The "water wave" is the shock trans mitted to the sea. The largest of these, as a consequence of the Krakatoa erup tion, on reaching the shores of Sumat ra and Java, rose to a height of fifty feet above normal water level, destroy-, ing 163 villages entirely and 132 partial ly. More than 30,000 human beings perished. The "froth" upon the surface of lavas varies greatly In character. In the majority of cases the lavas consist of a mass of crystals floating in a liquid magma, and the distension of such & mass by the escape of steam from its midst gives rise to the formation of the rough, clndery looking material to which the name of "scoriae" is ap plied. Dr. Whymper relates that, while standing on the summit of Chlmbarazo, he witnessed an eruption of Cotopaxl, distant fifty miles. The fine volcanic dust fell in great quantities around him, and he estimated that no less than two million tons of it must have been ejected during this slight outburst. Prof. Bohney examined the dust from Cotopaxl, and calculated that it would take from 4,000 to 25,000 particles of It to make up a grain in weight Of present and particular interest to the people of the United States is the fact that, like other regions In Its neighborhood, the Philippine archipela go abounds in volcanoes. Spanish writ ers have left accounts of many de structive eruptions In the last 300 years. The most remarkable was that of Jan uary 4, 1641, when a volcano on the southwestern extremity of Mlndanoa, another to the west, on the northern coast of the island of Luzon, and a third. In Luzon, far to the north, be came active at the same time. 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This Is the first photograph of the queen In the robes In which she rehearsed for the coronation. and some fifty persons perished. In 1814 12,000 were killed nnd many wound ed by an eruption. "After the moun tain had become quiet,' tho record says, "It presented a frightful appear ance, Its former picturesque, highly cultivated slopes being covered with barren sand which enveloped tho co coanut trees to their tops. The finest villages of the Camarines were de stroyed, and the best part of the prov ince was converted- Into a sandy waste." The heights of the Philippine vol canoes vary from 10,000 and 9,000 feet (Albay or Mazon) down to Taal, only 780 feet high. This last and curious one Is on an Islet in the middle of Lake Bomban, south of Manila. The lake, originally, no doubt, a vast crater, is separated from the China sea by a nar row isthmus. It contains secondary craters, crevasses emitting vapor and lakelets of acid water. When it was" in action in 1885 all the vegetation of the island was burned up. A further idea of the volcanic activity of the region may be gained from the fact that a volcanic Island emerged from the sea on the northern coast of Luzon In 1S56, grew to 700 feet In four years, and is now about 800 feet high. The earthkuake Is such a common event' In Manila that it is always taken Into ac count in building operations. Up in the JD&me "Going up to the dome" Is the night mare of the state house Janitors that is the wish being expressed by other people. For In spite of the sign limit ing the top of the capltol building as an observation point to 5 p. m. on week days, the public can never be made to understand. Consequently hosts innumerable flock in to climb the winding stairs at all hours. So the dome and the limitations of the visitors cause more trouble for the Janitors than myriads of dandelions firmly and maliciously planted on the state house lawn. "Solid" couples attracted by the fabled darkness and obscurity of the upper portions of the capltol, flock In on Sundays. They have to be relig iously turned down by such Janitors as are on duty around the building. Sun day furnishes a fitting pretext in some cases. In others there are bold at tempts to debauch the official by sneak ing him a half dollar, but he must re main firm and he usually avoids re sponsibility by the true tale of the "keys being locked up." They are. But still he could get at them should the capltol take fire and be in Imminent danger of burning down. Many citizens of the state swarm to the dome to chew tobacco and spit Others transform the place into a smoker and leave their cigarette and cigar stubs where they will be most conspicuous. As the fourth of July season draws nigh, ambitious boys sneak domewards to toss lighted firecrackers into the atmosphere below. One day last summer some boys al lowed a heavy oaken frame to slide down one of the wires connected with the dome. It caught on a post Just above the north entrance of the build ing and dangled there for a half day a menace to pedestrians and possersby. Never a day passes but belated ones try to ascend after 5 o'clock. In such Instances It Is discovered that "the man who has the key to the dome has Just gone home." No one seems to know Just where he lives. Then the troops of visitors file away, sadly dis appointed. Occasionally strangers wish a pilot In such instances the "dome Janitor" must go up and point out the features of the city or be rated as sulky and sullen by those who seek his services. Jack It Is mighty hard to be the son of a self-made millionaire. Tom Why so' Jack A fellow can't decide whether to go into business and live up to his father's reputation, or go Into society and live It down. II (I i M D u
