THE BEE: OMAHA'. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1919. PRESIDENT PLEADS FOR PEACE TREATY AND LEAGUE TEXT OF SPEECH MADE BY WILSON AT COLUMBUS, 0. Says His Purpose Is to Report ; to People Concerning r Affairs of World to t Be Settled. Columbus, O., Sept. 4. The fol lowing it a stenographic report of President Wilson's address here to day, the first of a series of 30 ad dresses to be delivered by him in his tour of the United States in the interest of the oeace treaty: V'Mr. Chairman, Governor Camp- bell and My Fellow Citizens: (Ap i plause.) It is with very profound pleasure that I find myself face to i1 face with you. I have for a lone -. time chafed at the confinement of Washington. I have for a long ; time wished to fulfill the purpose ; with which my heart was full when I returned to our beloved country, namely, to go out and report to my fellow countrymen concerning those . affairs of the world which need now ;: to be settled. "The only people I owe any re f port to are you and the other citi- ; tens of the United states, and it has become increasingly necessary, ap parently, that I should report to you. After all the various angles at which you have heard the treaty ' held up perhaps you would like to know what is in the treaty. I find it very difficult in reading some of the speeches that I have read to ; form any conception of that great document I a Unique Document "It is a document unique in the v history of the world for many rea sons and I think I cannot do you a better service or the peace of the world a better service than by point ing out to you just what this treaty contains and what it seeks to do. , In the first place, my fellow coun trymen, it seeks to punish one of the greatest wrongs ever done in history, the wrong which Germany v sought to do to the world and to civilisation and there ought to be ,f no weak purpose with regard to the ":. application of the punishment. She attempted an intolerable thing and she must be made to pay for the attempt "The terms of the treaty are se vere, but they are not unjust I can testify that the men associated - with me at the peace conference in Paris had it in their hearts to do i'ustice and not wrong but they ;new perhaps with a more vivid sense of what had happened than we could possibly know on this : side of the water, the many solemn covenants which Germany had dis regarded, the long preparation she had made to overwhelm her neigh bors, the utter disregard which she .hftd shown for human rights, for the rlffhia of women and children afld, tho$e who were helpless. $ Have Seen Destruction. They had seen their lands dev ested by an enemy that devoted ; itself, not only to the effort of vic tory, but to the effort of terror, :, seeking to terrify the people whom ; they fought, and I wish to testify that they exercised restraint in the r terms of this treaty. They did not : wish to overwhelm any great nation and they had no purpose in over whelming the German people, but they did think that it ought to be burned into the consciousness of men forever that no people ought to permit its government to do what the German government did. "In the last analysis, my fellow .countrymen, as we in America would be the first to claim a people are responsible for the acts of their government, if their government purposes things that are wrong, they ought to take measures and s.ee to it that that purpose is not executed. "Germany was self-governed. Her : rulers had not concealed the pur poses that they ' had in mind, but they had deceived their , people as to the character of the methods they were going to use, and I believe f rom what I can learn, that there is ;ao awakened consciousness in Ger many itself of the deep iniquity of the thing that was attempted. ' ,) Austria Admits Crime. "When the Austrian delegates came before the peace conference, they, in so many words, spoke of the origination of the war as a crime, and admitted in our pres ence that it was a thing intolerable to contemplate. They knew in their hearts that it had done them the deepest conceivable wrong; that it had put their people and the people of Germany at the judgment seat of mankind and throughout this treaty every term that was applied to Ger many was meant, not to humiliate Germany, but to rectify the wrong that she had done. And if you will look even into the severe terms of reparation, for there was no indem nityno indemnity of any sort was claimed merely reparation, merely . paying for the destruction done, merely making good the losses, so far as the losses could be made good which she had unjustly inflicted, not Upon the governments for the rep aration is not to go to the govern ments but upon the people whose rights she had trodden upon with 20 Hours Ming brings out from wheat and barley that distinct rich flavor one finds only in the pure. health-building food (apeiifc absolute absence of everything that even resembled pity. There is no indemnity in this treaty, but there is reparation, and even in the terms of reparation a method is devised by which the reparation shall be adjusted to Germany's ability to pay it. Astonished at Statements. "I am astonished at some of the statements I see made about this treaty and the truth is that they are made by persons who have not read the treaty, or who, if they have read it, have not comprehended its mean in. There is a method of adjustment in the treaty by which the repara tion shall not be pressed beyond the point which Germany can pay, but it will -be pressed to the utmost point that it can pay which is just, which is righteous. It would be in tolerable if there had been anything else, for, my fellow citizens, this treaty is not meant merely to end this single war. It is meant as a notice to every government who in the future will attempt this thing, that mankind will unite to inflict the same punishment. No Glory is Sought. "There is no national triumnh sought to be recorded in this treaty. There is no glory sought for any particular nation. The thought of the statesmen collected around that table was of their people, of the sufferings that they had gone through, of the losses they had in curred, that great throbbing heart which was so depressed, so forlorn, so sad in every memory that it had had of the five traarical vears. rav fellow countrymen. Let us never forget the purpose, the high pur pose, the disinterested purpose with which America lent its strength, not for its own glory, but for the ad vance of mankind. "And as I said, this treaty was not intended merely to end this war; it was intended to prevent any similar war. Did Not Forget Promises. I wonder if some of the oppon ents of the league of nations have forgotten the promises we made our people before we went to that peace table? We had taken by processes of law the flower of our youth from every countryside, from every household, and we told those mothers and fathers and sisters and wives and sweethearts that we were taking those men to fight a war which would end business of that sort and if we do not end it, if wc do not do the best that human con cert of action can do to end it, we are of all men the most unfaithful the most unfaithful to the living hearts who suffered in this war; the most unfaithful to those whose heads bowed in grief, yet lifted with the feeling that the lad laid down his life for great things, among other things, in order that other lads might not have to do the same thing.- "That is what the league of na tions is for, to end this war justly, and it is not merely to serve notice on governments which would con template the same things which Germany contemplated, that they will -do it at their peril, but aUo concerting the combination of power which will prove to them that they will do it at their peril; It is idle to say the world will combine against you because it may not, but it is persuasive to say the world is combined against you and will re main combined against any who at tempt the same things tnat you attempted. League Will Save World. "The league of nations is the only thing that can prevent the recur rence of this dreadful catastrophe and redeem our promises. And the character of the league is based upon the experience ot this very war. "I did not meet a single public man who did not admit these things, that Germany would not have gone into this war if it had thought Great Britain was going into it, and that it most certainly would never have gone into this war if it had dreamed America was going into it, and they have all admitted that a notice be forehand that the greatest powers of the world would combine to pre vent this sort of thing it would have prevented it absolutely. Unity Now Is Needed "When gentlemen tell you, there fore, that the league of nation is intended for some other purpose than this, merely reply this to them, 'If we do not do Jhis thing we have neglected the central covenant that we made to our people,' and there will be no statesman of any country who can thereafter promise his peo ple any alleviation from the perils of war. "The passions of thia world are not dead; the rivalries of this world have not cooled; they have been rendered hotter than ever. The har ress that is to unite nations is more necessary now than it ever was be fore, and unless there is this sure ness of combined action before wrong is attempted, wrong will be attempted just so soon as the most ambitious nations can recover from the financial stress of this war." "Now, look, what else is in the treaty. This treaty is unique in the history of ' mankind because the center of it is the redemption of weak nations. There never was a congress of nations before that considered the rights of those who could not enforce their rights. "There never was a congress of na tions before that did not seek to effect some balance of power brought about by means of serving the strength and interest of v the strongest powers concerned, where as this treaty builds up nations that never could have won their freedom in any other way. It builds them up by gift, by largess, not by. obliga tion; builds them up because of the conviction of the men who wrote the treaty that the rights of people transcend the rights of govern ments, because of the conviction of the men who wrote that treaty that the fertile source of war is wrong; that the Austro-Hungarian empire, for example, was held together by military force and consisted of peo ples who did not want to live to gether; who did not have the spirit of nationality as towards each other; who were constantly chafing at the bonds that held them. Hungary, though a willing partner of Austria, was willing to be its partner because it could share Aus tria's strength for accomplishing its own ambitions, and its own ambi tions were to hold under the Jugo- Slavic peoples that lie to the south of it. "Bohemia, an unhappy partner a partner by duress, flowing in all its veins the strongest national impulse that was to be found anywhere in Europe, and north of that, pitiful Poland, a great nation divided up among great powers of Europe; torn asunder kinship disregarded, natural ties treated with contempt and an obligatory division among sovereigns imposed upon it, a part of it given to Russia, a part of it given to Austria and a part of it given to Germany and great bodies of Polish people never permitted to have the normal intercourse with their kinsmen for fear that that fine instinct of the heart should assert itself which binds families together. Poland could never have won its in dependence. Bohemia never could have broken away from the Austro-Hungarian combination. "The Slavic oeooles to the south running down into the great Balkan peninsula, had again and again tried to assert their nationality and their independence and had as often been crushed, not bv the immediate power they were fighting but by the combined power of Europe. Suffers Equal Rights. "The old alliances, the old bal ances of power were meant to see to it that no little nation asserted its rights to the disturbance of the peace of Europe and every time an assertiog of rights was attempted they were suppressed by combined influence and force and this treaty tears away all that and says these people have a right to live their own live under the governments which they themselves choose to set up. That is the Amen ican principle and I was glad to fight for it and when strategic con siderations were urged 1 said not 1 alone but it was a matter of com mon counsel that strategic consider ations were not in our thought that we are not now arranging for future wars but were giving people what belonged to them. My fellow citizens, I do not think there is any man alive has a more tender sympathy for the great peo ple of Italy than I have and a very stern duty was presented to us when we had to consider some of the claims of Italy on the Adriatic, be cause, straeetically, from the point of view of future wars, Italy needed a military foothpld on the other side of the Adriatic, but her people did not live there except in little spots. It was a Slavic people and I had to say to my Italian friends that everywhere else in this treaty we have given territory to the people who lived on it and I do not think that it is for the advantage of Italy and I am sure it is not for the ad vantage of the world to give Italy territory where other people live. I felt the force of the argument for what they wanted, and it was the old argument that always prevailed, namely, that they needed it from a military point of view and I have no doubt that if there is no league of nations they will need it from a military point of view, but if there is a league of nations they will not need it trom a military point of view. If there is no league of nations the mili tary point of view will prevail in every instance and peace will be brought into contempt but if a league of nations Italy need not fear the fact that the shores on the other side of the Adriatic tower above her lower sandy shores on her sides of the sea because there will be no threatening guns there and the na tions of the world will have consid ered not merely to see that the Slav ic peoples have their rights but that the Italian people have their rights as well. I would rather have every body on my side than be armed to the teeth and every settlement that is right, every settlement that is based upon the principles I have al luded to is a safe settlement because the sympathy of mankind will be be hind it. Wish to Preserve Right. "Some gentlemen have feared with regard to the league of nations that we will be obliged to do things we don't want to do. If the treaty were wrong that might be so, but if the treaty is right we will wish to preserve right. I think I know the heart of this great people whom I for the time being have the high honor to represent better than some other men that I hear talk. "I have been bred, and am proud to have been bred, in the old revo lutionary stock which set this gov ernment up, when America was set up as a friend of mankind; and I know if they do not that America has never lost that vision or that purpose. "But I haven't the slightest fear that arms will be necessary if the purpose is there. If I know that my adversary is armed and I am not I do not press the controversy and if any nation entertains selfish pur poses set against the principles es tablished in this treaty and is told by the rest of the world that it must withdraw its claims, it will not press them. "The heart of this treaty then, my fellow citizens, is not even that it punishes Germany that is a tem porary thing it is that it rectifies the age-long wrong which charac terized the history of Europe. "There were some of us who wished that the scope of the treaty would reach some other age-long wrong. It was a big job and I don't say that we wished that it were bigger, but there were other wrongs elsewhere than in Europe and of the same kind, which no doubt ought to be righted, and some day will be righted, but which we could not draw into the treaty be cause we could deal only with the countries whom the war had en gulfed and affected. But so far as the scope of our treaty went we rec tified the wrongs which have been the fertile source of war in Europe. Have you ever reflected, my OPINIONS "Your tires and tubes are the best I ever saw." O. G. Kenyon, Topeka, Kansas. SPRAGUE Tire & Rubber Co. 18th and Cuming. Tyler 3032. countrymen, on the real source of revolution? Men don t start revo lutions in a sudden passion. Do you remember what Thomas Car lyle said about the French revolu tion? He was speaking of the so- called Hundred Days Terror which reigned, not only in Paris, but throughout France, in the days of the French revolution: and he re minded his readers that back of that hundred days of terror, lay several hundred years of agony and of wronsr. The French people had been deeolv and consistently wrong ed by their government; robbed, their human rights disregarded and the slow agony of those hundreds of years, and after while gathered into a hot agony that could not be sup pressed. Revolutions don't spring up over night; revolutions gather through the ages; revolutions come from the long suppression of the human spirit; revolutions come be muse men know that thev have rights and that they are disregarded. And when we think of the future of the world in connection with this treatv, we must remember that one of the chief efforts of those who made this treaty was to remove that anger from the heart of great peo nies, trreat rjeooles who had always been suppressed and always been used, who had always been tne toois in the hands of governments gen erally of alien governments not their own. And the makers oi tne treatv knew that if these wrongs were not removed, there could be no peace in the world, because, alter all, my fellow citizens, war comes from the seed of wrong, and not from the seed of right. This treaty is an attempt to right the history of Europe and in my humble judgment, it is a measurable success. Intermixture of Races. "I say 'measureable,' my fellow citizens, because you will realize the difficulty of this. Here are two neighboring peoples. The one peo ple have not stopped at a sharp line and the settlements of the other people, or the migrations, be gun at this sharp line; they have intermingled. There are regions where you can't draw a national line and say there are Slavs on this side and Italians on that; there is this people there and that people there. It can't be done. You have to approximate the line. You have to come to it. as near to it as you can, and then trust to the process of history to redistribute, it may be, the people who are on the wrong side of the line. And there are many such lines drawn in this treaty, and to be drawn in the Aus trian treaty, and where perhaps there are more lines of that sort than "n the German treaty. "When we came to draw the line between the Polish people and the German people, not the line between Germany and Poland there wasn't any Poland strictly speaking the line between the German people and the Polish people. There were dis tricts like the upper part of Silesia, or rather the eastern part of Silesia which is called 'Upper Silesia' be cause it is mountainous and the other part is not. High Silesia is chiefly Polish and when we came to draw a line to represent Poland, it was .necessary to include High Silesia, if we were really going to play fair and make Poland up of the Polish peoples wherever we found them in sufficiently close neighborhood to one another. Debide on Referendum. "But it wasn't perfectly clear that Upper that High Silesia wanted to be part of Poland. At any rate there were Germans in High Silesia who said that it did not, and there fore, we did there what we did in many other places; we said 'very well, then, we will let the people that live there decide.' We will have a referendum within a certain length of time after the war, under the supervision of an international commission, which will have a suf ficient armed force behind it to preserve order and see that nobody interferes with the election. We will have an absolutely free vote and High Silesia shall go either to Ger many or to Poland as the people in High Silesia prefer. "And that illustrates many other cases where we provided for a refer endum, or a plebiscite, as they choose to call it; and arc going to leave it to the people themselves, as we should have done, what govern ment they shall live under. "It is none of my prerogatives to allot peoples to this government and the other. It is nobody's right to do that allotting, except the people themselves, and I want to testify that this treaty is shot through with Union Outfitting Co. Places Big Purchase of Comforters on Sale Next Saturday Sale Price Are Less Than Similar Qualities Sell at Mills Today. Comforters Are Filled With an Extra Good Grade of Carded Comfort Batts. Warm, cozy comforters are cheaper than winter sickness and doctor bills, especially when they can be secured for such ridicu lously low prices as the Union Outfitting Company announces for Saturday. The sale is the result of an enormous purchase made many months ago when materials that go into the making of GOOD comforters cost considerably less than they do today. The Comforters are well made in a wide variety of prettily pat terned coverings and come quilt ed or yarn tied. Such a sale as this merely em phasizes the strength and the Buying Power of the Union Out fitting Company, located out of the High Rent District As al ways, you make your own terms. the American principle of the choice of the governed. , "Of course, at times it went fur ther than we could make a prac tical policy of, because various peo ples were keen upon getting back portions of their populations which were separated from them by many miles of territory and we couldn t spot over with little pieces of sepa rated states. "I even had to remind my Ital ian colleagues that if they were going to claim every place where there was a large Italian population, we would have to cede New York to them, because there are more Italians in New York than in any Italian city. "But I believe I hope that the Italians in New York City are as glad to stay there as we are to have them. I would not have you sup pose that I am intimating that my Italian colleagues entered any claim for New York City. Must Understand Treaty. "We of all peoples in the world, my fellow citizens, ought to he able to understand the questions of this treaty and without anybody explain ing them to us; for we are made up out of all the peoples of the world. I dare say that in this audience there are representatives of prac tically all the peoples dealt with in this treaty. "You don't have to have me ex plain national ambitions to you; na tional aspirations. You have been brought up on them; you learned of them since you were children, and it is those national aspirations which we sought to realize, to give an outlet to, in this great treaty. But we do much more than that. This treaty contains, among other things, a magna charta of labor a thing unheard of until this interest ing year of grace. There is a whole section of the treaty devoted to arrangements by which the interests of those who labor with their hands all over the world, whether they be men or women or children are all of them to be safeguarded. And next month there is to meet the first assembly under this section of the league and let me tell you it will meet whether the treaty is ratified by that time or not. Labor Assembly to Meet. "There is to meet an assembly which represents the interests of the men concerning the conditions of their labor, concerning the char acter of labor which women shall engage in, the character of labor which children shall be permitted to engage in; the hours of labor, and, incidentally, of course, the re muneration of labor. The labor shall be remunerated in proportion, of course, to the maintenance of the standard of living which is proper for the man who is expected to give his whole brain and intelligence and energy to a particular task. "I hear very little said about this magna charta of labor which is embodied in this It forecasts the day which ought to have come long ago, when statesmen will realize that no nation is fortunate which is not happy, and that no nation can be happy whose people are not con tented, contented in their industry, contented in their lives and for tunate in the circumstances of their lives. "If I were to state what seems to me to be the central idea of this treaty, it would be this: It is almost a discovery in international conven tions 'that nations do not consist of their governments, but consist of their peoples.' "That is a rudimentary idea; it seems to us to go without saying to us in America, but, my fellow citi zens, it was never the leading idea in any other international congress that I ever heard of; that is to say, any international congress made up of the representatives of govern ment. "They were always thinking of national policy, of national advan tages; of the rivalries of trade, of the advantages of territorial con quest. "There is nothing of that in this treaty. "You will notice that even the territories wnicn are raicen away from Germany, like her colonies, are not given to anybody. There is not a single act of annexation in this treaty. But territories inhabited by people not yet able to govern them selves, either because of economic or other circumstances, or the stage of their development, are put under the care of powers who are to ac cept as trustees, trustees respon sible in the forum of the world, at the bar of the league of nations, and the terms upon which they are to exercise their trusteeship are out lined. They are not to use those people by way of profit and to fight their wars for them; they are not to permit any form of slavery among them or of enforced labor. They are to see to it that there are humane conditions of labor with re gard not only to the women and children, but the men, too. They are to establish no fortifications; they are to regulate the liquor and the opium traffic; they are to see to it, in other words, that the lives of the people whose care they as sume not sovereignty over whom they assume, but whose care they assume are kept clean and safe and holy. "There again the principle of the treaty conies out, that the object of the arrangement is the welfare of the people who live there, and not the advantages of the government. "It goes beyond that and it seeks to gather under the common super vision of the league of nations, the various instrumentalities by which the world has been trying to check the evils that were in some places debasing men, like the opium traf fic for it was a traffic in men, women and children; like the traf fic in other dangerous drugs; like the traffic in arms among uncivi lized people, who could use arms only for their detriment; for sanita tion: for the work of the Red Cross. Why, those clauses, my fellow citi zens, draw the hearts of the world into league; draw the noble im pulses of the world together and make a poem of them. I used to be told that this was an age in which mind was monarch; and my comment was that if that were true, the mind was one ot these modern nionarchs that reigns and does not govern; but as a mat ter of fact we were governed by a great representative assembly, made up of the human passions, and that the best we could manage was that the high and fine passions should be in a majority, so that they could control the face of passion, so that they could check the things that were Wrong, and this treaty seeks something like that. Passion of Justice. "In drawing the humane endeav ors together it makes a mirror of the fine passions of the world of its philanthropic passions and of its pas sion of pity of this passion of human sympathy of this passion of human friendliness for there is such a pas sion. It is the passion that has lifted us along the slow road of civil ization; it is the passion that has made ordered government possible; it is the passion that has made jus tice and established the thing in some happy part of the world. "That is the treaty. Did you ever hear of it before? Did you ever know before what was in this treaty? Did anybody before ever tell vou that the treaty was intended to do? "I beg my fellow citizens that you and the rest of those Americans with whom we are happy to be as sociated all over this broad land will read the treaty themselves or if they won't take time to do that for it is a technical document that is hard to read that they will accept the interpratation of those who made it and know what the inten tions, were in the making of ft. "I hear a great deal, my fellow citizens, about the selfishness and the selfish ambitions of other gov ernments, but I would not be doing justice to the gifted men with whom I was associated on the other side of the water if I did not testify that the purposes that I have outlined were their purposes. "We differed as to the method very often. We differed as to the details, but we never had any seri ous discussion as to the principle, and while we all acknowledge that the principles might perhaps in de tails have been better, really we are all back of those principles. "There is a concert of mind and of purpose and of policy in the world that was never in existence before. I am not saying that by way of credit to myself or to those colleagues to whom I have alluded, because what happened to us was that we got messages from our peo- , pies we were there under instruc tions, whether they were written down or not, we did not dare come home without fulfilling those in--, structions. ' ' "If I could not have brought back the kind of treaty I brought back k I never would have come back, be cause I would have been an unfaith ful servant and you would have had the right to condemn me any way (Contlnnrd oa Fag Three, Column Oh.) Timely Counsel Established 1866 Sr. -lit" There never was a time when it was more necessary for the average man and investor to con suit with his banker than now. v In close touch with the general business sit uation, the officers of this bank are always glad to confer with individuals who have perplexing busi ness or investment prob lems to solve. To those whose de mands are legitimate, our officers are always acces sible. There are no for malities to go through in approaching them. 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