THE OMAHA SUNDAY BEE: JANUARY 7, 1917
7D
Temperance Waves that Have Swept Over Washington
Stories of Past and Present Spasms of Reform that Have Left a Mark on the Moral and Social Life of the Nation's
Capital Part Played in Movement for Personal Sobriety by Some Men Who Have Loomed Big in American. History.
By EDGAR C. SNYDER.
You and your family are re
spectfully invited to attend a
congressional temperance meet
ing to be held at the hall of the
house of representatives on Sun
day evening, the 17th instant, at
7 o'clock to encourage by your
presence the effort to stay the
progress of the tide of intemper
ance which is now devastating
the land.
That is the text of a document ap
pertaining to the most striking epi
sode in the social history of the con
gress of the United States. It is un
official, but its importance as illustra
tive of the characters of some of our
American political leaders will be rec
ognized without any serious intellec
tual embarrassment. The meeting for
which the invitation was extended
took place duly and quite successfully.
It was attended by an overflow crowd
of members of both houses of con
gress, citizens of Washington and
visitors to the national capital. The
president of the senate presided and
spoke at length. The speaker of the
house, senators and representatives
delivered earnest addresses, all. of
which aroused great enthusiasm.
Many signed a pledge of total absti
nence from all intoxicating beverages.
Should such an invitation be sent
out at this time for a temperance or
prohibition meeting in a hall of con
gress and result in having Vice Presi
dent Marshall preside and speak and
Speaker Champ Clark participate .in
the oratory, Washington and the rest
of the country would take lively no
tice and want to know all about it.
The meeting for which the invita
tion quoted was issued was held just
about fifty years ago February 17,
1867. The invitation bore the signa
tures of Speaker Schuyler Colfax of
Indiana, Senators Samuel C. Pomeroy
of Kansas, W. E. Dodge of Iowa, J.
W. Patterson of New Hampshire and
Richard Yates of Illinois.
No reference was made in the
Washington press to this famous
temperance meeting. It had not been
foreshadowed in the printed news of
the day, except such as was suggested
in a five-line advertisement which ap
peared prior to the occasion in the
Washington National Intelligencer.
The proceedings of congress had long
been reported minutely and exhaus
tively by (he local press, as compared
to the treatment they receive now
adays from that source, but social
affairs were never in the least degree
topics of publicity unless of unmistak
able political significance, and then,
like as not, in mystifying guise.
At that meeting of fifty years ago
"to stay the progress of the tide of
intemperance," of which the only nar
rative extant is its secretary's report,
which exists in pamphlet form in the
library of congress, long before the
assembling hour, as the reader is in
formed, the hall of the house and
the galleries were filled with senators
and representatives, their families and
friends and visitors to the city, while
hundreds, unable to get even stand
ing space, were turned away.
The meeting was called to order
by Senator Henry Wilson of Massa
chusetts, afterward vice president
who, after prayer by the chaplain of
the house, delivered a long address.
Mr. Wilson stated that the meeting
grew out of the determination of sev
eral members of congress to form a
society "to put from us forever the
fatal cup of intoxication. I bid you
one and all welcome," he said, "on
this occasion, which we humbly trust
in the providence of Almighty God,
will contribute toward correcting the
multitudinous evils of drunkenness
that in this age are sweeping over the
land."
Representative Hiram Price of
Iowa, the next speaker, devoted him
self mainly to warning his hearers
of the dangers exuding from the ex
ample of the moderate drinker. A
huge proportion of the drunkenness
nrevalent in the land he charged to
the complacent indulgences of .the
"moderate drinker "
Representative Samuel . McKee of
Kentucky contributed the reflection
that a most unhappy train of evils
proceeded from the social allurements
supplied m the all-round good tei
low" kind of man.
Judged by the frequent "laughter"
and "applause" bracketed in the re
port the most interesting speech of
the occasion was by Senator Rich
ard Yates of Illinois, who, then in
the prime of life, had long been
prominent in the affairs of his state
as a legislator and as its governor. He
gave some of his personal experiences.
He had been one of the "moderate
drinkers," possibly one of the "good
fellows," and again something else.
He had known occasions when his
most genteel indulgences had turned
up unexpectedly a source of annoy
ance. It had subjected him to mis
representation; it had flung upori his
name a shadow it did not merit But
he confessed there had come a tHrne
when he realized that for him one
drink was enough,: two were not
enough, three were, entirely insuffi
cient and four were chaos. Then it
was and recently. he determined
"never again to, touch, taste or. han
dle the unclean thing." Thinking of
Katie and the children, he sat down
and wrote his wife what he had done.
The senator took-a letter from his
pocket and read:,'
Dear Richard: How beautiful la this
morning! How bright the aun shines! How
sweet the-birds sing! How happy Is my
heart! I see the smile of God. He has
answered the prayer. Always ' proud of
your success you have achieved a success
which God and angels bless; you have con
quered yourself. All who Jove you- will
aid you to' keep the. pledge. I love yda.
dear boy. KATIE.
First Congressional Temperance .
Wave.
Many of that meeting of fifty years
ago had forgotten, if they knew, that
it was not the first temperance move
ment among congressmen. In one of
the collections of , miscellaneous
pamphlets in the library of congress
is a report of a meeting of the Con
gressional Total Abstinence society,
held in the hall of the house Feb
ruary 24, 1842. But even that was
not the first such organization or
meeting of members interested in
temperance. The Congressional Tem
perance society, the first of its kind,
was organized in 1833, and its first
meeting was held in the hall of the
house February 24, 1834. Informed of
these early efforts among those who
joined that of 1842 were such vet
eran public men as Senators Edmund
G. Ross of Kansas, Lot M. Morrill of
Maine, Thomas W. Ferry of Michi-.
gan, A. H. Cragin of New Hamp
shire and Willard Saulsbury of Dela
ware; Representatives inaodeus
Stevens of Pennsylvania, (Jakes Ames
of Massachusetts, George W. Julian
and Columbus Delano of Indiana.
Dustv little pamphlets from re
mote corners of the library of con
gress furnish kindling for the only
lisrht shed on the views and senti
ments of old-time members of con
gress respecting the drink evil, the
means with which it was most de
sirable to combat it, whether by ex
ample and moral suasion or by law
and law enforcement.
The 1834 meeting was called to
order by SenaW William Wilkins
of Pennsylvania, asked to take the
chair in the absence of Lewis Cass,
secretary . of war, who had been
elected president of the society a year
before while he wis a member of
the senate from Michigan. Chaplain
W. H. Stockton of the house, accord
ing to the report, "addressed the
throne of grace." Then Walter Low
rie, a Pennsylvania Scotch-American,
who had already been a senator from
the state, read the first annual report
of the society.' This , that it con
tained was loudly applauded:
."The frowns of public law have
been pronounced against the vice
and irregularities of intemperance for
many long years, and in the result it
is feared that the sanctions of penal
enactment have tended only to ag
gravate the eviL When and where
have fine and imprisonment arrested
the progress or stayed the ravages
of this remorseless scourge? While
the statute books have been crowded
with prohibitions and penalties to re
strain irom intemperance, ana wnue
the courts have faithfully enforced
them, the evil itself has reached a
magnitude so tremendous as not only
to evince the feebleness of such
means, but almost to drive every mind
to despair of any deliverance by any
agency. And never until the light of
truth and the power of example were
consecrated in the cause of temper
ance was any single ray of hope shed
over this subject.
"In view of this influence, it may
be profitable to remark that it is al
together persuasive. It approaches us
with no weapons; it seeks all its at
tributes from judgment and con
science. It leaves the arena of penal
discipline and harsh remedy and
strives to prevail by such instruments
as illustrate the energy of the human
will, when it dare resolve and be
steadfast in the promotion of its best
interests.
"And well and nobly has the ex
periment succeeded. It has dried
many fountains of intemperance. It
has turned back a flood of evils and
corrected a depraved public opinion.
No cause has ever before so strik
ingly exhibited the unhappy influence
of personal example. It has enlisted
sympathy, encouraged hope and con
fidence and brought into exercise a
formidable array of public sentiment,
which has directed against the baneful
social habit an uncompromising opposition."
, Can any man in or out of congress
of this day and generation compose
as fine an exordium to a temperance
address as that produced by those old
boys at the time when the stars fell?
Some Temperance Orators.
As soon as Secretary Cass had com
pleted his recitation ot the annual re
port a srjries of speeches ensued. At
torney General B. F, Butler of New
York, of President Andrew Jackson's
cabinet, was. the first speaker. He
said the society was "one of the most
usefnl and glorious institutions of the
age and eminently worthy of the ac
tive support of every patriot and phil
anthropist." On this day, February
?A he ci'rl Umnnnra nrmniTafinna
I wctc holding meetings in legislative
halls in many of the states and in the
British isles.
Senator William Hendricks of In
diana, in a speech following, stated
-that there were 6,000 temperance so
cieties in existence in the United
.States.
Representative Henry Laurens
Pinckney of South Carolina, to the
text ot a resolution' by him con
demning the use of ardent spirits in
-the Davy, made a vigorous speech, in
part ot which he said: i
Wnue tne government has no
authority to interfere, it has no right
to encourage or increase intemper
ance by indirect premiums or direct
temptation. In other words, it has
no right to throw the weight of its
influence and authority into the scale
of intemperance, causing the com
munity to regard it as a venial and
harmless thing, which is not only not
openly disapproved and reprobated by
the legislature of the union, but
actually encouraged by the policy and
countenance of the government."
, The speaker referred to the allow
ance of grog to 8ailors,"for which, of
course, an item of congressional ap
propriation was provided. He com
mended Secretary of War Cass for
eliminating liquor from the army and
was hopeful that Secretary Levi
Woodbury would do the same for the
navy... . 1
Among the speakers' at this meeting
were Senators Samuel Bell of New
Hampshire, Thomas! Ewing of Ohio.
Arnold Naudain of Delaware, Theo
dore Frelinghuysen of New Jersey,
John Tipton of Indiana, and Felix
Grundy of Tennessee ; Representa
tives John Reed of Massachusetts, the
then' "father of the house;" Daniel
Wardell-of New York, Elisha Whit
tlesey of New Jersey, Eleuthious
Cooke of Pennsylvania, William W.
Ellsworth of Connecticut, one of twin
sons of"! Oliver Ellsworth; Lewis
Condict of New Jersey and James M.
Wayne of Georgia, subsequently
many years a member of the United
States supreme court.
Dr. Thomas Sewall, a practicing
physician of Washington, delivered a
scientific address in which he exposed
the horrible example of ignorance
and stupidity furnished by those who
used ardent spirits freely as a bev
erage. The society voted to print and
distribute his address. A few eve
nings later another meeting of the
society was held in the senate cham
ber.' Eminently notable is the fact that
the use of the hall of the house for
the first meeting of the Congressional
Temperance society was obtained by
a Kentucky colonel. That is dis
tinctly recorded in the report of the
occasion. It was Colonel Richard M.
Johnson, perhaps the most genuine
colonel Kentucky ever had, the re-'
puted slayer of Tecnmseh, the great
est of American Indians.
Famous Pledge Signers.
Two of the most remarkable sign
ers of the declaration of independence
from the sway of King Alcohol were
Daniel Webster and I nomas f. Mar
shall.
The New England statesman, com
pared as he had been to Demos
thenes, unlike the Grecian, who was
strictly abstemious, was commonly
known as one of our most splendidly
convivial and capacious containers of
diverse ardent beverages. Many a
time since his day patriotism has
among those inclining to the bubbling
bowl received fresh inspiration with
the repetition of the story that Dan
Webster, when interrupted in his
quaffings by irrelevant allusion to the
national debt, put an end to the dis
cussion by offering to pay off the
obligation out of his own pocket.
But little less of a sensation was
the news not circulated through the
newspapers of the day, for they were
saying nothing on the subject that
Tom Marshall had signed the pledge
and was going to make a speech about
it. Tom Marshall was a nephew of
Chief Justice John Marshall and was
widely known as a brilliant hustings
performer, who was at his best on
high bachanalian occasions, for he
was accounted an accomplished, con
sistent, sincere and sympathetic
drinker. His speech on this particu
lar occasion had been advertised and
greatly helped to draw the crowd. He
more than met expectations. After a
few preliminary observations as to the
purpose of the society, he launched
into what his audience most desired,
his handling of his own habits. ..He
prefaced it by saying that he made
his confessions as small as possible.
He continued; . '
"I was one of your spreeing gentry.'
My sprees began to crowd each other.
My best friends feared they would run
together. Perhaps after long inter
vals of total; abstinence (sensation),
perhaps something peculiar, in my
form, constitution of complexion may
have prevented the physical indication
so usual in that terrible disease, which
until temperance societies arose, was
deemed incurable and resistless. Per
haps I hournished a vanity to believe
that nature had endowed me with a
versatility which enabled me to throw
down and take up at pleasure any pur
suit; and I chose to sport with the
gift Physicians tell us that at last
temperance becomes not a voluntary
habit but a diseases, its victim cannot
alone resist I had not become fully
the subject of that fiendish thirst, that
horrible yearning after the distilla
tion from the alembic of hell, scorch
ing the throat and consuming the
vitals of the confirmed drunkard with
fires kindled for eternity."
Declaring himself through the
pledge he had taken forever free from
a fate more terrible than death, he
thus closed his speech: ,
"Sir, I would not exchange the phy
sical sensation, the mere sense of an
animal being which belongs to a man
who totally refrains from all that can
intoxicate the brain or derange the
nervous structure, the elasticity with
which he' bounds from his couch in
the morning, the sweet repose it yields
him at night, the feeling with which
he drinks in through his clear eves
the beauty and the grandeur of sur
rounding nature 1 say, sir I would
not exchange mv conscious beine as
a strictly temperate man the sense of
renovated youth the glad play with
which my pulse beat healthful music,
the bounding vivacity with which the
life blood courses through every fiber
of my frame the communion high
which my healthful ear and eye hold
with all the gorgeous universe of God
the splendors of the morning, the
softness of the evening sky, the
bloom, the beauty and the verdure of
the earth, the music of the air and
the waters with all the grand acces
sories and associations of external na
ture, reopen to the fine avenue of
sense no, - sir; ; though poverty
dogged me, though scorn pointed its
slow finger at me as I passed, though
want, destitution and every element
of earthly misery, save only crime,
met my waking eye from day to day.
not for the brightest and noblest
wreath that every encircled a states
man's brow not if some angel, com
missioned from heaven, or rather
some demon sent from hell, should
come to test the resisting strength
of virtuous resolution with all the
wealth and all the honors the world
could bestow not for all that time
and all that earth could give would
I cast from me Urn's precious pledge
of a liberated mind, this talisman
against temptation, and 'plunge again
into the dangers and terrors that once
beset my path, so help me, heaven,
sir, as I would spurn beneath my very
feet all the gitts the universe could
offer me, 1 would live and die, as I am.
poor, but sober, i .
Early in his remarks, Mr .Marshall
said something about the ; duty of
temperate men in congress aiding
their weak colleagues by themselves
taking the pledge, plainly indicating
Representative : Henry A. Wise of
Virginia, as one he had in mind tor
a distinguished exemplar.
Taking the floor when Mr. Marshall
had done, Mr. Wise began by saying
the gentleman from Kentucky was
a glorious example of the triumph of
the temperance cause; he was proof
that the possession of genius and of
the utmost excellence of physical pow
ers, with the charm of all beauties
that dearest bind a man to society,
were not strong enough to combat
this seductive power of a vice which
once it had seized a' man the victim
himself was the. last to realize it
"He will pardon me," said Mr.
Wise, "if I say that when I first be
came acquainted with him, while I
was struck with the greatness of his
powers', both moral and physical, I
mourned under the conviction that
their possessor was in great danger,
and I took the liberty to warn him.
Then thoroughly committing him
self to pledge of total abstinence, Mr.
Wise thus concluded:
"There is no danger that a man of
lofty mind, a high-spirited, well-educated
gentleman, will stoop to other
vices which sink arid degrade human
ity. He would not lie, he would not
steal; he is incapable of dishonor.
Death itself could not drive him to
the perpetration of baseness. Pover
ty, want, starvation may assail him;
he is proof against them all. This
vide of intemperance alone can drag
him down. Against it what genius
can guard, what magnanimity shield
us I
Among other notable speeches at
the 1842 meeting was one by Senator
Felix Grundy, eighteen years a sena
tor from Tennessee and later attor
ney general of the United States. He
said the object of this society was to
make men sober, to keep them from
destroying mind, body and soul; to
render them effective agents in pro
moting this happiness of their fam
ilies and the well-being of society.
These objects were enough. Their
accomplishment would be sufficient to
fill the hearts of the philanthropists
with joy, even to overflowing. All
bevond this was error. By attempt
ing more they would weaken rather
than strengthen the cause. "Let it be
understood," said the senator, that
this society attaches to no religious
sect or political party, that its labors
are to Denent men witnout oisiincuon
bv the oromotion of virtue and so
briety. Politics and religion and elec
tions should find no place in their
nroceedinflra."
Representative George N, Briggs of
Ohio called attention to the compara
tive impotence of previous efforts to
promote temperance among congress
men, such as the movement of 1834,
which worked against the use ot
strong drink, but winked at wine;
they denounced ardent spirits, but
welcomed "the mocker wine as a
friend." but which caused "sorrow
and contentions and redness of eyes
and wounds without cause," The wine
drinkers were just like the cider
brandy drinkers of Connecticut and
the rum drinkers of Massachusetts.
A ' sympathetic communication was
read by the secretary from John
Mitchell, president of the Washington
Temnerance society of Baltimore,
which, it was stated, numbered "2,000
reformed drunkards.
First Word for Temperance,
There is none of the popular his
tories of the United States, or in any
history of the people of the United
States which treats of their social life
in any respect mention of the fact that
temperance naa us luvutaics m nit
First congress. 1
The first champion in the federal
congress of the cause of temperance
was an Irishman-born, Representative
Thomas Fitisimmons ot Pennsyl
vania. His word for it came about
with consideration of the first article
in the first schedule of duties as ten
tatively nronosed bv Representative
James Madison of Virginia. The ar
ticle was man. A Blank space was icu
to be filled by the house after con
sideration. A lively debate at once
occurred on the duty to be placed
on imported rum. Fitzsimmons led
the contenders for a high duty, and
when Mr, Lawrence of New York ob
jected that tofc high a duty would
yield no revenue, the Pennsylvania
member replied that if it were so high
as to be prohibitory, so much the bet
ter. Lawrence said the high duty
would be a temptation to smuggling.
"It is an article of great consump
tion," he saidPi "and though not a
necessary of life, yet it is in such
general use that it may be expected
to pay a considerable sum into your
treasury, when others may not so
certainly be relied upon,
certainly be relied upon.
"As the gentleman has said," pur
sued Fitzsimons, "it is not an article
of necessity, but ot luxury ot tne
most pernicious kind. It may De on
served that lessening the consume
tion is not the object the committee
has in view.
Mr. Madison said he would tax the
article as Jiigh as would yield a col
lectable revenue. "I am sure," said
he, "if we judge from what we have
heard and seen in several parts of the
union that this article should have
imposed upon it a duty weighty in
deed."
Speaking for the manufacturers of
New England rum, who used mo
lasses as an ingredient, on which a
proportionate tax was proposed, Rep
resentative Goodhue of Massachu
setts talked very like a present sen
ator from New Jersey Mr. James
Martine.
"If the manufacturers of country
rum. said Goodhue, are to be de
voted to certain ruin to mend the
morals of others, let them be admon
ished to prepare themselves for the
event; but in the way we are about
to take, destruction comes on a sud
den; they have not time to take ref
uge in any other employment what
soever. If their situation will not
operate to restrain the iron hand of
policy, ' consider how immediately
they are connected with the most es
sential interests of the uinon; and let
me ask you if it is wise, if it is recon
cilable to national prudence, to take
measures subversive of their very ex
istence? For I do contend that the
very existence of the eastern states
depends upon their navigation and
fisheries, which will receive a deadly
wound by an excessive impost upon
the article before us."
Goodhue had eloquently argued
the importance of maintaining the
New England fisheries, whose orod-
I ucts were exchanged for those of the
rum-proaucmg lsianas, notaoiy Ja
maica rum.
Intemperance Common in Republic.
Intemperance was no rare thing in
the early days rf the republic. The
revolutionary government managed
.somehow out of its slender resources
to supply the patriots at the front,
and even at Valley Forge, with alco
holic spirits. Wine was in common
use on the tables of the officially im
portant and of the socially, distin
tingnislied. William Maclay, sena
tor fro mPennsylvania in the First
congress, kept a journal of the pro
ceedings of the senate, which cov
ered part of the period when the sen
ate sat with closed doors and had no
published account of its debates, and
in this personal journal were sundry
notes of the social aspect of his leg
islative experience. He told of tak
ing dinner on two occasions with
President Washington in New York,
where the First congress met The
president had numerous guests at the
first, and before the company dis
persed, calling them by name, the
president proposed a toast to each
guest, which was drunk in turn. Of
the second dinner attended by Mr.
Maclay he writes: "I was the first
person with whom he drank a glass
of wine."
The most thorongh and intimate
biographers of the first president nar
rating the current of social life at
i
Mount Vernon tell of the amply filled
cellar and buffet, of a decanter for
vinous liquids devised, by General
Washington, of the palpable fact that
his home was the most visited pri
vate residence in the United States.
perhaps more than that of any mon
arch of the old world; that he set be
fore his guests a great variety of
wines and spirits, imported and do
mestic, much of the latter products
of his own estate under the direction
nf hi own rliaril1r Th ilnrv thai
he shinned A liearn flave tn lamaira I
to be bartered by a British skipper
for a hogshead of rum is well authen
ticated. It is also remarked that
while General Washington allowed a
reasonable portion of alcoholic bev
erage to each of his slaves and hired
men, he was rigidly intolerant of
drunkenness.
When Washington Most Wicked.
Reverting to the period of the ini
tial temperance movements among
congressmen in Washington, an ex
amination of contemporary publica
tions and other evidences available in
the archives of the library of congress
show that Washington of today is
almost a redeemed and disenthralled
new Jerusalem compared to what it
was along about the first half of the
last century. In those wild-oats days
of the capital city Washington must
indeed have been a bad, b-a-d town.
A few months before the first meet
ing of the Congressional Temperance
society, the Rev. J. H. Danforth
preached a sermon at the Fourth
Presbyterian church on Ninth street,
which was published in pamphlet
form, in which he stated that Wash
ington, with a population of 20,000,
was oonsuming 100,000 gallons of ar
dent spirits a year; that the city had
216 licensed drinking places, taverns
and wholesale and retail shop;, at
some of which any quantity could be
bought on every day of the week, in
cluding Sunday. Whiskey was then
sold at 30 cents a gallon. His figures
indicate a consumption of five gallons
of ardent spirits for every man,
woman and child, and a "fountain of
intemperance," or saloon for every
ninety-two of the population. It was
the day of duels, when horse races
and cockfights were highly favored
sports, when the slave auction block
was in vogue, when imprisonment for
debt obtained, when the newspapers
were ifilled with advertisements of .
run-away negro slaves and of lottery
ticket venders, when gambler flour
ished mightly. .
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U. S. Army and U. S. Marine Corps
Adopt the King Chassis for New Type Light
Armored Motor Car, after Gruelling Official
; Tests. ( ' , . -
On High Gear from Providence to Provi
dence, via Albany and New York City. ,
Over-the-Road Fuel Economy Test, Pitts
burgh to Milwaukee, Stock CarSanction And
Supervision A. A. A. y . y" ' .' ;
326 Hours Non-Motor-Stop Run, Con
tinuous Driving, Between Baltimore and Wash
ington. , ,... .:'. V- .,. '. .
Via Detroit from Providence to Provi
dence on High Gear. . V .
Los Angeles to Los Angeles, via San
Francisco, on High Gesr. -!
First High Gear Ascent up : Lookout
Mountain, California, by Woman Driver, msde
by Helen Gibson in King Eight.
Omaha to Kansas City, on High Gear
in 9 Hours. , .i
Write Us for Detailt On Any of These Tests
Noyes-Killy Motor Company
2066-68 Farnam Strut Omaha Distributors
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The
Personal
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FRED C. ROGERS
A GUARANTEE of ; square
dealing and adequate serv-r
ice is only as good as the man be-
hind the guarantee.
' We are indeed fortunate to
secure a- line of pleasure cars
and trucks with . such an enviable reputation as the WHITE.
And to the reputation of the White factory in Cleveland we
intend to hitch a' faultless record for fair dealing and ful
filled promises.- . ; ' .
Although we organized but ,a short time ago, we have
progressed to such an extent already that it is necessary for
us to take up larger quarters in a more central location. In
our new location we will be able to render better service and
there will be no handicap in fulfilling bur duty to motorists
and business institutions who buy White products.
We Also Carry a Complete Stock of Parts for White Models
WHITE PLEASURE CARS WHITE MOTOR TRUCKS
WHITE FIRE APPARATUS
The Nebraska White
FRED C. ROGERS, Manager
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2417 Farnam St.
Phone Tyler 1767
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