0
TTh e Bees Horn e Mag&z i ti e P a:
Mysteries of Nature and Science
What Becomes of the Energy Stored Up in a Coiled
Spring if the Spring' is Suddenly Untempered
or Destroyed by a Coroding Acid?
By GARRETT I. SEKV1SS.
"Trt. law of conservation of energy
slates that in any system of bodies en
ergy may he differently distributed -md
Appear and reappear in different kinds
of work, hut in
all lis changes
there la neither
loss nor gain in
quantity. Then
what becomes of
energy in this ex
periment T Wind up
a watch: the
spring then holda
potential energy.
Heat the spring
until the temper
la taken out; then
HetM It. It does
not aprlng back
aa It would hoy
done if released
before heating. Where did the potential
energy go which find been stored up in
the spring by winding? Or eat up the
"oiled spring with nltrio acid? What has
beoonta of lta potential enorgy now? In
mring heat tt will be noted that the sums
amount of heat is given off from the
wound as from the unwound spring.
KeadeT, Papillton, Neb."
Many a man of much, aclentlflc knowl
edge, and acumen has pusaied hia mind
ewer your question. Recent discoveries
Tiaww an shaken formerly accepted doc
trines that srren tha validity of the groat
'w of the conservation of energy has
(tin to be doubted. However, putting;
tddo theoretical considerations, this law
Appears to be so universally obeyed in
all the operation of nature that we can
experiment with (outside the phenomena
of life or vital action) that the presump
tion la In lta favor, and when we find
something which seems to contradict it,
we ought to be careful to exhaust every
plausible explanation before concluding
that the supposed law ia no law.
Now what doea this "law" assert? It
asserts that toe total energy contained
In tha universe 1a a constant quantity,
. and that, whatever particular forms tt
- may assume, lta sum remains iumuwij
the same. And what is energy? It la
that quality or condition by or through
which matter Acta upon other matter so
as to produce change of state or posi
tion. In Its many manifestations and
transformaUona It appears in such rorms
as chemical energy, electrical energy, me
chanical energy, all of which, under suit-
able conditions, are Interchangeable, one
for another.
Bvery Wnd of energy has two phases
which wa recognise first. "kinetic
energy," or energy In tho act of pro
ducing motion or doing work, and, sec
ond, potential energy," or energy which
is capable of doing work, but Is not
actually doing anything, being stored up
1n soma portion of matter and resting
Idle. Uka unexpended money in a lucky
man's pocket.
To get potential energy, klnetlo energy
must be expended. Kinetic energy stands
for work, and potential energy for
capital, the product of work, and poten-
The Best Models from Paris
Republished by Special Arrangement
with Harper's Bazar. : : : : :
tial enemy for capital, the product of
work. Hut earn produces) the other, or
makes the other's existence posslhle.
1 take two cases for potential energy
for illustration. Klrst. that of a stone)
which Is lifted a certain distance above
the around and suspended there by a
ord. In lifting the stone kinetic energy
wan expended against the force of
gravity, mul Uiis has now changed into'
potential energy, or "energy of position." I
Heing separated from the earth, which j
attracts It, there Is a pull upon the stone
tending to bring It back to the ground. 1
This pull Is balanced hy the tension of
the lord. If you cut the cord Instantly,
the potential energy begins to change !
bark again Into kinetic energy, and the j
stone drops, developing In the course of
its frail as much kinetic energy as was:
originally expended In lifting it.
Hut suppose that instead of cutting the
cord and releasing the stone you, by ;
some means, suddenly destroy the stone 1
What becomes of the store of potential
energy? Clearly, since you cannot de
stroy the substance of the stone, but 1
can only destroy it as a stone, trans-
forming it into dust, or smoke, or gas.
the apparently lost energy has simply ;
been divided up among tha billions of :
microscopic particles that now represent
the stone. The total of the kinetic energy
developed by their descent to the earth, !
no matter how long it may take, will be j
equal to the amount of potential energy
that the stone contained.' '
But let ua take another instance, where j
the disappearance of energy seems morel
mysterious. This Is your own case of a '
colled Hprlng. The kinetic energy ex- j
penned in winding up the watch is stored j
aa potential energy in the spring. Now!
untemper. or destroy, the spring: what)
bivonwa tit thu An,iw It. IhU fnac I'nti '
the ghost of a coiled spring exert force?
If it is a scientific ghost It may, and In
this way; Omalder that the opposite
surfaces of the flat coiled spring are In
oppesite states of strain, the concave sur
face being compressed and the convex!
surface elongated. It Is conceivable that
when the spring Is emmerned in the acid
the two-fold strain to which its mole- !
cules are subjected may give rise to elec- j
trio currents, which pas away into the ,
ether, and the sum of whose kinetic en-J
ergy is equal to the potential energy that
the spring held. This, to he sure, la a
hypothetical explanation, but It is baaed
upon known physical principles. If you
simply' untemper tho aprlng by the ap
plication of heat, all that you now destroy
ia that state of tho molecules which re
sulted from the strain, but here again It
Is conceivable that the destroyed strain"
may have been taken up by the ether In
some form of electric energy.
In a word, it must not be assumed that
tha only way the potential energy-Ia th
colled spring can be used In In driving
the wheels of the watch. If the spring,
or the state of strain in the siring la
dealroyed tha energy may reappear in tho
form of heat, or electricity, or some other
kind of working force not yet recognised
by our science. In Its new form it may
pass away into the ether without being
detected. Careful experiments In this
field would possess absorbing Interest.
Mysetry
of the
Universe
Read It Here See It at the Movies.
UmiMfUClMtt
EATCLE WILLIAMS
M VnsBT Barclay
ANITA STEWART
avert quarts)
WHttaa tar
Gouvcrneur "Motrin
(OM tha KmI xfotaM rig.
Ms) la Jis luin Xxaaratacw)
rjregmtlaad lb to Photo-Play by
fTTTaT.fni VOODSaKJ,
Author of
Tin, WmrOm of MmUs
(Copyright, WIS, by Star Company.)
Ccryrlght. 1915. by The Htar t'o. All For
eign Rights Reserved.
Ptnopsis of PRKVicrrs chapter.
After the traglo death of John Ames
bury, his prostrated wife, one of Amer
ica's greatest beauties, dies. At her
death Prof. Htllllter. an agent of the In
terests, kidnaps the beautiful i-year-old
baby girl and brings her up in a para
dise where she sees no man, but thinks
she ia taught by angels, who instruct her
for her mission to reform the world. At
the age of 18 she is suddenly thruat into
the world, whcr agents of the interests
are ready to find her. Hy an accident
the hero sees her first and hides with
her in the Adirondack.
fch'CONI) JXSTAIXMKXT.
Though Callot retains the long straight
lines In her evening frocks, she does uH
fullness to her skirts by a plaited underskirt
similar to this one of green plaited satin. The
overdress of black satin is embroidered in
green and the upper part of the corsage Is of
black satin.
One of the moat surprising models was a
combination of cape and coat of mustard
colored velours de laine lined with peacock
blue satin veiled by chiffon in the same tone.
Camllle Roger tucks two small red roses Into
the dark blue taffeta bow of her hat.
In fact, Callot even shows plaited skirls
of unmistakable fullness on several of her
most popular evening models. To be sure th-
material is a filmy tulle. In thts dinner frock
she has added a bodice of filet lace girdled In
(Jrerlan fashion by bands of pearl and gold
embroidery.
Little Bobbie's Pa
trees all made of gold and silver and
green enamel and Jewelry. There were
many curious domeatlo touches. Right
out in the middle of a golden street ha
saw the little Aineaburg girl, sitting In a
little wooden chair at a little wooden
table and giving a tea party to a fairy
no bigger than your thumb. Again he
saw her robed In white, playing most en
viabiy upon a golden harp, and then she
was playing in a gardon and had her lap
ail full of Jewels, and when she warn tired
of these she simply got up and they all
fell to the ground In a wonderful bright
shower, and she simply left them there,
and then he saw her In a sort of celestial
schoolroom. The blackboard had a won-
! derf ul carved and gilded frame. Just like
the Van I'yko portrait over the mantel
In Mr. Barclay's dining room. The little
Amesbury girl bad a silver desk and a
gold Inkstand and a pen made of Ivory,
and when she got tired of writing she
simply let go of the pen-handle and It
went on writing all by itself. There was
no word in Knr1lsh or In all the lan
guages spoken in heaven which that pen
couldn't spell. It never got hairs in It
and It never inked anybodys thumb and
forefinger. The school teacher" was in
tho most beautiful and charming angel
imaginable. Shu hail winga like a dove.
The piece of chalk she drew with did
not S(ieak, and she smiled so beautifully
that you simply couldn't help understand
ing what? he was driving at. She was
drawing a beautiful man. The upper
Part of it wus heaven. She made a cross
in heaven, nud said in a bright, sweet
voIca: "That Is where we are, t'elestia;
that is where t are having our les
sons' The middle part of the nu,p was
the earth; it was most New York City
ermany and Aua-
When dinner waa over. Tommy sat on
and ate nut, while Barclay drank eoffoo
and smoked a cigar. At 3 o'clock the lit
tle boy went to bed. It was naturil that
he should feel a little sad and lonely with
the unfainlltarlty of everything, and that
he should have one dream after another.
But they were all shout the little J WOods ICnKiand
Amesbury girl. tria looked like two eagles, back to buck;
lie had been told that she had gone tOpran,., wa)1 a ntl girl In a htrlped pet
heaven, and It was of tier in heaven that , timat , sitting on a very high stool and
he dreamed. He had never read 1 anto j u-atin
ur Milton, and the ideas that he had about
heaven were not very clatmrate. He had
picked them up here and there from
people with very little imagination.
Tb heaven that he dreamed about
wasn't a Aery hi place. There waa no
part of It ind-ed ttat could not have been
contained within the arch of a theater.
If he derived his ideas of 1l from any
thing that he. hud really seen, it was
from a comic opera, in which there had
been acrobatic men in green tight and
spangles, great ar-hes painted to look
as if they wore mado of gold encrusted
with jewel, lovely winged maidens In
diaphanous white clothe, who. sus
pended from h walxt by long dire,
flapped butterfly wings and appeared to
fly. The heaven of which he had droamejl
was like this, with nuiny other thing
mixed in. Thr wa a dog or two;
there was at least one red Indian with
wirik and many sliutls paved with fcold
By WILLIAM F. KIRK.
When Pa eaim home last nlto he had a
bird cage with him in the cage thare
was four Uttel chickens. Now doant
begin asking questuns, he sed to Ma & I
me, until I have these littel things In
Jext the right part of the room, ware
thay can get lite A heat en off.
Who tnald you thay was ranarioa? sed
Ma. You wud beloeve anything any man
tells you if tha man has anything to sell,
I have not sed that tnay are canaries,
sed Pa. Doant talk out o' yure turn. I
know perfeckiy well what these are.
Thay are littel chickens. Pa sed. Two
of them Is Pllmuth Rocks aV two of them
is Xllnorkys. Thay are vary kind & In
telligent breeds, sed Pa, I feel sure
that I can reer the four of these into use
ful henhood.
For gooduss saik. xed Ma. you can't
raise poultry In a flat, A in a bird cage
at that.
That remains to be seen, ted Pa. I am
firmly of the opinion' that I cam. Or-
tlngly It is worth the trial. 1 am going
to care for these helples littel things
myself, every day morning St nlte. Neether
you nor llttlo Bobble will be asked to
put yurtsolfs out in the least. I am
going to watch thare habits, sed Pa, A
try to learn w hat thare tastes are, so
that I can keep them happy A contented
tdl thay get to lie useful liens, laying
four eggs a day for us, two for me, one
for you & one for littel Bobble. I think
this experience of mine, ed Pa, la going
to go far toward solving tho high oost
of living
I think you are losing yure mavslve In-
tellflck, that Is what I think, sed Ma. I
newer held or such a foolish noshun. If
you try to keep them ehl kens In this
steam heated Hat, sed Ma, thay will not
live. You mite as well try raising them
In that goldfish globe, sed Ma.
You can talk all you want to. sjrd Pa,
i but after these two Pllrnutli Rocks A
I two minorkeys has grown up, every tlini
; one of them lays a egg he will hxik
I at you kind of reeproachful on account
of the harsh woids here tenlte. You
j leeye this undertaking to me.
! Who In the world told you that chick
ens cud be raised Indoors, in a bird
cage? sed Ma.
I toll you It is a Idue of my own, sed
Pa. As long a we cannot move out
Into the country to llvo for sum time to
cum, I am deetermlned to go In for
poultry raising on a small scale rite
here at home. Thare is no reeson In the
wurld why it can't be done. & after I
have proven the success of my theory,
sed Pa, I am going to give it to tha
wurld, ho that ever- poor fambly wlch
lives in a flat can have at leest two or
three hens to keep them supplied with
eggs. Then my nalm will be Immortal,
sed Pa, A, wilt ring down the corydorg
of time. Now I am going to bed, beokaus
I am tired tonlte. Gootlulte, deer ones
sed Pa
After Pa had gone to bed Ma red to
me Hubble, von you grow up, doant
Join any clubs it yon marry. Yure deer
father has been too long at the club
tonlte, I can see that plainly.
& this morning Ma made Pa taik the
fhtckingK rite hack wore he got them. Pa
sed he wud If he cud reemember ware
ho got them, & he promised Ma that he
wud be ho in erly tonlte
Hy KWiAlt M't'IKX I, ARKlX.
on one of the arches of the Sim Fian
i is.'ii i vositloii appears this Insi rlpthn
"The I'nlxerse. An Infinite Sphere, the
'"enter I'.mm y here, the ttrcumfei en' e
iw neit ."
A letti r I rum .-an I 'rancisco seekt r
ei" knowledge iisks nc f.'r an CTplana
luui ,if the Inscription.
N'otl inr is kicwn 'if the unlersr ao
the Hrtinn within rnnse of the linsert
lilepectr'S- n which reveals the chem
h al iitt'i'OiMtlon of every sun sending
hsiit of suffii lent ouantity to be ann
iyr.ed: wltli'ti tnnge ,.f tor- hi v west tele
cameia, hlch phot nvi aph sll suns
luiahl cr.n'tnh t. send IlKh' ar1e to tm
I t nit c. essivdy mlni.te in intr and dot
in the B"imtie plates nhocl t'!'.tXi"
! fsv ) hiitoKr iphed mil wttM-i rantr
of high innthi :nati' s. wilch s'r.'rs the
eviol.n I Im ls lilc trailer on ijrh 'to
make several bllltnns ct suns like those
How ,'iii toRrap'.ed.
I asial Is tlir i,i it niii I r of the sen'.em e
ln rile I ov er the pirtsl at the fa.r. He
cntne near discov enim the i l iilus hefors
Newton and l.lehnitx. Hs.'1 he d'Vie so,
Hiul ke t on exploring its mighty power',
l e wotd I Iih" marie tlin flail of t'iflnilv,
th nihil of Infinity, 1m kln like a
Inline S turned over on Its side
The Ins Mption "f twelve vutils ' i
sixty-nine letters need not be written;
nil can he condensed Into on" ibiracte,
or symbol. It means unthlnkah'e and
that I here Is no use In thus wasting time.
Tills" sign has saved time enough, no
doubt, to make a century. None known
whether space la Infinite, because we ran
not think of the Infinite; nor whether
SM e Is a sphere; or whether the con
geries of billions of suns occupy a spher
ical part of space. Ho much for Infinity.
None Is able to think of a bill! n suns
nor hundred million both Infinite not
even a mimtfr. Sn one ran ever com
mence to think of the fsr greater quan
tity of dark and invisible matter now
known tc exist, and to be the cause of
unthinkable speeiis of "runaway" suns.
Hying under the attraction of this giant
mass at veKicittes of 1 to 20 miles pr
seeond. And It Is flnlt-5.
Q. "A vessel connected to sn air pumi
has sn nienlng three Indies In diameter.
If I iilaie my hand over it and with a
perfect va -uum ihow much" force In
pounds T-ould be required to pull hand
away"" A. B. Trynn, Needles. Oal.
A Area of circle throe Indies In dlam- .
eter la 7.iW square Inches. Preure of
normal air at sea level, when mercury
column in barometer stands at thirty
Inches, is U.'Vtii pounds per square inch
Therefore, pressure on 7.06SS square Inches
Is the product of these two numbers. oi
1M.1M pounds. But a perfect vacuum l
Impossible, and normal air at thirty exact
Inches Is next to Impossible In ordinary
practice. -o call It about 1W) pounds.
g."tlcw do idiyiians weigh air?"
!anie.
A. The simplest method is to weigh
container when full of air normal and
again when empty. Technical method
cannot be here explained without draw,
ings or cuts.
"What Is the weight of air?"-Some.
A.-Air In a normal state weighs .310117
grains per ( Utile Inch, or CS5.68 grains Pf
cubic foot
(IM'hiiiik a arum; me whom was sur
rounded with a great broad blue sash of
ocean. In which all sort of ships seemed
to move, o cleverly had the angel school
teacher drawn them, or such was tbe
magic of her chalk on the blackboard.
To represent what wa underneath the
earth she used a ruby -colored chalk, and
sometimes when she made a particularly
broud line a little smoke appeared to
riae from it.
This dream went away, and Tommy
saw the little Ameahury girl once more
in the gulden playing with the Jewels.
Suddenly she rose and threw all the Jew
els impatiently aside, and then she ran
into the house and looked under her pil
low and, low and I-hold! there she found
the very doll that Tommy had given her,
and then she hx-ked so happy and con
tinted that Tommy even in tils sleep,
knew that when he waked he wouldn't
be aa t-ad about her aa he had Wen.
In-Shoots.
tTu Ue i'oninued Tomorrow. J
Women should lemember that tho
srsnt garment always encourages tho
Immoral man.
When we rsn love the men who read
gas and electric metets we are real
t'hristiana
At a crithal period, t.f i uuran, ii l
better to have your head than your feet
j cool.
It is easier to convince a man in an
argument than It la to make him ad
mit It.
None Is so blind aa the fellow who can
! see nothing attractive In the peek a-boo
' ahli t walt.
fv)mo invalids seek every tvni sa a
I work.
Freedom from Food Follies
should come with Summer vegetables and fruit combined with a
whole wheat cereal. Cut out the heavy, high-proteid foods of
Winter and give Nature a chance. The ideal Summer diet is
Ihuredded WIhea.it
with fresh fruits and green vegetables a food that clears the cob-webs from
the brain-box and gives muscular vim and energy that enable a man or woman
to do things. All the body-building material in the whole wheat made diges
tible by steam-cooking,
shredding and baking.
Being ready-cooked and
ready-to-serve, Shredded
Wheat is a boon to the
tired housekeeper in Sum
mer. Get the "health
habit" by eating it for
breakfast with milk or
cream. Then try it for
supper with sliced bana
nas, berries or fresh fruits.
The Shredded Wheat Company
NUgara Fall., N. Y.