The Omaha Sunday Bee Magazine Page
The Exprea
sionless, Calm
Eye Because
AH the Muscles
Are at Rest.
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Don't Have Anything to Do with It
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Sympathy
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Laughter
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Why the Eyes Really
and Every Emotion Is
Interpreted by Muscles
"L1
ESBIA hath a beaming ey,"
eang tne poet. It la quite
likely that she had. But If she
did it was because her blood pressure
was et the time abnormally Increased,
her circulation too rapid and what she
needed was not verses but a sedative.
There has been a great deal written
about expression in eyes. Pretty nearly
every adjective in the language fits eyes,
and the constant search of the modern
poet is for one that hasn't yet been used
as a spectacle lens. Thus we have the
sparkling eye. the liery eye, the gentle
eye, flashing, cruel, cold, warm and
dancing eye even the glad eye.
Science, practical end unpoetlcal, now
explains that there isn't any expression
in the eye at all worth speaking of.
Colors, sizes, degrees of clearness, yes
but expression, no. It Is all a matter of
muscles. A pig's eye could beam as
nicely as Lesbia's, given the same tempo
rary heart action, and could be as melan
choly as Manfred's with the same set of
muscles, aided by the musculatlve of
the face.
Richelieu had an "emotionless, cold
stare," which awakened fear In those
who offended him. Nicholas I. of Russia,
although possessing the beautiful Roman
off eyes, could "look with such a curi
ously dead cold stare on suspected per
sons that, it guilty, they Invariably con
fessed." Runjeet Singh, "the lion of
Lahore," insignificant physically, . his
face seamed by smallpox and having
only one rye, could use that "one with
terrible effectiveness in dominating
men." Caesar Borgia had eyes which
"gleamed like fire," and to those of
Kitchener have been asoribed various
extraordinary powers.
All this seems to place eyes as the
prime indicators, voluntary or involun
tary, of emotions. Yet the same char
acteristics are almost as forcibly ex
pressed in statuary, whether the model
ling represents a face purely imaginary
or one of a real personage. Caligula,
Venus, Socrates, Byron, Napoleon, Sid
dons, Lincoln, Davy, Voltaire, Gladstone,
Gainsborough all "look" from orbits per
fectly void or on which there is simply
a circle and a dot, yet all of expression
is there. Yet wrath, learning, placidity,
cruelty are all amply portrayed by
muscles, particularly those of the fore
head and mouth, without any aid from
the eyes.
Sir Lauder Brunton, the great Lon
don doctor, declares expression to de
pend chiefly upon the setting of the
eyes and not upon the eyeball itself. He
tells that he illustrated this by pictures.
In one he had a Madonna, in another a
figure of Anger, from Lavater's "Physiog
nomy." lie bad, besides, a pupil and
Why City
THE time is not far distant when the
people of this progressive and
prosperous country will see the
necessity of increasing the bee Industry.
Bee keeping is a paying industry in it
self and when we stop to consider the
real worth of the bee we must not for
get its value to the grain, vegetable and
fruit grower.
Much of the Inferiority of our fruits and
vegetables is due to the tact that the pol
len is not properly distributed, and un-
less we increase the number of bees, the
increase of the fruit and vegetable pro-
ducts will result in a rapid decline in
qualities which hsve made them so profit
able and useful to mankind.
Fruits grown' in communities where
bees are plentiful have more of the de
sirable qualities in flavor and size than
those produced In sections where bees
are scarce.
When properly understood the bee Is
easily managed, and In almost unfavorable
conditions the bees will increase in u um
bers very rapidly, and ney never fail
to work industriously, gathering honey
at All
Iris, and used these, a pair of ordinary
eyes, for each picture, and It did not
materially alter the expression. He
also made thd "fatigued" eye simply by
lowering the eyelid over an "alert" one.
Now take eyes by themselves, as in
the game of guessing identity by only
seeing them through a hole in a curtain.
This guessing proves more difficult than
one would imagine, partly because the
same expression a stolid stare is put
on by all to hinder detection, and no
telltale muscularity is seen. Every one
knows the unpleasing effect of a "forced"
smile, when the eyes muscles which
are more or less under control look
friendly, and the other facial muscls do
not correspond, or when a person tries
to look cheerful though suffering pain or
sorrow. Sometimes an attempt to bide
Joy is made by lengthening the face, but
happiness darts from the eyes that is,
the eye muscles and denies the at
tempt. An old writer, John Bulwtr, in hja
"Pathomyotomia" (1649), says:
"But true laughter bath both the ef
fects of the Intellectual part as the prin
ciple tipon which the dilatation of the
heart and contraction of the countenance
ensue, it being 'not only an affection of
the body, but lolivn confunrti of the
whole man." As a New Zealand native
once said: "We laugh all over; 'we
breathe all over, from toes to eyes," and
he hit a truth, for every muscle has its
share in unfeigned emotion.
In the eye there are two sets of
muscles: four straight, attached at car
dinal points and, by combined action,
moving the eyeball In every direction
subject to will; then two involuntary,
which, when the first four cease their
action, causing insensibility to creep
over the retina, revolve the pupil up
ward, showing only the white, well in
stanced in the drunkard, who by rais
ing the eyebrow and eyelid strives to fix
the eye, but, having lost control of the
voluntary muscles governing the eye,
the pupil rolls upward, as in sleep or a
fainting fit.
There are, besides, twenty-four under
lying muscles to the eye and eyebrow,
twelve to the jaw and ten to other parts
of the face, and a perfectly controlled
face is artistic, for every one of them
works In unison.
Dr. Theodore B. Hyslop, long time
head of Bethlem Hospital for the Insane,
and who necessarily had to study eyes,
tells me that it has always seemed to
him that "apart from the significance of
changes in the size of the pupils, the
emotional expression is entirely due to
the lids and post-orbital conditions."
A condition of fatigue or pain serves
as part illustration of this. The eyes
People Ought to
from sources we can scarcely Imagine.
To obtain a stock of these busy workers
is not expensive.
The culture of bees may be conducteJ
in or near townB or cities to a limited ex
tent, it even being proved that bees kept
in or near cities find a more abundant
paBturage than in country locations usually
considered more suitable.
The bee shows a decided preference fir
certain kinds of food, no matter where
the hives are located. Bees are kept
with success in the heart of several
cities, and the range of the bees for fond
is extensive.
To attract the bee there should be a
prevalence of the following trees or
plants. The fllhm bush, which is used
for a windbreak, furnishes pollen in Feb
ruary and March. The bloBsora of rape,
furnishes pollen and honey, it can be
grown almost nnywhere for pasturage,
seed or green manure.
The familiar varieties, such as peach,
apncoi, pium, pear, cnerry, apple, cur-
rant, and gooseberry are rich In pollen and
honey during the months of April and
May. Ji colony or bees that hsve win- hive.
Copyright. 1915. by th Stat Company. Great Britain nights Reserved.
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The Face's Expression
Machinery,
Diagram of the human face, show
ing the numerous underlying muscles
which give us expression.
A-A Frontalis muscles. These are
the chief of facial expression. Used
principally to lift the eyebrows In sur
prise, laughter, ete.
B-B The Orbicularis Palpebrarum.
The muscles surrounding the eyes snd
eyelids used to open and close the eyes
and when completely relaxed gives to
the person an expression of drowsiness.
C Pyramldalla Nasal. This Is a long,
thin muscle, connecting with A-A; yet
we could not look mad without it, as It
Is used to depress the eyebrows. Its use
also gives one the determined look about
the eyes, as In the concentration of
thought.
D This Is the Compressor Narls. A
brosd muscle across the bridge of the
nose, used when we dilate the nostrils.
E-E Levator Labll 8uperlorls Alaeque
Nasi. When we smile, sneer laugh or
pout, this is the muscle used, ably as
sisted by the underlying muscles F-F.
Q-Q and H-H Zygomaticus Major
and Minor. The over use of these mus-
loee their lustre owing to the lessened
blood supply, but the eyelids also droop
so ss to diminish the palpebrat opening,
and the facial muscles are all relaxed.
The "soft, compassionate eye" is pro
duced by a secretion of tears moistening
the eyeball.
An entirely different effect Is pro
duced by anger, where the eye does not
glisten but really does "glitter." In fact,
such an eye, ascribed to the murderer
or maniac by novelists, is a reality, ana
has relation to the tension of the blood,
whereas the lack-lustre eye is associated
with a feeble circulation. These two
conditions can be very readily imitated
In a child's air balloon. The tighter it is
blown out the more H reflects the light.
The bright eye of he consumptive, often
abnormally beautiful, is due to the high
temperature tending to make the circu
lation more than usually rapid.
Keep Bees
tered well will gather during the apple
bloom season ss much as fifteen pounds of
surplus honey of fine quality.
The most favored food for ths bee are
the various kinds of clover. The crimson
clover yields a fine light colored honey.
The best season is April and May. The
other varieties blooming in May, June
and July.' This is at the same time al
yellow in color.
The bloom of asparagus is greatly sought
after by the bee in the months of Juue
and July, this is at the same time al-
falfa is blooming, which is a good honey
producer. The bloom of oarBnlDS if al
lowed to seed Is a favorite with the bee.
Even the bloom of common herb Is
utilized, for instance, peppermint.
The bee is an extensive and persistent
forager, going from two and a half to
three miles in search of food. The range
covers an area of 12.000 to 18,000 acres.
Should but one square foot In 100 pro
duce a honey-bearing plant, they would
have remaining 120 to 180 acres of pas-
turage; however, there may be thirty or
fortr acres in bloom -Iok tn thir
rrar
L D L
The 'Uuihing"
EyeOnly Merry In
Expression Because
Two Muscles Pull Up
the Forehead.
cles often .esds to a large
mouth, ss It Is used to draw
out the corners of the
mouth.
l-l The Mssseter Muscles.
These are muscles of masti
cation, but srs also used
when wo set our teeth with determina
tion or anger.
J.J The Buoclnstor Musoles. Used to
compress the cheeks.
K The Ornlcularls Oris. Ths muscle
surrounding the mouth, contrsctlon of
which gives us the pouting expression
often referred to as the kissing muscle;
also useful when w wish to keep a
closed mouth.
L-L The Depressor Labll Inferlorls.
These muscles control the lower lip and
are brought Into play by persons who
have the "grouchy" expression on their
mouth.
MThe Levator Labll Inferlorls. This
muscle also connects with ths lower and
assists Its neighbors, L-L.
N-N The Depressor Angull Oris. When
we draw down the corners of the mouth
as In sneering, these two muscles are
used; they also give to the faoe that
most deplorable expression known as the
"hang-dog" expression.
A favorite expression is: "He nar
rowed his eyes," or "His eyes expanded."
Is this change voluntary or involuntary?
Dilation of pupil la associated with
several emotions. In sudden astonish
ment or alarm ths whole system Is para
lyzed and the pupils fixed and dilated;
on the other hand, when the whole body
la roused into action the pupils become
connected, although sometimes, owing
to the mouth and contracted forehead,
the eyes appear wrathful without any
contraction of pupil. Harvey, discov
erer of blood circulation, writing In 1628,
says: "In anger the eyes are fiery and
the pupils contracted."
When the mind is under the Influence
of fear the energies are diverted from
the ryet and the pupils dilate on ac
count of the reduced sensitiveness of
the retina. In anger, sight being pow
erfully called into action, ths sensitive
ness of the retina is increased and the
yupll automatically contracts, so, it may
be usually expected that, during those
emotions la which the eyes are called
into action the pupils will be small, and
when nervous energy is directed away
from the eyes to other centres the pupils
will be large. The voluntary muscles
are paralyznd and tbe eyes stars fixedly
In fright or astonishment, but In admira
tion or meditation the muscles are volun
tarily fixed and the expression Is pleas
ing. In indignation the eyes roll snd
tbe eyelids move rapidly.
But In contempt the eyebrows and
eyelids raised alone sufficiently convey
the expression, and in modesty or shams
the eyelid Is lowered over the eye, ex
pression being conveyed by the muscles
of forehead and mouth. In laughter,
also, the eyes are often closed.
Science does not depreciate the power
of the eye. People have been rendered
sad or bad or mad, exquisitely happy or
strongly fortified by a single glance,
though no doubt an instinctive divina
tion or knowledge of the man or girl be
hind the eyes aids the effect on ths
imagination.
nut my main contention is that the
eyes are only complementary to the
facial musculature and far from being
prime factor in expression, have little
or nothing to do with it at all.
The Eye o
Pain th.
Same Eyei
but Brows am
Lid Muscle
Change the Expression.
Fear
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Defiance
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Determination
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Surprise
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