The Omaha Sunday Bee1 Magazine Page . i r " - . ' . . t . . , l :MI. TWIT: IT A Mfar7 y --m H ..V k 1' i 1 . . 1 " 1 : '. 1 ,,-"''.'.,' . ' ' " " '' ' ' .i ... 1 1. i ,1 i . - Why New York WEATHEM - ' - ' ", ; , s ' - . , . .... . , , r ?o Peculiar ConditiQiis Which Affect Manhaltan Island, but NOT the Mainland, Only a Few Miles Aww River, where th two tmosphere hmrmonls, approx- .'''' ''' ' ' :. ' ' ' ' ' . .." FORECASTS Are' o Often WSONG By W. H. Bailout ScVD.V-"V '" HEN th tlty la overcast .and it Is raining' or snowing hard 70a Can't be blamed for feeling , trifle Indignant to see, sUrlng you In the , face from the front page of your nesDer an official Government prediction of fair weather. ' Such differences between New York's weather and the Government's forecast of what H Is going to be are, ; however, bound to be frequent so long as the Weather Bureau pursues Its present methods. TW trouble is that New York Is surrounded by -such peculiar atmos pheric conditions that Its weather is often entirely dif ferent from that which prevails on the mainland only , few miles away. The Government forecasters fsll to, take these peculiar conditions into account and. there-, fore their predictions for New York come true much 1 less frequently than those for other section! of the , country. : ' ' There are two walls of opposing atmosphere on New York's ocean front, the land wall and the salt-water -wall. Manhattan Island lies wholly within the. ocean. , ; wall, which is changed twice dally by strong tides., The : result usually U that when a howling storm comes out ' of the West It meets the opposing wall of salt atmos-. Sphere, sheers off to the northward and seeks an opening' 'to cross the ocean to the mouth of the St. Lawrence imately at all seasons. The land wall of atmosphere is partly a creature of the temperature of the land, and the ocetfn wall of the ' ' temperature of the water. It stands to reason yet 1n Autumn the salt water Is from one to several months .in getting as cold as the land. In the Spring, the salt water is one or several months 'getting as warm as the land. At the latitude of the raoutn bf the St Lawrence and of Jacksonville, Fla., the temperatures ot the land and salt water are always nearly equalised. The result is that storms pastin from the West along the Oulf coast, pass right along out to sea, as do also storms from toe West passing along the Canadian border. .New York has Winter, Spring, rail and Summer only when the two walls of atmosphere equalize. . Win ter sets in on the mainland from one to two months, earlier than on Manhattan Island. The same may be said of each of the other seasons. New York gets whatever weather prevails on the ocean front When the early snowstorm attempts to cross the North River, which Is merely an arm of tfte sea, whatever precipita tion 1 there is on the island is la-the form of rain. Toe Weather Bureau, rhlch has predicted snow for New York, explain its absence later with the old formula that the sterna was deflected to the Gulf of St Law rence. The tact is; as the bureau has yet to learn, the snowstorm had to novo to sea, where the salt -water was cold enough to assist Its passage. .- - The Weather Bureau hasmo stations on the ocean, as It has everywhere on land. It has never, taken Into account the differencesof pressure at New York. In consequence, the only times it has ever been able to . 1 predict New York weather with anything like accuracy is. when the two walls of atmoephero 'become equalised in temperature. j . It has never established an observer at New York permanently. It brines observers from the inland who know nothing of oceanic conditions and who do not remain long enough to learn and profit by them. It 'will never be able to predict New York weather until It adopts a new; and radical departure of stationing ' there ' ip ea of distinguished attainments In science, . - , .; "v. ... . , ..... - M fall I III :-'-.- L.. . . . ... Vt'iUllAJ' K-- - ...'.tfWX'.'.'.W.l. H 4 4 C v, Diagram Showing the land and Salt Water Walla ef. Opposing Atmosphere Whleh Have Such a Profound Influence on New york'a Weather, who shall remain permanently and The differences of temperature oa such Oceanians be allowed to do Independent pre- mr ran from JO to 30 degrees. One can in a twelve- mu tour around rimw iora fa irom. quna com cnuai- dieting solely for this Island. Neither win predictions In Fbi'a delphls, an inland town, do for At lantic City, a coast town. There Is V. stretch of coast line along our front where the Oulf Stream bends in close to shore, from Absecon Light to Fire Island Light that the Weather Bureau can never master under its present system, . E?Tyj within Greater New York itself are found weather vagaries of whioh the Weather Bureau has no knowledge and does not take into account Take a December north- -wester, blowing at Seventy-ninth street. Most often, if yon make a itour, you wNI find the wind west at St George, Staten Island! southwest at .Tottenvllle, south at - Midland Beach and very likely southeast at Sandy -Hook. While the December northwester la blowing at North' River points. the coast at Coney Island may have southerly winds. . Some TREES ARE BRAVE and Others Are COWARDS NOT all men ate" brave apd eager to fight' for , existence. ,In times past many human tribes have retreated to deserts or to other Inhospitable regions rather than fight to hold better lands. And tha same 'rule,' It .nas Just, been discovered, tiolds with forest trees. . Some trees are so averse to competition'-that they withdraw to tracts where no 00m petition can follow. . ' .' The stately white pine is one ot these vegetable cowards.' This tree was found in the original forests ot " (America occupying sandy- tracts. ' rocky hills and uninviting situations. In Its long struggle with competitors ' it ' toet the rich valleys and XertlU hills:, and. retreated to ..situations where pursuit and competition-would ?:e less vigorous. t r - 1 : . -1 6ome people suppose that the white ' pine occupies sand, swamp and rocks because it likes those conditions best. 1 The -correctness of that opinion Is doubtful, according to a writer dn the Hardwood Record. Probably no tree , "likes" poor soli, though some are -seldom found elsewhere., - Cypress is a vigorous tree, of 1 gigantic bulk and long life, but It fled to the Southern swamps while the white pine was taking refuge on . aandy tracts and rocky ridges in the North; and it fled from the same enemy other trees which demapdHl the best lands. . . t . . . , . ...The- mangrove-tree is one of the betit-known instance of trees which literally "go off the earth." It grows in the" water along the shores of southern Florida, and has dene it for a -period so long that its seeds have lost any land habits they ever had, and are now adapted to water planting only. . . - ' The Southern pines resist comietl tlon feebly. The long-leaf pine, which otlcks to the sandy land more closely tban some of the others, is a poor fighter for space. It Is the opinion of some good botanists that if left to its own resources, with no human help, it could not bold its present ground many hundred years. Grass would choke the seedlings, and broad-leaf trees would finally take poBsesalon. pine ot the Eastorn States, which has various names in different regions from Massachusetts to Tennessee. It can hold on fertile ground, but Is crowded out by . other trees and re treats to poor tracts, whither its pur suers will not follow. It will grow' where even white pine cannot nold out taking possession ot sterile ridges, where the soil la dry and thin. - Forest fires do not often hurt it and It is believed that before the white' It is safe, in its poverty. mana coming it was the Indians yearly Ore that -enabled the-long-leaf pine to hold its . ground. , The fires' burned the grass and. the broad-leaf seedlings, but the pines managed to survive the scorcUIngs sufficiently to perpetuate themselves, though- the s stands, were usually quite thin. '. ; Another, cgwardtjr .tree, is tha pitch- . A suit more noted Instance of a cowardly tree Is ihe scrub-pine, also called Jersey; pine, a small, puny tree, of poor) form and . pitiful ap ffearanee, a very Lazarus of ' tha forest willing to subsist, on 'the -cnmW that - fall from others and farther South and.West It creeps into open epacesaad Is the companion ot sassafras and buckle berry bushes, Old.' worn-out, sallied fields appeal to this pine, becaate lit tle else will grow there, and It is not -obliged to fight for room. As a rule, the' broad-leaf trees are better fighters for ground than the soft woods. Tha trees which bear broad leaves that is, the hardwoods have been the "principal means ot driving the pines, eedjars and cy presses to sand, rocks and swamps. The hardwoods are handicapped, however, by their inability to prosper on (oor soli. They can crowd their competitors off the fertile land, but cannot follow with much rigor upon tlons into quite warm ones. Even in midwinter, thera is often 10 degrees of difference between tha west and east ends of Seventy-ninUi street But for that mat ter the Weather Bureau never takes New York tem perature at alL It takes the temperature 400 feet above the city, where no one lives. New- Yorkers live on or near tha surface of tha 11-. and, not far above It The temperature of the city Is the temperature of Us aurfaoe, and there la not the slightest scintilla, ot acleotrflq basts for recording as Ita temperature the temperature of the air far above It ' At all seasons of the year the temperature is much lower at tha street level' of the Wool worth Building. St Patrick's Cathedral and other lofty spired structures than eleswhere oa tha island, because the spires draw down to earth the lower temperature ot tha air far auova the street '.' , A common inaccuracy ot the weather forecasts ts the one which states that "the storm which formed Wednes day on tha west Gulf coast will move northeasterly, reaching New York some time Friday." No atom ever formed on the west Gulf coast nor elsewhere within the United States or Mexico. AU American storms aro Drat noted in Siberia, Japan, thav Philippines, China or elsewhere, although they may not have formed there, x Tha point of origin of a storm hsa nevnr been de termined, although astronomers can predict with ac curacy tha caasa and sear date ot each storm, flood, tee Jam, earthquake, eH, by the movements of sidereal bodies and their posltloa wita relation to each other. All wa knorw to that probably every atom mores en tirely around tha world, and that tha weather of New York to-day will be repeated tn Europe from ten days ,' to two weska later. , England is struck by ersry storm that passes ont of the Gulf of St Lawrence, besides the whack e it gets from ita own North Bea. - Theee world-circling storms move in certara parallels ot lstitude, deflected to the northeast or southeast by large bodies of water and by differences of temperature, tha sun and its movements being the primal causa ot an ot them. Thus we have north temperate sons storms, equatorial storms end aouta temperate Bona storms moving entirely around the world to- ebnnet parallel lines, deflected, hero and there by differences of temperature. - -. v. .... .Astronomers know all these tbtnga and can baaa long distance predictions on there. But aten astronomer would not undertake to maka specific prediction a-for New York on any such basts as tha Weather Bureau uses. Hera are purely local influences oa which they, can base only greater or lesser tides. , . .T When the seasons have settled la New. York t that is, when the ocean and Inland temperatures- heve harmonlsed-i-any one can tell what New York weather will be to-day by ascertaining what. It was tn Chicago from twenty-four to thirty hours previously. , . , It Is only fat the deflecting storm and fair perloda that the weather of the two cities varies. In the deflecting periods, whan New York is in a distinct ocean wall of atmosphere, the storm strikes Chicago and then goes out to sea further, north ot us, where the ocean invites rather than repels. ,. . r Deflected storms are worthy ef far mora study than they have ever received. .Thousands of nnpredicted rain storms which lava deluged New York within the mem ory ot man first crossed the Gulf of Mexico, turned around to tha north, and then followed the Gulf Stream with tremendous rapidity, bending in with It finally from 400 miles out at sea, to strike tha'Absecon-Ftre Island aeast line. At the aama time tea miles Inland the sua was shining. ' T ' afssastV TT Tf M E CAREFUL flow : You DRINK : MILS' 'ILK. la sometimes referred -to as the "ideal food." but the newest discoveries of science show that any suob description seri ously exceeds tha truth,. , Even lor nary sense ef that word. It la both 1 a food and beverage la Itself and - should not be nsed merely as an aid to tha digestion ot eolid food or to' - euennh thirst ' ! Other reaauts why too much milk ants, that It Is too poor in Iron and that It Is too insipid. , i Milk forms an invaluable eompo--nent part of a general diet but mora should sot be expected of it : Its special - functions are . tha ,- enrich- tables. It grewe - In ' New Jersey, Maryland.. Virginia,: West , Virginia , ateril a soil. Tne oaas may oe ciassea as the SSIALL POTATOES Will IMake'CeiMNEYS DRAW "THOUSANDS ot chimneys, both large and small, frequently smoke and I prove a great annoyance. Quite a number of remedies have been advocated, but few of thesa krejiuccessful. : The greatest hindrance to a chimney drawing salt should Is the ac cumulations of soot which cling to tha Interior of chimneys aad flues, and clog up stovepipes. V ' . - ' , Many fires have been caused by, the burning out of the soot which accumulates, and. 'disagreeable odors and an unhealthy atmosphere are frequently produced tn houses where soot Is burning in chimneys. All this danger aud unpleasantness may be avoided by the use of small potatoes, which are as a rule almost -worthless for any other purpose. ' -If burned a few at a time' every day, or, two, these will prevent soot col lecting in the flues. . . , ' ' Even the potato peelings, which are usually cast Into the garbsge can be burned In a stove or, furnace, and will help keep the pipes and flues free from the usual accumulations of aoot Try this plan it you want to enjoy better tealth and protect your property from sra, , . strongest of all trees that Is, They .can hold their own ia more kinds of soil than most others, But there le great difference In ithls respect among the fifty-odd kinds of oaks in this country. 1, The willow-oak and the water-oak, for example, can fol low the cypress to the very edge of the swamp in which it takes refuge from their purauit but they cannot , follow the white pine, pitch-pine and Table Mountain pine very high i the hills. The chestnut-oak, on ,l,o other hand, can grow on ridges uK-Jt as barren as those where the pitch, pine makes its last stand. , It Is believed, that the first trees on ' earth were the softwoods or needle-leaf species. - They had full possession once. ( When the broad leaf trees appeared, in the course ot agree, tbey had to fight for every Sere they got. Up to the present time they have succeeded in taking most of the fertile land, but the softwoods are yet able to hold the poor placea, Infants milk Is seldom, a safe food is undesirable tor adults over a long 1 ment ot a diet otherwise soor in fat unless modified, and for adnlta It Pod are that it is too rich ia fat and protein, and the .rearing of ba ahould always ha used with, mora ot s,r,portlon t0 ner cBtttu. Dlea. In these It remain unassalled. I less caution. I yt ' ' S An Intermedials position, between- drink aad a eolid food la what milk occupies. It la too nutritious for a beverage and too dilute to replace solid nourishment altogether.' ; Many persons, falling to under stand tha true nature of milk, try to drlnki.lt in great draughts as It it. were water, and are surprised to find that It disagrees with them so much that they often have to give U ua at-, together. Nature intended that milk should .be sipped, and when taken in this way it will seldom cause Indigestion. But when consumed like water it is very liable to take the form ot large, troublesome clots as soon as it reaches the stomach on account ot the stomach's normal acidity. ' However you drink it you can make milk easier to digest by dilut ing It with a little- carbonated or plain water. , , Being already charged with sol id matters to the extent of one In seven or one in eight, milk should never be ' made to serve as a drink In ihe ordl BLOWING UP Your SKIN Like a FOOTBALL with OXYGEN P I f HE administration of oxygen I ut only means of keeping a is often 'person alive when la the critical stages ot pneumonia and other diseases and when sud den collapse occurs during a surgical opera tion, .But the difficulty has always been that frequently when oxygen Is most needed the patient' breathing is so weak that it la Im possible to give It through the mouth or nose. Now this difficulty is overcome by the dis-' covery that oxygen can be given successfully by Injecting It under tbe skin. It Is pumped into the patient's body ust as jrou would pump air Into an automobile tire, and it puffs the skin out at the point where it enters in a lump half the size of a football. . . A cylinder containing compressed oxygen Is connected by rubber tubing with a hollow aterlllaed needle such as Is used for Injecting , antitoxin. Tbe skin la painted with iodine at any desired spot, usually, the upper part of ti ' . scop,' loud, crackles may bo. beat for a cheat but any part where the akin i lax win couple of days. ' ' ' In a Montreal hospital thirty-three patient suffering from different diseases ware re cently treated In this way. 00 equally weji. . ?.,.:" I ' The needle Is placed under alcohol or sterile water, so that the rate of flow on reg-' ulstlng the valve of the cylinder may be ob served. ., A rate Just short of a continuous stream of bubbles answers best although the rate does not appear to be of -much Impor tance. . , ,v. vr- -I The heedle is then pushed through-the ekln, and according to ltj depth the oxygen will be -seen infiltrating In all .directions, gradually -causing a lump to rise. The usual procedure Is to raise a lamp about half the sise of a football In halt to one minute.-. If tbe needle . be withdrawn , and the opening stopped with " a. piece of adhesive plaster absorption usually . occurs quickly and tbe mass disappeara ' few minute, although for several hours fingers ru detect crepitation. ,Wlth a steth-. A striking result was obtained in the case ot a man ho appeared to be dying three hours after serious operation. His lung wer ia very bad shape with the respiration 60 and shallow. He was given tour large in jections of oxygen during three hours. Al though no change was noticed for a consid erable time in the respiratory rate, he became mere comfortable from the moment the ga was Injected, and he recovered. Eleven esses of pneumonia were treated, but the results wer disappointing. Th res piratory rata never tell mor than 0 per mln- , ut and often remained unchanged, and except for a alight Increase In tbe patient' comfort the treatment did no good. This 1 believed to be due to the fact that ta pneumonia the oxygen-combining power' of the - blood is greatly lessened. - Dr. John McCrae, a Montreal physician, believe that th Injection of oxygen will be ' the means ot saving many live on th oper ating table, because It can be done by a nurse while tha surgeon are busy with other restor ativ measures. SCIENCE; NOW MOWS-r .Wounds Tlay Make You See Gresn. ' V ; IT kaa long been suspected that a sever shock to th brain "might alter th discriminatory apparatus so that Impulses caused by certain color ray would have a preponderating Influence and a person would be able to distinguish only that on color.; This has Just been proved by th rase of a soldier wounded In the fighting around 8olssona A bullet passed clear through his head without hilling or even stunning him, and since then he ees everything green and ia unabl to distinguish any other color. How TJgly races Can Be Cured. ' fTlW discovery that eanaaa in tbe adut's face depend chiefly on Uera tlons in th amount of fat below the skin ha led to a sew way of correcting ugjy facial defects. Fat transplanted from other part of th ibody, Is used to fill In unsightly depressions due to the removal of tumors or the resections of soa-s, Ja the same way deformities,- such a reced ing ohln and Irregular J v bones, can be corrected. ... ' ',i ' 1 ' - .:. ., ; ' " j ; ', x ' A-New Paradise for Sportsmen. ; ; THE Forest Service ot the Department ot AgrfcuHur say th little? known TJlnta Mountains ot Utah, Included within th Wasatch, Uinta, and Ashley nrtlonal forests, should become favorite recreation region because of the many small lakes wlthla depressions socoped out by glacl&l .drifts., Seventy such lakes can be counted from Re Id's Peek, and one par Ucular township, thirty-six miles square, contains mora thta a hundred. How Many Tires' .We Use. v fN round numbers there are now 1,600,000 automobile lath' conn try, - and not on of them can possibly get along with less than tour tires a year. Th most conservatlv estimate must place the number per"fsr at 1 six ttres year. This would be v.COO.OQO tires.' Ia addition there are ached sld for manufacture during 1919 not less than I0O.OCO sew car, which mast be fitted with at least 2.400,000 new tires, making a total ot at least '13,000,000 tires: In reality th number Is much greater, even though ,mlIl!onor more tires ar "re-treaded," fitted with "covers." etc Taxicabs and some of the high-powered converted racing cars could not possibly get along with less than twenty tires a year. The money spent for tires In 1114 In the United State alone probably exceeded 1200,000,000. YouEAT ;MORE;'ii.You'reFTHIN is How DOCTORS Used to Try io FRIGHTEN ; AWAY DISEASE rT must.tajio a lot ot food to keep (hetn- allve," Is a remark you often hear made about fat men or women.' .The. truth of the matter Is; .however, that of two persons of the same weight, th oh who Is thia requires considerably more food than th on who is fat- ' - . pe'ene tells ns that th amount of food required Is proportional to the amount : of nergy lost. ..The latter, in. turn, is de pendent not simply upon the total ; weight i of the body, but upon the net quantity of active cell protoplasm and upon the relation ship between the body's surface area and H weight . " 1 The chief reason why a thin person re quires more food then a fat one of the same weight la that fat being suetabollcally in. active, does no work It is nature's supply of fuel for future use. Another reason ia the fact that the thin person has more surface area from which heat is continually radiating. The stouter a peraoa gets the mora nearly he approaches the form of a sphere, and, therefore, the less his surface area. There s, you re, from on point ot view, 6 considerable advantage, to bavin your bones wel rounded out twltb flesh. The body that is reasonably plump is m-h'more economical of the heat which la supplied by the' food eaten. . , t... .'. ' The- average human body has two and one-half times the area ot a -Sphere of the dame specific gravity and weight A man weighing two hundred pounds, but of the' rtame degree of plumpness s one weighing only one hundred ponnds, will require lets Than twice as much food as the thinner in dividual The reason is that although the surface ot his -body Is greater it U not twice as great, for the ratio of surface to weight Is less than la the cast or the smaller person: . . , v - :. ' For the aama .reasons a woman usually requires chly from tour-niiha tt inae-tenths as fl.;ch t.oi as a man ot the same weights The more graceful contour ot a womaus figure as compared with the angularity ot a 'maa'r tcdy are accoa; panted in general by 'a largoi proportion ot fit aud a relatively smaller surface area, Uoth of these dif ferences entail leas enorsy consumption and maka less food necessuy. i ' mm ' - 1 . , Costurr of a French Physician ii the Early Elohteenth Csntury A j Curious Combinatien of Foolish - Supsrstltloo and Scientlfl Truth. Among all races, at some Urn or other, the belief pre- vauea mat ninets was cne result or evil spirits, and that a cure could be effected by frightening tbem away E Idea that a horse- h e s tnnt In your , poofcet will cure rheum atism or that the wearing of a red spring on th fin ger will atop nose tlted and many other foolish be-1 ilefs which' still persist "are part of our heritage from -th day when what Is now the science -' ot medicine was . only a curious mass ot super atltion. - For centuries mankind had little or no accurate ' knowledge ot the . nature of disease and ' us causes. The plague, which often caused a many as 10,000 ' death a day la a single city, wa thought to be always foreshadowed by some heavenly portent For example. Just before Its appearance In London in 186(5, an angel ) with a drawn sword wa said to have been seen hover ing over the city. . As to the cause of the plague, no theory was too absurd for belief. It was the work ot malignant demons; It waa sent from heaven in punishment for sin; it was ' the result ot evil magic exercised by man oa man; It was engendered la the clouds: it was caused by earth quakes which liberal the poisons from the earth; , by dust which irritates the skin; by Impure air, or un suitable food. Of ail the speculations, th most mis chievous because productive ot such hideous cruelty was the surmise that It waa caused by water which hadA beea. poisoned by mea of other races or religions. Borne held that the plague could be cured by prayer ana namaa saonaces. other recommended the' kin dling of huge bo&nres -la the streets. While still others advised eating and drinking to excess. A good example of the long struggle which science had to make to overthrow superstition Is shown ia the curious costume worn by French physician la tho early eighteenth century when treating sufferers from the plague. The garb represents sound scientific knowledge In the protection it gives- tbe body against Infection and Is quite lmt!ar in this respect to that worn by physicians .in plague stricken districts to-day. - - , - . But the big staring glass eves and tbe huge ariidolsl nose which served no useful purposewere urvtrais ft the idea that disease was caused br evil spirit wbU-a could be frightened away If the physician's appearaee wa sufficiently terrifying. How CACTI Help KEEP. YOU WELL GACTI are found in great abundance throughout the - high and somewhat desert lands ot the .South ,'. west and throughout a vast section ot Mexico, where rain 1 very scare. . - K la an acknowledged fact that in upper chambers, or near the ceilings of our homes, where the air Is dryest is the best place to secure good results in growing cacti in the home. Many or tho different cacti blooms do much better In a hot. dry atmosphere. Thee plants kept In such places wul do much toward Coayright Jli, by the Btar Comneay." 'Greet BrIUia IUht Reserved. removing impurities In the atmosphere w breath, as they take in trreat quantities of them. - Some attempt to hold out the idea, that house plants rqb the atmosphere in the house of what human It r needs. An over supply might do this ia very smalll close quarters, but a large, healthy cactu wU pu:U) um ir in muy room, . i - Men who work constantly 1a large conservatories1 usually enjoy good health, ualeae it be a few who arc anuciea wiin rneumatism, which is oftta due to caret lessness n expovleg themselves to dampnecs. 1 f