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How the Big Farms and Ranches of Chile Are Managed
a . f" -ysy 1
I-v. 1 o- t v fiMjryMsfkl kid 3
k . ... hjiiii iixr.. - l- . h I -t 5
rot 11k thou tt rru iin1 tloltrln. which
make the peon njmont dttt lve.
Th hutii of the poon (ire of th mi
tat doiirrtptlon. They r llom more
than fifteen fret cjur. Thejr have
walls of iitlrki covered with mud and
tho roofa are of thatch or rude tile. The
hnta are aeldom lighted except from the
front, and aotne have no llittit hut from
the door. The around forma the floor,
I and, in many raws, the bed of the fam
ily, iloxea uaunlly taVe the place of
chatra, and if there la a bed"tcad It con
alsta of a ledre of atloki built up from
the around. The bedntead may be aepa-
rated from the other part of the room
by a curtain.
I would any. however, that tome of
tho farmer are paying attention to the
better housing of their workmen. (n
the tanta Ine eetate they are building
tenant houaea of concrete and on Borne
othera of the hacienda they are putting
up what are caMod model houaea.
WorVera Are Contented.
I am told that the !nn,lltnoa are con
tented with their lot. They aeldom
f la
, .71 tl
m
Cowboys of atig ka-clenda.
Copyright, 1914, by Frank O. Carpenter.) I .I A''
O.NCKPCION, Chile For the
last week I have been trav
eling here and there through
the central valley of Chile.
This extends from Santiago
to VaJdivia. more than 600
miles south. It contains the Iargret and
best estates In the republic, although
there Is an estensivn wheat-growing re
gion below it in which great forests arc
r.ow being cut down anil the clearings
turned Into farms.
The central valley of Chile Is one of
tho gardon spots of the tlohe. It will
Blow anything if It can only hnve water.
As one of tho haciendadon suid to me:
"All you have to do !.s to rpit on tho
ground and drop In a isced nnd, presto,
tliero 13 a ticc." There is no part quite
so fertile, as that, but trees do grow here
three times as fast as In North America.
, I have seen troves of eucalyptus that
are 100 feet hlph and still only ten or
fifteen years old. I have already de
scribed my visit to Canta Ines, the fields
of which ore wal'.cd with poplars us
high rs a church steeple. There Are
thousands of trees on that estate t
liiijh ns any lu the eastern part of our
Country and they have all been planted
In the last twentj'-five years. lt Is thi
same with all kinds of vegetation. In the
irrigated sections peach trees bear at one
and two years and grains and grasses,
including alfalfa, are wonderfully lux
uriant. This Is so notwithstanding some
of the land has been under cultivation
for many generations. The lands about
SuntlHgo have been tilled for 300 years
and today among them are numbered
some of the fine farms of the world.
Large Ranches Irritated.
But before I describe the big haciendas
let me tell you a little more about the
region In which -they are seated. The
central valley .Ja .a wide strip of low
land ranging In width from fifteen to
100 miles, and about TOO miles long. It
begins above Santiago and winds Its way
south through about one-fourth of Chile.
On the east of It are the snowy walla
of the Andes, with here and there the
mighty' cone of a dead volcano rising
above the other peaks, and on the west
are the lower mountains and hills of the
coast range, their tops almost a desert,
but their foothills covered with green.
The average width of the valley, all told,
is about thirty miles, and Its area la
somewhere between those of West Vir
ginia and Maryland. This country Is
settled throughout It has many large
towns along the state railroad, which
runs through It from one end to the
other, and the most of Its lands are di
vided up into large estates.
In the north these estates are alt un
der Irrigation and It Is only In the far
south that the rainfall Is sufficient to
dispense with the artificial watering of
the crops. -Much of the country Is slightly
rolling. It Is cut by many creeks and
little rivers which are fed by the Andean
snows. Some of these streams carry
down a great deal of silt, making fat
the lands over which they go. Othera.
such as the Blo-blo, are as clear as crys
tal from one year's end to the other.
Crops In Slcht Eyerr where.
Riding southward through this coun
try, the scenery Is far different from
that of the richest parts of the union.
There are crops in sight all the way, but
the fields are divided by rows of tall
poplars or eucalyptus or with walls of
mud and stone rather than fences. It Is
only along the railroad that there la any
barbed wire. The chief buildings to be
seen are the great rambling structures,
the homes of the. haciendados and the
mean mud-walled thatch-roofed huts of
the laborers. There are no bams stand
ing out on the fields, and no elevators
at the stations for storing the grain.
There are plenty of cattle and horses,
but very few stables or outbuildings.
The weather Is so mild that the stock
graze out of doors all the year round,
and this Is so all the way from Santiago
to the Strait of Magellan. Therefore
there are no haystacks or strawstacks
Such grass and alfalfa as are cut are put
up In bales and shipped to the cities or
north to the nitrate desert, where they
bring higher prices. The climate of tho
central valley Is about the same am that
of lower California, save that there is
less rain, and In the upper part of It
marly everything has to be Irrigated.
At present there are something like
20.0ii0 acres now reached by artificial
canals, and I am told that it Is possible
to pet water upon as much more. The
must of the non-Irrigated lands are In
the south. I shall write more fully of
them in the future.
I'se Ox Teams.
Oxen everywhere take the place of
horses and mules. They are yoked to
clumsy carts by wooden bars tied to
their horns and- are driven with long
goads with steel spikes in the ends.
Nevertheless, the farming is well done,
and on many estates It Is equal to that
of the United States.
Nearly everywhere the business is 'on
s grand scale. In many parts of tho val
ley lot acres Is little more than a gar
, dea patch, and the irrigated farms ot
ViOO and even 10.000 acres are common.
There is one farm of 20,000 acres, and
several which have 15.000 and more.
There are some very large vineyards.
The estate of Lo Uurmenta contains 2,M
acres, and of these 300 are now bearing
strike, and seem satisfied If they can
get enough ti et end wear and plenty
to drink. One of fhe great evils of the
country Is alcoholism. Nearly every
one of the lower classes Is addicted to
It, and this Is so In both city and coun
try. A census of saliions of Santiago
was recently taken and It was found to
have .KX places where llqunr suM.
while Valparaiso was reported to have
more eases of drunkenness than
llsh cities of ten times Its slf.e.
It Is this custom of drinking added to
Insanitary conditions of llvlmr that la
responsible for tho great mortality of
Chile. Tim death rate Is enormous, and
that among children Is so htxh that I
fear to quote tho figures which havo
been given. Iead babies are called lit
tle angels and are supposed to go
straight to Heaven, but no one supposes
that this has anything to do with the
deaths. It Is aald that M per cent of
the children of Santiago die beifore they
are 6 years of age, but I do not be
lieve this to be true.
There Is cno Institution In Chllo now
that promisee to bring nbout a change
In the conditions of the Inqullinoa. This
is the army, and the law provides thnt
every mnn In the country shall spend
at lnet one year of his llfo In tho
service. This year Is at about nineteen
or twenty. All f the boys are drafted,
and no matter whether they are of tho
working class . .r net they have to
spend this one year ns a soldier. This
ng-brln(!s the young Inquillnos away from
the farms. It teaches them what It Is
tc have board floors to walk on and
good beds to sleep In. They get a taste
for the better food of the army and do
not like to go back to their beans and
toasted wheat that until then have
formed a large part of their diet As a
result, after leaving the army many go
out to seek work otherwheres. You find
them as laborers nbout the ports, as the
employes on street car lines and othT
railway construction and doing all sorts
of common labor In the cities. Mor
over, they are natural mechanics and
they soon learn the various trades.
It I somewhat owing to these
chans.es that fl. modern labor element
Is developing In Chile. There have re
cently been seversl strikes on the state
railways; tho hands upon the wharves
have their unions and aro, I am told,
growing very Independent These men
In tho nltrnte ports struck tho other
day because they were not allowed to
use grappling hooks to handle the heavy
bags. They had seen such hooka used
for draKglng about cotton bales, and
they found It easier to move the nitrate
the same way. The hooks make holes
In the Iirrs and for this reason the ex
porters of tho nitrate object.
A similar unrest among the laboring
element Is going on all along the west
coast of South America. Peru has been
sending agitator to Chile, and Chile has
sent labor delegations to discuss such
matters In the cities of Peru. Moreover,
some of tho politicians of the several re
publics are catering to the laboring ele
ment. and among the latter Is the former
president of Peru.
FRANK a CARPENTKR.
A rack Ko.cien3aj3o
grapes. It has cellars with ' a capacity
of 500,000 gallons of wine, and it bottles
and ships vast quantities every year.
The Erraxurls vineyard, at the foot ot
the Andes, puts up 6,000 bottles of wine
a day In addition to th. t which It stores
away In casks. It ships more than 100 000
bottlea of wine every month. There Is
another vineyard that ships 400,000 gal
lons a year.
Ranches ITp-toSdate.
One of the richest families of Chile la
that of Augiistln Edwards, who Is now
minister from here to the court' of St.
James. He has one hacienda about twenty-five
miles north of Valparaiso that
supplies a part of that city with milk.
He haa 800 milch cows and he breeds fine
dairy stock. He Is also noted as a
breeder of horses nofonly for racing, but
for heavy draft. He has In his stables 76
Arabian mares, 80 Percherons and 110
Torkshlres. He has 10 Shorthorn ibulls,
some of which were brought from Eng
land. Another big dairy hacienda, which
also supplies Valparaiso, is that of Don
Tomaa Eastman. On that estate there
are several thousand cattle, Including
t000 milch cows. On the Denoao dairy
farm there are still more. The latter
hacienda, has the biggest silo In the world
and one of the queerest. It is nothing
more than a great ditch 350 feet long, 30
feet wide and IS feet in depth This Is
filled with red clover which' haa been
trodden to pieces by driving horses over
it and then laying.lt between .layers of
straw. The Denoao farm runs its 'ma
chinery by an electrlo plant operated by
falls two mile away. The hacienda has
electrlo lights and the cows are milked
under the rays of Incandescent burners.
The nursery at Santa, Inea Is the largest
In Chile. It haa an electrlo plant run by
the falls of a branch of the Mapocha
river. This is now furnishing a 130-horse
power, which Is used In the factories and
other establishments connected with tho
property. Everything excepting the
farming and cultivating Is done by elea
tricity, and this Includes the thrashing
of all kinds' of grain, the sawing of lum
ber, the lighting the owner's home and
the moving of the machines of a large
manufacturing pltut. On that estate there
are twelve miles of railroads, and there
Is one peach orchard In bearing that eon
tains 45,000 trees, and the receipts must
equal, I 'should say, the salary of our
president Nevertheless it was twelve
years before Santa Ines began to pay, and
during that time it cost Don Salvador
Izquterdo 8., who owns It, an outlay of
3O0,O0O.
Another Valnabln Property. ,
During my last visit to Chile I visited
the estate of Macul, which belongs to the
Courinos, the descendants of a woman
who was long said to be the richest
widow of the world. The estate cost
more than 8000,000 when it . was bought
by Don Couslno. It Is now valued at
over 81,000.000. It consists of about .000
acres ot irrigated land, and It haa a large
number of fine blooded horses and 200
cattle bred from the beat Durham stock.
Its vineyards have hundreds of thousands
of vines, and they produce millions of
bottles of wine every year. The water
rents there are about aa much as the
salary of a United Statea senator, and
the Irrigation ditches are marked out
by long lines of .poplars. The park of
Macul is one of the finest in Chile.
Another large estate la that of Agulla,
belonging to Don Santiago de Toro,
which contains 11,000 acres. It la not far
from Santiago, and It took me about
two hours on the train to go there. At
the tune of my visit1 the hacienda had
over 2,000 cattle and 300 horses, the most
of which were used for breeding alone,
and for the family. and gueata. All of
the farm work was done by oxen. Of the
cattle SCO were dairy cows, which brought
In about $6,000 worth of milk and $8,000
worth of butter year.
The Oulla hacienda has many long, low
one-story buildings running round patios
and gardens. These form the home ot
the owner. . They have roofs ot red tile
and their floors are of brick. They have
wide porches and their windows look out
on the gardens. They are situated in a
grove of trees whloh are at least idb feet
high, and among these are wonderful
palms. When I visited It the house con
tained about two score of guests, in ad
dition to the thirty children and grand
children of the family of Its owner. Each
of these children had its own pony.
Mre I.Ike Millionaire.
Others ot the haciendas here have
beautiful buildings or modern construc
tion, with great parks, with miles ot
shady drives, and all of the other sur
roundings of a millionaire's home Ir. the
states. Many of them are using modern
machinery, and some are new, experi
menting with fertilisers and Intensive
cultivation. Everywhere I go I see Amer-
can plows, 'and there r.re three or four
Importing houses in Chile who have their
traveling salesmen going over the coun
try drumming each hacienda as to the
Introduction of American harvesters,
binders and windmills.
One of the Interesting features of farm
ing In Chile has to do with the labor. This
Is made up almost altogether of a class
know as Inqutllnos, or the class of which
travelers sometimes speak as the rotos.
This Is wrong. The word roto Is a con
temptuous word, meaning torn or ragged,
or, as It might be called, ragamuffin.
The proper term is lnqutllno or farmer.
He is a respectable person and be may or
may not be ragged. These .people are
the descendants of the Indians and be
Immigrants from the northern provinces
of Spain. They are the laboring clas of
the country, and they correspond to the
peons of Peru, although ' they are far
above them In character and e'fldency.
They are excellent workmen, and they
can learn almost anything that requires
handlness and craft. They are very proud
and will "not tolerate abuse or Insult.
You might kick a Peruvlan'a peon and he
would sink humbly. The Bolivian Indian
is afraid that his master Is angry If he
Is not punished now and then, but the
lnqulllno would be likely to resent sweh
treatment and leave. Indeed, I dcubt tf
It would be at all safe for his master to
lay his hands on him. On the haciendas
where I have been th-re seems to me a
good spirit existing betwen the haclendado
and the laborers. The latter are deferen
tial and the owners sustain a sort ot
patriarchal relation toward them. Tney
are Interested In treating them well, for
If they do not the inquilno will leave, and
It-Is upon his labor that the man must
depend for the work upon tho estate.
Like Old Kendal Time.
The conditions of employment are
somewhat like that of the old feudal
times. The haclendado owns the land,
and he lets each of the workmen have
a small tract to cultivate and also pas
turage for his stock If he has any. This
tract may consist of two, three, four,
five or ten acres, and it may be only
enough for a house and gardnb. In re
turn for the use of the land the ln
qulllno agrees to give one man's work
to the owner when he requires it This
means that he pays a rent for th
house and grounds of about 81.60 a week.
and at the same time has a house for his
family to live in. In some cases small
wages are paid, but as a rule the mao
Is expected to furnish one hand for his
labor. If his family does work, they, of
course, receive an additional payment
Many of the Inqullinoa are In debt to
their emp'yera, but the laws here are
an
uv
j
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Evidence of Club Feet Corrected
That Cannot Be Disputed
Could anyone possibly ask for more conclusive proof of the efficacy of the methods of treating crippled and deformed con
ditions employed at the McLain Orthopedic Sanitarium than is furnished by the accompanying photographs?
They are of Frances Campbell, 13 years old, daughter of Mrs J. A; Campbell, 3819 Western Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky.
The two photographs at the left show exactly how her feet looked July 7, 1913, when she came to us for treatment. - It is difficult
to imagine a more aggravated case of Club Feet. Notice that they are turned almost completely backward. The position and
condition of the feet as they now appear after treatment at this Sanitarium, is shown in the pictures at the right. Write Mrs.
Campbell about this; she will doubtless be glad to tell you of her experience, and verify these statements.
. This deformity was corrected without Chloroform, Ether, or any General Anesthetic. Flaeter Taris was not used.
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rTlfliAf nfrt-m.fiatt Pifanfrl This thoroughly equipped private sanitarium is devoted exclusively
Uiner ierOrmiueS OrreCieu to the treatment of crippled and deformed conditions, such as
Club Feet, Infantile Paralytic, Hip Disease, Spinal Diseases and Deformities, Wry Neck, Bow Legs, Knock Kneea.
Illustrated Book
Fr Writl fo,r oui
free book and
other literature descrip
tive of the Sanitarium
and its methods. Also
a book of references,
from ex-patients living
in practically every state
in the Union, will be
sent free, upon request.
' ' ,1-.: )?
B - r
Let us advise you in
regard to any crippled,
deformed 1 or paralyzed
child or person in whom
you may be interested.
Our advice will cost you
nothing and in view of
over 30 years' experi
ence in this work, it
should be of value to you.
The L. C. McLain Orthopedic Sanitarium
Aubert Avenue St. Louis, Mo.
