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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (June 7, 1914)
4 A THE OMAHA SUNDAY BEE JUNE 7, 1914. ii . j - 1 Prehistoric Man of America Reproduced in Wax rcp-odueton at the Vnivwalty of Ne braska, that, lepds to aelenlttts .the. In terest iji being able now t5 look upon the fuual characteristics of Loess man, he oldest known type of man In America. T fly A i HIHVI.K I,0.0. ltnniC great links In the chain of human nnccotry In America, believed by some to beRIn nearly K,0:o yearn back, nave Jurt been represented for th first time In scientifically tc- cortn.ctlon wax faces at the College of Med c.ne. l"nlvers!jy of Nebraska, in Cmahn. This Is the first plnstllcna rr-conatr-ctlon work that ha been done on prrhlMorlc skults Of America. Sc'rnUsts arc filled with enthusiasm oser the three gnat types It has brought out when built on the skulls of the mod ern lnd an, the cave-dwolling cannibal of 3,C i years ago. and tho Nebraska Loc?s Man, fragments of whose skull were depos.'ted with the Loess clay wnn the Missouri river bluffs wero built be tween 10.0CO and 20,030 years ago. For clfiht years the skulls of the low browed Loess Man, found by the nrehae. o.oglst, Robert F. Glider of Omaha, havo lain In the museums In Omaha, Lincoln and at Harvard university, whllo aclenic lias hopelessly longed to know what a face this prc-elac:ol man must nave Vera. Hut nov German scientists have worked out an accurate system of facial mem- iremtnts compiled Into an elaborate table, by the ueo of which faces can be so faithfully reconstructed over given skulls that the true skull of Schiller was ."t tm ly detected from among a group In this way at the t'nlverslty of Munich, fllnco then the measurements have been applied In building up faces over the skulls of Haeh, Raphael, ltobert Hums, Kant, and a heat ofother known skulls, with such startling success as to estab lish beyond question the reliability of the system. It was Pr. Rradlncer, at Lclpslx, who suggested some years ago that this sys tem might be used to advantage lit estab lishing Identity ot unknown .races. This struck n spark Into the camp ot archae ological and ethnological thought. To date, little has been done along this lino In Kurort. In 'America the first work In building up faces of prehistoric man has Just been comptotcd by ATA in Myrn, Warner, clay model artist, who has made a specialized study of this Ger man system In the art schools of the 'cast. , Miss Warner was handed the three kulls by Dr. Charles W. ' MY Poynter, professor of anatomy of tho University of Nebraska. She was told nothing about the origin of these skulls. She worked faithfully for months, and with tho aid of tho tablo of measurements, built up tho three wonderful faces. ' It was nut Until she had nearly flnlshod that she discovered one of the three to bo a mod crri Indian type. Yet without knowing she was working on a modern Indian skull, by applying "only her table of measurements faithfully to the skull as eho built tho clay upon It, sho pnMticeu no characteristic an Amorlcan Indian type that Dr. I'oynter declared the c curacy of her work on the other two ukulls, equtoyy unknown to her, could by no means be called Into question. Tho cannibal cave dweller type Is thai of which Mr. Glider found remain In sunken cave homes along the Missouri river. He hns uncovered somo forty of these caves, and has established tho fact that the Inhabitants belonfc- to whnt la Known at the "round-headed" branch ot tho human race. Geologists believe the Inhabitants ot these caves thrived some ,CC0 years ago. Out the chief Interest In the recon struction work at the University ot Ne braska, attaches to tho race that has been built over the skull of the "Loess Man." In all tho fragments of but six skulls belonging to this type are in roc- Istcnco today. ' This extromo primitive type of man la believed by Mr., qildcr .an,d Profj H. H. Barbour, heed of tho department of geol ogy, University of Nebraska, to have stalked over trie wastes ot North Amer ica before the glaciers plowed their great gorges, and before the Kansan drift and the Loess .clay built the bluffs of thP Missouri river. This man, low-browed and of little brain capacity, lived contem poraneously with the mammoth or mas todon, according, to the period in which they placo him. " , And yet. now that the faces have been reconstructed, we find no close resem blance to the hpe type as many of the most excitable scientists have expected. 'The truth Is," says Dr. Poynter, "If man sprung from the' same original stem as the ape, the npe branch sprung off so far back In anllqulty that nono of the skulls of the missing links could possibly Ix, expected to withstand the weathering to the present day, No ono wilt ever find a skull that will carry man back even anywhere near the ape days, and the re motest skull wo can find Is already very much a man." This Loess Man then belongs to an age perhaps hundreds of thousands ot yearns later than the time man and ape parted ctmpany anC began to develop along dif ferent Hues. Yet this Loem'rkull has by competent geologist and ethnologists been placed next tn ace to the famous Neanderthal skull found In In a cave tn the val ley of Neandcr near DusSeldorf, Ger many. The Neanderthal skull is kpown the world over as representing tho great antiquity and taw otder. ot the human. race, in brain capacity the Loess skull toasts little advantuge over the Neander thal, Tho accompanying Illustrations reveal the retreating forehead with a total ab sence or the frontal cmlnonces found In t-IvllUed modern rnan. The prominence of the supra-orbital UdRis or bony brows Is. next to the re ctdlng character of the forehead, the most notable feature of "this primitive type. .Neither the projections of the suora crbltal ridges, nor the reoedlng forehead I la an Indian characteristic'' says Henry V. Osborn. professor of, xoology In Co lumbia university and curator in the American Museum of Natural History. Dr. Osborn was one of the first to rush to Omaha and stufy this re-msrkable skull . hen it was found eight yvars ago. The ate of this skull is established by Its association with tho layer ot clay drift In which it. was found. Dr. E. II. Barbour, head professor of geology or the University of Nebraska, went over tbe ground thoroughly and helped to ex lavate many of the fragments of Loess man some ten miles north of Omaha. "From tho geologist's standpoint," saya Dr. Barbour, "these bone if ragmenU were uot burled. Instead the'bonsa ware Coubt lets deposited .with the Loess, the age of vhlch may be safely reckoned at 10,(05 to JO.0CO yii or more., and the bones are at least a ancient aa this formation" In further support ot the contention that these bone fragments were deposited rr mg - - mm 1 asuisiriMiliaii"-wwwrrs m sum nm Berlin Protesting Against New Tax on Amusements! Plate No. 1 Showing sclcntlflcnlly reconstructed faces of three stages of man's development In America. Left to right: Modern Indian, burled porhaps 100 years ago; Cavo-Dwclllng Cannibal, probably thriving 3,000 years ago; Nebraska Loess Man, doposlted with glacial drift, between 10,000 and 20,000 years ago. Plato No. 2 Showing tho figures In Plato No. 1 with hair applied. when the clay formation was deposited, Dr. Harbour says. "There was no dis turbance of tho llthologlc structure of tho clay. Tho structure and color of tho clay -was perfectly preserved, and there are prcsont tho vertical llmetubes, oon- erytlons, und shell characteristics of the Loess prec'acly ns is customary." The accuracy with which tho original faces may bo reconstructed by applying the system of measurements to n rrlvnh skull has led. to somo Interesting Incident. A skull long cherlsiird as thnt of Bchlllor, had been much admired, If not reverohcd, in mo museum at Weimar In aermany. In 1SS Dr. Wcleker. following (he tables ot reconstruction, built up tho face that slvely this was not 8chl!lera skull' at all. In 1311 tho real Bchlllor .hull was dis covered by this very system among a group of thirty skulls upon which plastl lor.n reconstruction work was dono at the University of Munich. The system had already been used with sturtllng results In 1SJC on the supposed skull of Johan Bcbastlnn Hach, tho mu sician. Tho result proved Its Identity be yond a doubt Kdllormsn has reconstructed the face of a Ncotltltlo vyoman from the lake village sit of Auvernler, Lake Neuchatol; and Mnrkcl has built up tho bust of an early Low Saxon from an ancient skull found by excavation In the vicinity of Gott ngen. belonged to this skull and found condu- j William His, in 1KB, during his studies on the skull of Bach, made observations on the thickness of tho soft parts cover-. Ing the bones. He used a large number of bodies. Including females, and estab lished numerous Important points. Wclckcr established the average thickness of tho flesh and soft parts by tho Uso of a gruduated knife, blade which lie thrust through the flesh to the bone In the luces 6f dozens ot normal bodies to establish averages from which to make up the table now In use. He used (he bodies of twenty-four sound suicides so 'as not to get measurements of bodies with the soft parts wasted by disease. Thus science everywhere hau come to accept tho system as Infallible. It Is this, tho necessary accuracy of tho preamt BBItLIN, Juno 6. The proposed ex- . I tension of the existing amusement tax j j now levied upon variety houses, moving picture 'theatres, . c'.rcusos and other" j amusements In Berlin, so as to apply to I the dramatic stage has evoked strong ! protests from many sides. The tax has I already forced one circus to cloe Its dcors after an existence of many years, and has driven a number of cinematograph houses out of business. The theatre managers declare that the tax will 'be i even more disastrous . for legitimate drama. j There is no reason to doubt the mana gers' assertion that the conduct pf a. theatre in Dftrlln is an extremely risky VtntUre. Within tho last four or five years at least sixteen theatres have gone Into bankruptcy, and tn the last two years only two new ones have--been opened, a number Out of all proportion to former figures. Even the most successful pay small dividends, as low as five per cent In tho case of one ot the leading houses of the greater city. A director of three of the best known and most profitable theatres of Berlin declnre thnt, In case an amusement tax Is placed upon his business, In and his comrades will Im mediately begin liquidation, since further exlstennce will be profitless and moot probably result In direct losa. Tho president of the Association of German Actora has-filed with the city I authorities a formal protest against the j proposed tax. 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