f
I
In the Footsteps of Most Civilized Red Race
k 1 or
(Copyright. 1911. by Frank G. Carpenten ,
i'v.v, I'eru come will; me
this bright Sunday morning
ana take a look at the site
the ancient 'capital ot the
Incas, that wonderful family
ot kings who ruled tho mosti
of western South America about 00)
year ago. Liko tho ruling dynasties'
ot Japan and China and almost every i
otner great empire on earth, they
believed themselves to be descended
trom the sods. They thought they
wero the offsprings of the sun and
they ( called themselves tho sun"s chil
dren. They had a tradition as to how
they sprang Into existence on one ot tho
Islands of Lake TItlcaca, and from them
marched out onto tho Andean plateau
and subdued and civilized the then sav
ages. They camo here to Cuzco, at the
head ot a beautiful valley In the heart
of the' Andes, and established a capital.
They gradually conquered the regions
about until their empire extended far be
yond Quito, in Kcuador, which Is 600 or
700 miles south of the Panama canal, to
below whero the capital of Clitlo now
stands. They had subjects all along the
eastern slopes of tho Amazon, and the
western limits of their rule were tho
chores of the mighty Pacific At the
tlm that Columbus came o America, or
a little later, when PIzarro. the brutal
Spanish butcher general, came to Teru
and conquered thorn, they governed a
country as long as the distance between
the Arctic ocean and the shores ot Lake
Krle, a country which was larger than
all of the United States cast ot the Mis
sissippi valley, and which, had It been
dropped down In Europe, would liavo
more than covered Germany and France,
Norway and Sweden, Denmark and
Switzerland, Austria-Hungary and the
Spanish peninsula.
Devoted, IMons nnil Peaceful.
At the time they were overthrown by
the Spaniards the Incas had divided this
country into provinces. They had vice
roys and subordinate officials and they
had tens ot millions of subjects. They
had not only subdued the savages, but
had civilized them.
Tho subjects of the Incas were a na
tion of farmers, mechanics and artisans.
They had a religion that recognized the
sun as the lord ot the world, and their
emperor as his ruler on earth. They had
temples to the sun, some of which were
plated with gold and within which was
an image of tho sun of pure gold.
' The people believed in this religion
and they were pious and peaceful. They
gave a part of their time to the work
for tho church and a part for the sick
and the widows and orphans. They
worked also for tho government, and,
last of all, for themselves and their fam
ilies. The,y worked well, too.- They con
quered the land; they Irrigated the desert,
and today you may see the remains ofj
their aqueducts of stone slabs, neatly
fitted together, which carried the water)
over millions of acres. They had one
i aqueduct that was E00 miles long. Their
Irrigating canals ran not only along tho
sides of the mountains, but they cut
tunnels through them, and as I rode to
Cuzco, along the high plateau, I saw
thousands of acres of terraces, now gone
to ruin and almost a desert, which these
people had made to blossom like tho
rose. Such terraces are Been on the sides
of the mountains above almost every
Peruvian valloy of the plateau and along
the west coast. They run up the slopes
Ilka so many steps, the earth being held
back by stone walls.
Shepherds, Potters and Artlnnns.
The subjects ot the Incas were a na
tion of shepherds. They had millions ot
alpacas and llamas and they also used
tl wool of tho vicunas, which they
' trapped or shot In the mountains. They
were a nation ot potters; they mado
beautiful vessels ot clay, and they wero
' nlao skilled In the working of copper,
Bfb?er and gold. I have seen here some
. at the tools which they used In erecting
tbelr buildings. They had a way of tem
pering an alloy of copper and tin so that
the tools made of it had an edge like a
razor and could work tho hardest of
ntone. Further on In this letter I will
describe some of their wonderful walls,
which stilt- stand. They are more accu
rately cnt than those of the great build
ings at Washington, and blocks weigh
ing tons are fitted together like a moslac
I have seen stones that are solid blocks
twice as htgh as a man upon horseback
and twelve feet in thickness, and have
examined buildings that are put to
gether without mortar and fitted more
evenly than were the tombs of the Egyp
tian kings found in the pyramids.
Some of the Ttemnins In Cnzco,
But It would take a large book to de
scribe tho wonders of thelnca rule and
the many phases of Its civilization. In
this letter I can Bhow you only some ot
the remains as they exist here In tho
city of Cuzco. This city today has only
about 30,000 Inhabitants. It runs up and
down hill at the head of a beautiful val
ley, situated more than two miles above
tho sea level In the heart of the Andes.
It is at the head of the valley, and,
standing upon tho hills above it, you can
look over a vast expanse ot cultivated,
fields and of Irrigated farms. The town
Experienced Women
t Advise Mother's Friend
onIJtS
One of Ihobicjhlochs of Uxa Inca. rUflcaiu
Showing how 6li&Incaabuilb'
View, of& C-uzco taken Jrom TovkB&caalaxaxtxBru.
Because It Is so perfectly cafe to us
and has been ot such great help to a
host of expectant mothers, these women,
experienced In this most happy period,
advise the use of "Mother's Friend."
Applleu externally to the abdominal
muscles Us purpose Is to relieve tho
unduo tension upon the cords and liga
ments resulting from muscular expansion,
lleneath the surface Is a network of fine
nerve threads and the gentle, soothing
embrocation, "Mother's Friend," is
designed to so lubricate the muscular
fibres as to avoid the unnecessary and
continuous nagging upon this myriad of
nerves. It la a reflex action.
Applied to the breasts It affords tho
proper massage to prevent caking.
.Thousands of women havo reason to
believe In this splendid help under the
trying ordeal of motherhood. Their
letters are eloquent evidence of Its great
value to women. In use for many years
It has come to bs a standard remedy for
the purpose.
There Is scarcely a well-stocked drug
store anywhere hut what you can easily
obtain a bottle of "Mother's Friend," and
In nearly every town and village is a
grandma who herself used It In earlier
oara. Expectant mothers are urged to
try this tplendld assistant' to comfort.
Mother's Friend Is prepared by Ilrad
flfld nepilttor Co., 410 Mmsr BIdg.,
Atlanta, ua. Henii Xor our little book.
Is one of two and throe-story houses,
with walls of bright colors and roofs ot
red tiles. It has plazas and gardens, a
great market and many comfortable
homes.
Its population Is made up of Indians
and whites and a mixture, tho offspring
ot the two races. It is a Latin-American
city, with many Catholic churches and
with a civilization much like that of
Spain some generations ago. It Is noth
ing like the Cuzco ot tho past, and you
will havo to put on the thinking cap of
your Imagination to realize the differ
ence between the capital of tho Incas
and the town ot today. In the first plane,
the present Cuzco does not cover one
tenth of the area of the ancient Inca
olty. The latter contained several hun
dred thousand Inhabitants, nnd at tho
height of it fame it may havo been as
largo as the city of "Washington.
,They are still finding ruins of the an
cient buildings far out In the valley, and
tho remains of some of tho structures In
Cuzco upon which buildings now . stand
aro of enormous extent. Take the Tem
ple of the Sun, which I visited this after
noon. This covered tho whole squaro now
occupied by the church and convent of
Santo Domingo. The foundation of the
church Is the old walls of that temple.
In places It extends twenty or thirty feet
from the ground. I was taken through
the buildings by one of the fathers and
shown how the great blocks had been
laid by the Incas, one upon the other,
fitted together so closely, and that with
out mortar or cement or union of any
description, that I could not push tho
point of a needle Into the cracks. This
temple must have covered more than an
aero. The western wall of It was con
cave, nnd the curves are as regular as
those of a circle. A great part ot this
building was plated with gold. Thero
was a great golden plate of oval form,
which represented the sun, making one
think of the silver mirrors of tho 8hlnto
religion that are still to be seen in
Japan. In the "temple burned also the
sacred flame that was supposed never to
go out, reminding one of the fire wor
shipers of Persia, who do that to this
day. This flame was tended by the vir
gins ot the sun, who had their vast con
vent not far away. When the Span
lards' conquered the Incas they robbed
this temple of Its gold. They melted up
the images and vessels used for worship
and tore from the walls the gold plates
From some of those plates wan mado
the custodla, a great golden box which
Is now preserved In tho vault of the
Cuzco cathedral.
Xo Donlit na to Religious Nature.
Thero is no doubt about the religious
J nature of theso people of the high Andes.
Tho Qulchas, who are the descendants of
the subjects ot tho Incas, are the chief
church-goers of Peru. They are largely
the support of tho priesthood, and, al
though In the direst poverty, they give n
large proportion of what they make to
the support of the church. In traveling
through the country one sees a little
wooden cross rising above the thatched
roof of every Indian hut, and In the serv
ices at the cathedral here and thero lire
more Indians than whites. Mixed with
their worship ot Christ and the madonna,
they have still much ot the ancient cere
monies nnd beliefs ot the Incas. They
pray facing the sun, and they cross
themselves when they approach Cuzeo,
the sacred olty of their ancestors.
I am told that there were temples of
the sun at many other places in Peru,
and that In certain centers the virgins
of the sun had their convents. These
people had an Idea of a supreme being,
who was represented by the sun. It
was this being who created the world
and who In the future would reward or
punieh thorn. They had a lord's prayer,
which was jornewliat as follows:
"O conquering and ever-preaont Cre
ator, Thou who gavest life and strength
to mankind, saying let this be a man and 1
let this be a woman: Thou who gavett
life and who vouehsafest that man shall
live In health and peace: Thou who
dnellelh In the heights, in the storm
louds and In the thunder, hoar us and
hae us in Thy keeping: Thou who art
, without equal unto the ends of th" eurtti,
grant us eternal life and keep us free
from danger."
Abodes of Virgins of the San.
Leaving tho .Temple ot tho Sun, I
strolled up tho narrow street to where
the virgins of tho sun had their estab
lishment. Theso young women, In addi
tion to their religious duties aro sup
posed to have formed a kind of harem
for the Incas. They lived In enormous
structures, scattered over tho empire,
and somo of their convents are said to
have had a thousand Inmates. The one
In Cuzco must have covered eight acres,
and the walls, which are still In exist
ence, run around the greater part ot a
square, forming tho foundations of many
homes, whloh nro on tho second story ot
the structure. Much ot the first story
hns been turned Into stores. Tho granlto
walls have been cut away and cavo-llko
vaults made In which nil sorts of houso
Industry goes on. I Haw a saddler sew
ing on a harness in one cavo in tho wall,
a shoemaker pegging away in a second,
and a carpenter sawing and planing In a
third. Tho blocks of this building are ot
great size and they will apparently last
for ages.
Other interesting remains were the
walls of tho palaces which formed tho
homes of the Incas. Take that of Pach
acutec, which stood not far from where
tho great cathedral of Cuzco now Is.
Tho street upon which It faccH is not
moro than fifteen feet wide, and the orig
inal walls of tho palace are still pre
served to the height of tho first story.
From there to the second story the build
ing is colonial. It now forms a fine
residence, occupied by Tomas Gonzales,
one of the rich men of Cuzco. Tho Inca
walls begin with the street and extend
for perhaps 300 feet, , Including the
greater port of the block. Tho stones
nro granlto blocks, ot different sizes,
beautifully chiseled, and Joined with
unions so fine that It Is Impossible- to
put In a knife blade between them.
Some of the atones havo many angles and
one great block ot granite about four
tons
feet square and weighing several
has twolve angles In It.
It Is said that theso blocks were cut
out at the quarries from original pat
terns and designs given by tho architects.
They are Joined together like a mosaic,
and, although I went carefully over
them, I could not find ono place In
which I could put my knlfo blade into
the cracks. Tho unions nro without mor
tar and the stones are ns firm and reg
ular today as when they were made.
Nevertheless, the builders know nothing
of iron or steel. They had evidently no
knowledge of cement or mortar, although
It Is said that gold and silver were some
times placed between the joints as a
bedding material, t saw no evidence of
this In my Investigation,
Fortlf lrntlnnn of Snrlisnlinnmnn,
Some of the most remarkable buildings
of ancient Cuieo were the fortifications
of Sachsahuaman, which crowned the top
of a hill just back ot the city. This hill
rises precipitously from tho level where
Cuaco stands to a height of TOO or SOO
feet. It Is so steep that one has to wind
about to go up It. 1 rode upon horse
back a palt of the way and then left
my. horses and climbed up the walls of
the fort upon foot. On the lower slopes
of the hill, facing a grcnt garden made
In two terraces, perhaps WO feet above
i I'uzco, stood Iho palai'o of Maneo Capac,
tho first great Inca ruler. This was
right under the fortifications and It com
manded a mngnlflcrnt view of tho city
and valley. On the first terrace now
stands a church which was erected there
In the day of the Inquisition, nnd out
side It, In what you might call the
churchyard, are somo great stono In
struments of torture that ncro used to
bring the Indians and heretics to the
Christian religion. Some of these stones
wero madn In the shape ot a keyhole,
the round part of the, hole being nourost
the ground, tho remainder ot the keyhole
being In the form of a capital T. The
hole was Just large enough so that the
man's head could be squeezed through It,
his neck lying as It were on tho stone,
tin was put Into this position on his
belly, and after his head was put through
the hole his legs wero bent up over his
back nnd his feet thrust through, the T
part of the key, bending his body, as It
were, In a knot. The torture was such
that it Often caused death. I hnd my
stenographer gel down and put his head
through the hole to Illustrate how It
was done. I also tried to Induce him
to let mo put his legs through tho T,
but this he refused.
Put nee of atnnen Cnpac.
The palace ot Manco Capno must have
been n magnificent home. Its garden
covered acres, tho main part standing
upon a terrace, which was twelve feet
above the church I havo described. This
terraco Is made ot thee wonderful walls
Into which were fitted sentinel boxes.
Walking through tho garden, which Is
now filled with eucalyptus trees and
beautiful roses, I came to the ruins ot
the building Itself. It was made of black
granite, the blocks being very thick at
tho bottom and lessening In size from
thero to the top, I went around to tho
opposite side of the structure, where
some ot the stones had been torn away.
Here I could sea that the thick walls
were double. They had two separate
walls of granite, which were filled In
with stones and mud. I took a sheet nf
paper from my note book and tried to
fit It in between tho cracks, but found
It Impossible. Manco Capac's palace and
Its grounds ore now the property ot Mr.
Cnesar Lomollnt. He has plnnted tho
garden to flowers, and the trees which
have growa In It now almost hide the
city below.
Leaving the palace and climbing up to
the fort, I found an enormous structure
surrounding many acres, nnd Inclosing
the wholo top ot tho hill. The walls of
the fortification aro In terraces rising
one over the other. They are mado of
enormous blocks of granite, some of
which weigh many ions. There Is no
stone of tho samo nature nearby, and tho
stone must have been brought from a
great distance. No one knows exactly
where it came from, nor how it was car
ried up this precipitous hill, which Is al
most 1,000 feet from the plain. It is sup
posed that roada were mado for the pur
pose and that hundreds ot men had to
work together to move a single stone
The fort was built long before the tlmo
of Columbus, and some of Its walls nro
In perfect condition today. Lath section I torn. It Is the greatest shoot-the-ehute
ot the wall has Its hole for drainage, nnd
the whole structure Is almost as smoothly
cut as tho palaces. I measured some
stones which wtre fifteen feet tall, nnd,
riding on horseback close to the wall be
side one great block, t stood up In my
stirrups and tried to reach to Its top.
Tho distance from my hand to th
ground was only half way up. That
stone, t venture, weighed 100 tons.
From these fortifications I rode over
tho hills and plains In the rear They
aro covered with tho remains of tho lu
cns. Much of tho rock consists of mighty
boulders, somo ns big as a haystack,
which tho Incas' had cut Into all sorts ot
shapes. One Is supposed to havo been
the sceno iff an open-air court and Is
known as the Inca throne. The original
granlto has been cut In ledges or stops,
rising to a low table or bed, upon which
the Inca Is supposed to have lain upon
a, couch of furs or alpaca skins, with
his officials sitting cross-tegged on each
side of, hlin. 1 sat down on the throne
nnd posed as n king.
Where Ancient Itnln-a Were Amused
Not far from this place Is what Is
called the concert hall or amusement
ground of these nnrlent rulets. It con
sists of qn open-air court. ooerlng acres,
which Is surrounded by great rocks, out
of which scats have been cut. On one
side of It is a rocky hill which Is cov
ered with such scats nnd under which Is
a tunnel which Is supposed to have com
mtintrntcd with the Temple of the Sun,
down In Cuxeo, perhnps three miles away.
This tunnel has now been closed tip, be
cause the students ot tho Cuzco Univer
sity recently got lost Insldo It while
hunting for treasures and had a narrow
escape with their lives.
Another formation right near the Inca
amusement ground is known ns tho ro
dadcro. Thin consists ot granite blocks,
which look ns though they had flowed
In ridges down the mountain. The rucks
are ns smooth nit glass, and their slopes
are In waves much like those ot a roller
coaster. They nro grooved, and aro so
formed that one can seat himself nt the
top In ono of the grooves and have a to
boggan slide of hundreds ot tret, rising
and falling na ho goes down to the bat-
exhibition I have ever seen, and If It
could bo lifted from the top of tho Andes
to Coney Island It would surely mako the
fortuno of the man who owned It
PItANIC O. CAnPKNTEn.
Radium in Human
Body May Be the
Cause of Cancer
LONDON, May 17. Dr. Walter S.
LazHrrus-llarlow, who haB recently had
success In the treatment of cancer by
radium says radium In tho human body
may also bo the chiihc of cancer.
At u recent meeting ot physicians and
surgeons he told of experiments he per
formed upon animal colls and explained
that while cancer might bo divided In
to various classes It was nothing more
or less than disordered cell growth. "It
Is reasonable to suppose." ho said, "that
thero Is one cause, nnd I would suggest
to you that In the radium nnd radiation
we havo the probablo cause."
Iladluin, he continued, was widely dis
tributed lit nature In quantities which
had been shown to produce the stimu
lation of cell growth nnd later to de
velop some deleterious effects which
culminated In death.
Cam-cr was very closely associated
with Inflammation to such an extent,
hn said, that chronic Irritation was tho
only cause, which was universally ac
cepted, but chronlo Irritation waa so
closely bound up with bacteria that there
arose tho question whether radium
stimulated an animal cell.
Dr. Barlow said experiments of his
had demonstrated that bacteria actually
pulled radium out of a solution and
attracted It tn themselves If radium
theroforo wero circulating In the blood
while bacteria wero present, the latter
would attract nnd locally deposit tho
radium, forming a focus of that sub
stance, producing stimulation of thn
cells In tho neighborhood. Ho said
radium was present nt times In normal
human tissues, nnd It was found In
greater quantities In cancerous tissues.
i
Bunions and
"Knob-Joint"
Hard and
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Ijt
Remarkable Home Treatment
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BWXSATY
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Ingrown
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ACKUTQ-MUX
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