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The Omaha- Sunday Bee Magazine Page
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Why Honest
Witnesses Often
DO NOT and
CANNOT TELL
the TRUTH
THE difficulty of establishing a person's identity be
yond shadow of doubt is one of the most per
plexing with, which lawyers, Judges and Jurors
Siave to contend in proving any one guilty or Innocent
of a given crime.
It is nothing unusual for two witnesses of equally
feign Intelligence and credibility to flatly contradict each
other as to the identity of the person thoy both saw
committing a aaurder, robbery-or other crlmo. One will
declare under oath that the prisoner is the man he saw;
the other will swear with equal positlveness that he is
nothing like him. ,
Aa eveybody knows, pofectly honest witnesses do not
tell the truth, and psychology has lately found out that
they cannot The reasons why this Is so are clearly
explained by Professor 0. Sully, of King's College, Lon
don. Jones is, say, a porter at a country station, says Pro
cessor Sully. On a certain night the half-dozen passen
cors by tho last uptralu have taken their Beats when, as
tho train starts, another rushes up and scrambles in.
Now if Jones were to be Questioned about this noxt day,
can psychology say how much he will bo able to report
correctly! Much will depend upon Jones. If ho could
be subjet4 to a "testimony experiment" wo could bet
ter forsa an opinion. As it is, we can only say, proba
bly muck lets than, is commonly supposed. '
To take aa actual' instance. In the course of a meet
tag of a aclentlio association, held in Germany during
ta carnival, a clown suddenly rushes in, pursued by a
ro with a revolver. Iu the middle of the iwm they
strsasW, there U a pistol sfcot and they are out again.
Tfca president, with serious air, asks each member to
writ town as full a report as he can of the matter la
Mistakes in Identity Are Due to Oiir Short Memories and to the Fact That We Never See
All We Imagine We Do
case of inquiries. No ono but himself knows that the
whole thing has been prearranged and photographed.
When tho reports como to be examined It appears that
though written immediately after the ovent by trained
scientists, only one has omitted lesB than 20 per cent of
tho characteristic acts; one-third have omitted moro
than 50 per cent, and in one-quarter more than W per
cent of thq statements are free inventions.
Ono is apt to bo surprised that so much should bo
"forgotten" so quickly, but qulto apart from the fact that
forgetting goes on rapidly at first, later moro slowly,
tho "seeing" In tho first instanco is not tho direct, com
plete mirroring of tho actual that It seems to be. Per
ception is a complex process, involving Interpretation
and offering many loopholes to illusion. Its apparent
completeness is itself largely an illusion, duo to tho
facts that tho actual sensations of a given instant nro
automatically supplemented by tho results of previous
experience, and that whllo tho object is before us in
completeness is remedied as soon as felt by movements
of tho attention.
If ono looks, with ono eye closed, at tho 'wall of a
room, tho pattern of tho paper is "soon" as uniform
over tho whole visual field. Nevertheless' every eyo has
a, totally blind spot, and from ono portion of tho wall no
sensations aro received at all; wo "fill in" this part in
harmony with tho rest of tho visual field. Tho oxistonce
of tho blind spot may cosily be demonstrated. On a
enact bf paper make a small cross, and two or three
inches to the right of it a black spot some half an inch
in dlamotor. Closing tho loft eyo and fixating tho cross
move the papor toward or away from tho oye; at about
eight inches the spot will disappear. To4 illustrate the
"filling in" a thick lino or bar may bo drawn, having a
break of half an inch about two inches from one end.
On fixating this end and making the gap fall upon the
blind spot, tho two portions of the lino seem to becomo
continuous.
Again, in reading, we seem to see all tho letters. In
reality the eyo moves along tho lino' in tbroo or four
Jumps, soing nothing except at the halting points, and
then only the genoral "optical rhythm" of the words,
and a largo proportion of tho letters may be changed
without preventing us from reading tho words "correct
ly," The most absurd misprints may bo overlooked
tlmo after time.
Cross tho second finger behind tho first, leaving a V
shapod space botween tho finger tips. In this spuco put
somo object suoh as a pea or the shaft of a pencil, so as
to touch the two Angora equally; the object will then be
felt as two, Tho illusion is aided if the eyos aro closed
or turned in some other direction. This is tho so-called
"Aristotle's experiment."
Make a tube of about one inch diameter and six to
twelve inches long by rolling a sheet of paper. Look
through the tube with the right eye, and hold the open
left hand before the left eyo close against the side of
"Look through the tube with the right
eye, and hold the open left eye dote
gainst the tide of the tube. You will
then item to be looking through a
round hole in your hand."
"Cross the aecond finfier behind the
first, leaving a V-shaped spaie be
tween the finger tips. In this space
put a pencil, ao ft to touch the two
fingers equally; the' object will then
be felt as two."
tho tube. You will then seom to be
looking through a round holo in your
hand.
All thoao illusions depend upon ap
plying a mode of interpretation based
upon the conditions of normal ex
perience to exceptional or catch con
ditions where it lead to false results.
Thus in ordinary life tho outer
surfaces of the first and second fingers con be touched
simultaneously only by two objects, and so touches at
these points continue to "moan" two objects, even in
the unfamiliar crossed position. Again, normally, zoth
eyos seo the samo objects, and so "we interpret our
visual sensations as meaning not two sepnrato fields of
viBlon but one; although wo actually have two eyes, wo
combine tho information glvon by them and seem to
bo looking through one oye situated between the two
real ono. In the special case of tho tube tho two
oyes aro really looking at different things; tho right ono
looka through a holo, tho left one sees a hand, and the
usual method of combining yields tho result a hand
with a hole through itl
To return to Jones: it is then probable that ho would
in any caso be unable to give a very exact description
of tho belated passenger. But as it is the papers aro
full next day of a murder in tho neighborhood. It is
rumored that tho murderer travelled to town by tho
train in quostlon, and later an arrest is made of a young
man, tall and well-dressod, Jones thinks of his passen
ger, and begins to ask himself whether tho description
agrees with his memory-Imago.
Now, mental images what tho "mind's eyo" sees do
not only arise as copies of what we have perceived;
overy description that wo hear, every Btory wo read,
gives us images of the scenes and characters, some
tlmoa so vividly that illustrations to a book proviouly
read without them may be Indignantly repudiated as
"all wrong," though conflicting with nothing in tho text
Botween such images, duo to Interpretative imagina
tion, and the images of memory proper thore Is no sharp
line or certain criterion.
Tho more Jones thinks and reads about tho mat
ter, then, the loss clear becomes the distinction between
his memory-Imago and his interpretative image, and the
Burer ho grows that they represent the Barao man, till at
last ho goes to the pollco and' reports, describing the
passenger as a young man, well dressed, tall and fair.
Next comes the confrontation. Jones is, remember, al
ready well on tho way to bellove that the man he re
members is tho suspect (or bp "vould not bo there), and
his "memory" is probably a utend of genuino (but not
necessarily accurate) memories with items read or
hoard. The prisoner is pretty certain to have somo re
semblance to the criminal sinco appearanco will, in most
cases, have .been a determining factor in his arrest.
Jones Bees a man who fits bis expectation sufficiently
to give riso to tho feeling of familiarity or known-ness,
and suggestion does tho rest.
Now since tho actual recognizing consists essentially
in a percept feeling familiar or known, It follows that it
the accused has onco been identified, subsequent identi
fication by tho samo witness can hardly bo moro than a
matter of form. Accordingly, everything depends on this
first identification, which becomes an essential, even
a vital, part of tho trial, and must bo subject to pvery
safeguard possible. For instance, tho witness should Be
on his oath, not only or even mainly to guard against
lyingfor this purpose it is sadly Ineffectual but rather
because of its effect on the conscientious man in mak
ing him apply all the caution and self-criticism of which
he is capable. In passing one may point out that an
absurdly oxaggoratod importance is commonly attached
to tho question of deliberate lying. Indeed, the fallacy
Involved in supposing that either a witness is lying or
what ho says 1b objectively truo has been perhaps tho
most fruitful one in tho hlatory of human superstition
and injustice. For fewer have been condemned on per
jured evidenco than on falso given in good faith.
From what has been said of tho psychology of recog
nition. It will be clear that there aro two main dangers:
(1) that the fusion giving rise to tho feeling of recogni
tion will be really of what Is seen with those elements
of tho imago which aro duo to newspaper accounts, and
so on, and not with tho elements due to memory; and
(2) that the euggestlvo force of expectation will bear
down any remaining differences botween Image and per
cept. Now tho group method will, at its best, weaken
the definiteness of tho suggestion the witness, Instead
of knowing that tho man before him is the accused, will
only know that one of the ten before him is the accused.
But this iwill foe truo only If the other nine cannot at
once bo eliminated 'because of their manner, or because
they obviously disagree with what Is a matter of com
mon knowledge about tho accused.
How the UNFRIENDLY MICROBES ATTACK US
SINCS Pasteur's great dlseevwy of the fcv
clllus of anthrax, tho part played by mi
crobes in ' the universe has constantly
grown in Importance, until it is now thought by
many e of science that thoy are tho chief
actors in its life.
Plants, as everyone knows, take carbon from
the c&rbonlo-acld gas found in the atmosphere,
tum it into starch, celluloso, sugars and oils, and
thereby storo up onorgy. When tho plant is
eaten by an animal, it furnishes tho eater with
glycogen and tats, which aro in their turn con
verted into muscular work. Tho onorgy thus
put at the disposal of living beings comes in the
first instance from the sun, but it la made avail
able largely by means of microbes.
Microbes prepare the soli for "vegetation and
Agriculture, and accumulate in tho earth the
aitrcge that we absorb with cereal food, Thoy
uvea help to break up rocks, and thus to produce
earth that can be worked, while they aro among
the chief aents of fermentation and dlgostion.
t in apttc of all this, microbes lvo for the
majority a bad name, and most peoplo look on.
them rather as the enemies of life than as Its
helpers and friends. This is largely due to the
behavior of a relatively small class among them
who arc agents and effective causes of cer
taia aawtal diseases by reason of the poisons or
toxins watch they manufacture in the system.
One ka only to mention the bacilli of tuber
uleU, or diphtheria, of smallpox, and the vlbrie
of cholora to show how terriblo Is their work in
this respect; and yet those dreaded agents of
death aro in themselves a kind of sport, being
Bpoolos which the struggle for existence through
Which all organisms pass, has armed with the
weapons thoy uso against us. Most of them aro
parasites which can only llvo at the expense of
an animal or vegetable host and in a medium
which thoy have to create for themselves. Pas
teur showed that their virulence could be abato'd
or oven abolished altogether by providing them
with another medium; and the reverse of the
picture was shown when another investigator
succeeded in producing pathogenic or disease
causing bacilli by introducing into the peritoneal
cavitios of guinea-pigs and rabbits microbes
whose normal function is to reduce to thotr
chemical constituents as quickly as possible tho
tissues of dead plants.
Fortunately for ua, if the parasite can thus
use .means for making good his habitation at the
expense of the host, the host is not without allies
which enable him to make harmless the parasite.
The most efficient of these are in the majority of
cases the leucocytes or whlto corpuscles of the
blood, which act, as is eo often said, aa police
men in arresting and rendering harmless the
invader.
Yet his route e-f attack are many and various.
By the bites of lasects, the microbes causing
cnalarla, yellow fever and sleeping sickness all
pass directly into the blood, Others gain an
entry -Into the intestinal canal by the medium of
food containing putrofactlvo bacteria either gen
erated therein or deposited on it by files. And
latoly It has como to bo seen that a great carrier
of harmful microbes is the air.
Professors Trillat and Fouassler, in a recent
communication to tho Academy of Sciences,
showed that tho email vesicles or water-drops
present in tho atmosphero form a medium In
which many pathogonlo mlcrohos will multiply
and flourish; and Professor Bordas has given it
as his opinion that this is one of the chief routes
of transmission for tho bacillus of typhoid fever.
This microbe, which is tho samo as that which
causes typhus, or the dlseaso of damps, is prob
ably always with us, but has llttlo effect nave
on enfeebled bodies or thoso suffering from
actual lesions of tho tissues. It generates most
quickly In moist and tranquil air, but seems In
capable of reproduction If the air is dried and
kept moving. '
The Investigation now proceeding into its
means of transmission will doubtloss throw light
upon the attacks of this and other mlcrohos; but
in the meaqtlme it may he said that overcrowd
ing eeems one cause of their increase. The
filtering of water and tho avoidance of certain
foods aro rightly recommended as prophylactlo
measures; but It may well be that in open win
dows, woll warmed houses, and the avoidance ol
crowds, we havo even more effectlvo means of
protection against our unwelcome guestn.
Horses Pull Better with SHORT TRACES
I
T is a great question among teamsters whether a horse
can pull better with short traces or long traces, that
is, whether it is bettor for the horse to be close to the
load or further away. Their general consensus of opin
ion Is that short traces aro better, and, as In most cases
where there Is great experience, thoy are probably right
To understand tho proposition i Is well to remember
that it takes a great deal more energy to pull tho load at
moving than It does to pull it at uniform speed. Also it
takes a great deal moro energy to pull the load at vary
ing speed than at uniform speed. This is easy to see
whon wo remember that when a body Is pulled along at
uniform speed -on a lovel surface the only thing to bo
oyercomo by tbo tractivo force is the friction at the axles.
On tho other hand, when the pace ets faster an accel
eration is given it and there is only one thing that glvc3
an acceleration, and that Is a force.
Bo when tho load changes speed a forco must bo added
to tho forco to overcome friction, thug making it harder
on tho horse. Of course, the same thing applies to any
moving body. Tho condition of least effort is uniform
speed on a level plane.
Now, to apply this to the problem stated above simply
Imagine a horse hitched to a loaded wagon and going at
uniform speed, but imagine the traces to bo one hundred
feet long. If tho wagon goes over an inequality of the
ground (say down hill slightly) the traces, of course,
slacken up greatly, and before the horse, going at the
samo uniform speed ns before, can tako up tho slack, tho
wagon may havo come to rest, or slowed down consider
ably. Bo to, bring it bRck up to previous speed the horse '
has to exert extra force. '
Now, In a short trace the stretch of the loather is mucH
less than in long ones, and so, if the wagon starts any
thing it simply shoves the horse ahead and he has no
slack to take up.
In using, short traces, too, there is much less danger of
tholr breaking, for the load Is folt by tho horse before he
has moved his body very far, and his forco is applied
gently and evenly, whereaa If ho Jumped forward with
a slack long trace he would have acquired considerable
velocity when tho traces bocaroo taut, and, trying to
move the load Instantly would Inevitably snap tho tracos.
MORE BOYS to Be Born Than GIRLS
D
TIRING tho next twenty years
it Is probable that many more
boys will be born than girls
and it is expected that this dis
proportion will bo largo enough to
mako up for tho present over-supply
of women. That there are too many
women In the world Is very evident.
The suffrage ' movement and other
plans , to give women more Indepen
dence are largely duo to this femi
nine over-supply.
It thero were an exactly equal
number of men and -women, and if
each lived equally long, thero would
bo no need for women tq enter busi
ness life, because there would be a
husband for each one. As it now la,
thero are not enough husbands to go
around and this brings such an ele
ment of chance Into the marriage
Chemical Tests Prove COFFEE MORE STIMULATING THAN TEA
TO the average consumer of the beveragGi
coffee and tea seem distinctly different,
but as a matter of scientific fact they
are very much alike.
In certain ways they ought to affect us sim
ilarly, for they both contain the alkaloli
called catfeln, which, as has ipng been known,
is a powerful stimulant of tho central nervous
cystem.
It is generally admitted, however, that the
two beverages, although having this ona thing
da common, afford different results. Tea, it la
-well to point out, contains a much larger pro
portion of the alkaloid than coffee, but in the
preparation of tea in ordinary domestic prac.
tise a much smaller quantity of material is
used than is the caso with coffee,
Since tea contains from 3 to per cent of
c&ffela, and coffee seldom more than 1 per
cent, it follows that as regards this alkaloid
both infusions of coffee and tea made on corn
son domestic lines will contain practically
the same araout of catfeln, volume for volume
t luld.
The inference is that whether it be a cup
of coffee or of tea, the dose of alkaloid will be
the same. But according to the present In
vestigation the catfeln in coffee infusion has
'quite different associates irom those in tea.
This would appear to bo tho case, inasmuch
as -while little catfeln is extracted from tea
by cold water, we tlnd that praotlcally the
whole of tho c$ffetn in coffee is taken out.
There seems to be llttlo doubt that the
caffoln in tea Is tor the most part combined .
with tannin in tho form of caffein tannate,
which is not very soluble In cold water, but
is easily soluble in hot water. English chem
ists, who have been investigating the matter,
think this la nn important observation, for it
points to tho probability of caffein existing in
coffee in a quite difforent form which is easily
soluble in cold water,
Subsequent experiments showed that the
c&ffela in coffee is combined with a peculiar
acid allied possibly to tannlo acid, but ex
hibiting different properties from the tannin
present in tea. Thus this acid (It has been
called caffetannlc acid by some observers) is
not particularly astringent, has a sour coffee
like taste, and, in fact, shows altogether dif
ferent properties from tho tannic add of tea.
As the caffein tannate of tea is precipi
tated by weak adds, it must be precipitated
by the gastria Juice, and therefore tho caffein
is probably not absorbed until it passes beyond
tho stomach. In coffee, however, tho caffein
is soluble in both alakllne and ncld fluids, and
therefore tho absorption of tho alkaloid prob
ably takes place in the stomach.
As coffee is generally considered more stim
ulating than tea, perhaps these findings may
explain it. They may very well also explain
why coffee Is often used a a poison antidote,
and tea rarely.
Aa a writer In the Lancet points out, cof
fee is often mado with a generous propor
tion of the powdered bean as in the case of
the after-dinner "black" coffee, the view being
that the secret of good coffee Is to make it
strong. This, of course, is an entirely eBthetlo
demand, which may likely enough be opposed
to physiological morality.
question that most girls think It
wise to safo-guard themselves
against the possibility of never
marrying by learning to make their
living in somo other way.
Tho youngor a woman is when she
gets married, the more likely that
most of her children will be. girls;
tho older she Is at marriage, tho
greater the likelihood that her chil
dren will be boys. Recent investi
gations have shown that where
women havo become mothers at
nineteen years or younger, thero was
an average of forty-four girls to
twenty-nine boys born. In tho case
of women who were between nine
teen and twenty-four years of age
when married, the figures showed on
average of fifty-three girls to forty
five boys. Between the years of
twenty-four and thirty-two, the pro
portions gradually became less and
between the years of thirty-two and
thirty-six, boys and girls were born,
in equal proportions. From thirty
six to forty-two, the proportion was
fifty-two boys to forty-ono girls and
between the ages of forty-two and
forty-eight, it was sixty-four boys to
twenty-Beven girls.
Tho two or three preceding gener
ations have been as notable for
marrying young as the present
generation is for waiting until later
in lite. It follows that the preceding
generations had more girls than
boys, and that the present gener
ation Ib likely to havo more boys
than girls.
The larger the number of girls,
tho greater opportunity a man has
to make his choice and tho less ho
feels tho need of haste. Whero
women are few, a man Is more likely
to take advantage of the first oppor
tunity to secure a wife, lest other
chances should not arise. Again,
tho girl who is self-supporting is
well aware that marriage implies
tho stoppage of many privileges and
sho is therefore less ready to re
spond to the advances of a lover.
The high cost of living also helps
prohibit early marriage.
All these conditions tend to delay
tho age of marriage. Our grand
mothers married when they were
seventeen or eighteen years of age,
our mothers -when they were twenty
one or twenty-two. During tho last
ten years tho average age of mar
riage has advanced to twenty-four
or twenty-five. The rate of delay Is
increasing and shortly will havo
reached the point at which more
boys will bo born than girls, and for
a generation or two boy babies will
be in tho majority and girl babies
will be few and far between. Within
two or three generations this will
mako more men than women In the
world and will of itself- make a tre
mendous difference in the whole
question of women's sphere and
women's work.
Finding Out How "WILL-O'-THE-WISPS" GET THEIR LIGHT
By Dr. L. K. Hirshbcrg.
NOT long ago, every neighborhood bad Its doleful
folktale of how some unhappy mortal lured
into the marshes among tho boggy moors and
swamps, by Wlll-o-the-Wlsps, or 6t Anthony's fire,
went to his untimely death while pursuing what he
thought was a guiding beam of light from some pio
neer's cabin.
Hitherto the usually accepted explanation has been
that the spontaneous combustion of marsh gas, which
How OIL Makes the ROUGHEST SEAS SMOOTH
The Difference Between the Thickness of the Oil Film on the
Crest and in the Trough of the Wave Creates a Tension Which
Qaiekly Pull Down the Crest. The Result Is That the WhoU
Wava Is Finally Lowered te a Level Like That Indicated hy
the. lotted Lines.
THE valuahte part played by the oil tank
steamer Narragansett at the time of the
VeitHrao disaster has renewed Interest
1m, tit w of oil in calming troubled waters and
saris saiM from wreck. Scientists say that
ra sf ail, properly applied, will smother
square xeet or rouga seas, and nine pint
" ' ' ' "' I UN Jill
Caw of Wav 5
is the same gas that occurs in mines and causes ser
ious catastrophes there, or electric discharges in a
damp atmosphere caused the wlll-o'-the-wlsp.
Its elusive nature Is now recognized by pr. Henry
Watklns and others to be due to a continuous sparking
and Ignition of the gas as it comes in contact with
fresh draughts and strata of oxygen.. Its glow Is bo
tween a dim blue alcohol light and a real phosphores
cence. Now a conservative British savant, Prof. Hayward
Cooper of The Leeds Instituto of Science, has Just de
scribed the results of a careful investigation into the
will-o'-the-wisp superstition. Ho visited mines, marsh
es, and sailed on ships that brought tales of the "swamp
lights," and he refutes all the commonly accepted
scientlflo explanations.
Professor Cooper says that although some of the
Jack-o'-lanterns may have been a spontaneous ignition
of vapora from swampy bogs as well as mines, and
some of these may have been luminescent insects such
as glowworms and fireflies, yet he was able to literally
capture from the topmasts and in the rigging of several
Bblps, what the sailors In awesome tones alwaya called
wlllro'-the-wisps or jack-o'-lanterns.
Thoy were nothing more or less than luminescent
owls and smaller birds of nocturnal habits. These
winged creatures had skimmed over the waters or
touched the surfaces of the marshes and the phos
phorescent, luminous moisture had clung to them as
they took flight When they momentarily rested or
flew about whero the conditions were proper this
phosphorescence was visible. Some of these 'birds
were the white owls, while many others wera much
smaller sea-birds.
of oil will, cover a square mile of water with
a film sufficient to prevent Its breaking Into
waves. This oil film is effective when so thin
that it is almost unimaginable.
Oil is most effective when the water is very
deep and tha heaviest,, thickest oils show tha
best results. Tho beat method of applying oil
from a ship at sea is to hang over the aide eo
The. Oil, Starting in the Trough -of the Wave (A), Works Its Way
Straight to tho Crest (B). At the Crest the Film Becomes
Thicker Because It Thero Has a Much Narrower
Space Over Which to Spread,
that they will Jutt touch the water small canvas
bags holding from one to two gallons of oil.
Holes aro pricked in the bag with a mail needle
to facilitate the leakage of the oil.
Tho use of oil in lessening; tho force of storms
at sea was well known to the ancients, lndud
lng the officers of Pliny's; fleet, who practised
It 1,800 years ago.
Copyright, 1914, by the Star Company.
Why LIFE Is a CONTINUOUS DEATH
LrviNO is a continuous process of dying. When we
cease to die we cease to live. One can readily
understand this by means of a very concrete ex
ample. Suppose you arise some cold morning and find
that the fire in your furnace has "gone out." It will do
no good to utter malicious invectives against the poor
furnace. Just philosophize as follows: "My furnace
has ceased to die) In other words. It has ceased to con
sume that very expensive article called coal The con
tinual consumption of coal is fire or life in the furnace.
When the consumption or dying ceased tho fire or Ufa
ceased." Accordingly, you proceed to make the fur
nace "die" some more.
"What Is true of the furnace is true of ourselves.
All organlo lite exists in a state of continuous decom
position and rebuilding or a continuous state of dying
and living. As soon as decomposition ceases recoa-
Oreat Britain Rights Reserved.
etructlon censes, or, in common terms, as soon as we
cease dying wo cease living. Certain poisons, If swal
lowed by a human being, destroy life by annihilating
the decomposing or dying process which is necessary
for life. When they enter the system a chemical com
pound is formed which resists decomposition. Upon ex
amination of the dead body it will be found that putre
faction does not take place. With these poisons In tho
body thero is no process of dying; hence there Is no
life.
The same truth holds in regard to our mental and
moral existence. If we cease to struggle or think and
2xo content to ilvo a purely animal life, the activity ot
our brain powers quickly ceases and we are mentally
dead. Struggle, action, aspiration is dying, but it means
living. Introduce the poison of vice, and there is a
cessation ot mental life as fatal as that caused to tha
body by arsenic
