THE OMAHA SUNDAY BEE: AUGUST 4, 1912.
5-B
Uncle Sam's " Fifty-Mile Railway Has Large Assets
(Copyright, 1D12," by Frank G. Carpenter.)
OT...ON. Panama, Uncle Sam's
I fS 1 railway.
I . I Yes, the title is right. Uncle
& J Sam nwna r.iilwnv and
la one of the prettiest, busiest
and best managed lines of the
world. Jt lias more traffic in proportion
to its length than any road owned by
any other government, and is pay
ing better than any railway system of
the United States. It is a beehive of
industry which stores up honey of liquid
gold. The line earned last year more
lhan $1,700,000, which, according to the
width of the territory it covers, was
more than J34.000 a mile.
The main track of this road is less
lhan fifty miles long. It begins hero
at Colon and runs across the Isthmus of
Panama, skirting the canal, and ending
at Balboa, our new port on the Pacific.
A part of it is double tracked, and it
has switches and other construction at
the terminals, which give it a total
length of BS miles, but even taking them
Into consideration It Is doing more busi
ness, I venture, than any other railroad
under the sun. It took In last year more
than JS.OOO.OOO, and its freight traffic
amounted to more than 1,500,000 tons. It
. carried almost 2,500.000 passengers. And
i all this was outside the work done on
the construction tracks of the Panama
canal.
The Panama railroad is run as a com
mercial proposition, and Undo Sam keeps
)ils tracks in the Culebra cut and else
where on a separate account sheet. He
lias hundreds of miles of other roads on
the canal zone, but the Panama railway
proper is a government road, which
charges fares to every one who goes over
it and makes every ton of freight pay
its tolls.
Government Entpriirlsie Which Pay.
' But first let me tell you how the rail
road Is managed and something more of
the enormous profits it makes. The presi
dent is Colonel George V. Goethals, the
chief engineer of the canal, and the first
vice president is E. A. Drake, who
has his headquarters In New York. Mr.
Drake has been connected with the insti
tution for many years and is one of Its
most valuable employes. In addition, we
have Engineer Commissioner Hodges as
the second vice president and as the gen
eral superintendent and the man who has
his hands on the wheels, and Mr. J. A.
Smith, who has under him a full corps of
engineers, mechanics and transportation
officials, and the usual machinery which
belongs to the management of any great
railroad.
All of the officers are appointed by
Uncle Sam ,and with the exception of
one or two shares all the Btock belongs
to him. , It came to the government
through our purchase of the Panama
canal, being turned in by the French at
a valuation of $7,000,000. The last French
company had bought It of me De Les
seps organization for $18,OCO,000, but when
we figured out the values of the isthmian
property it was put uown at $7,009,000, and
'it has been carried on the books at that
isum. Nevertheless, its assets have
i steadily grown, until they are tow over
' $23,000,000, and the company today has a
surplus of almost $12,000,000. Moreover,
,the traffic and the profits are steadily
(increasing. The freight tonnage last year
I showed a gain of more than 22 per cent,
land the number of passengers was 8 per
cent more than in 1910.
It Has Earned Million.
' The Panama railroad has always been
paying institution. It began to yield
Itiividends as sooty as the first rails were
laid, and for more than a generation it
(proved to be a gold mine to its owners,
lit was started by an American com
pany at 'the time that the California
jgold excitement was at Its height, and
before the forty-seven miles which
formed the first track was completed it
'had earned $2,000,000. Within four years
(after that its earning were $32,000,000,
which was four times what the road cost
ito construt, and It has kept on paying
for itself again and again. It was al
ways charged well for its services. Be
glnning ' with ' its opening in 1855, its
freight rates were something like $160
jper ton, or more than $3 per ton per
Imlle, and passengers paid $25 for a single
Itlcket which took them from one side of
the isthmus to the other. These rates
Iprevailed for about thirty years.
. Think of paying $25 for a fifty-mile
journey! The. rate was more than 50
'cents a mile. At the same charge it
iwould cost you $116 to go from New
tYork to Boston, and tho fare to Chi
cago would be $480. The cost across
Ithe continent on the railroad would be
$1,600, and at the present rate of fast
travel it would cot something like $25
jan hour to ride on the cars. Today the
first-class rate on Uncle Sam's road is
about 5 cents a mile, and second-class
passengers pay 2 cents, wlide mileage
Ibooks cost you Va cent more per mile
Mor
Clianc than
a Snowball
in Panama
NO ABSURD DIET! Ho EXEB
CISXNO! JXO POISON DRUGS 1
Bemov Tour rat Quickly with
FAT FOE
TRIPLE
TREATMENT
Including OBESITY HERB TEA
It Doei the Work! Eat All Ton Want
Whenever Ton Wantl Son't Be Fat!
You can become slender without
privations, absurd dieting or exercis
ing. No sweating, injections, mas
sage, rolling, vibrators, wires or
bandages. This treatment is designed
to eliminate superfluous fat harm
lessly and as speedily as is advisable.
OBESITY HERB TEA, a part of the
FAT FOB TRIPLK TREATMENT,
wakes a mild and delightful brew that
is specially intended for fat folks and
ican be sipped at bedtime.
Fat folks can improve their health
:with the Fat Foe Treatment, as it not
ionly reduces fat, but adds new vigor
:and health while reducing. Ask your
.druggist for this remarkable new treat
ment and If he Is out of It he can
quickly secure same from' his whole
saler. Out-of-town customers can secure
Fat Foe from the Omaha druggists by
mail at $1.00. Sold in Omaha by Sher
man & McConnell Drug Co. (four
stores), Eeaton Drug Co., 15th and Far
,nam Sts.; Myers-Dillon Drug Co., 16th
land Farnani Sts., and Merchants Drug
Co., 10th and Howard. Secure this
rrnt iJLOO treatment now.
I fc v jrHEk " V 8 9ft I III " . 'ii " II
On An oil Burning kocoofive.
than in the United States. Notwithstand
ing all this, the isthmus Is liot and the
walking Is not over good, and so every
one rides.
Acroas the Isthmun by Railroad.
We can buy first-class tickets from
Colon to Panama for about $2.50 and we
shall take a run over the road before
we look into its managment. We shall
take the new line which is now being
constructed to go around Gatum lake
high above the canal level. The old
track ran through the bed of the luke
and it has long since been swallowed
up by the waters held back by the dam.
The new road la well built, being
equipped with ninety-pound rails and for
the most part with ties of pine and cy
press soaked In creosote. The first road
was built with ties of mahogany and lig
num vltae which are the only ties that
will withstand the woodeating ants.
There are some hardwood ties in the
present road. That wood Is so tough
that the spikes cannot be driven without
holes are first bored for them. They are
put in with special boring machines, and
patent tie plates and screw spikes are
In use. The telegraph poles are of steel
to withstand the white ants.
The cars are excellent. The first-class,
where we ride, has rows of wicker seats
on each side of ' the aisle that runs
through the center, and there Is room
for two passengers on each seat We
find the cars filled, and that with pay
passengers.
Going on to the second-class, we find
them crowded with silver employes,
mostly negroes. The seats here run un
der tho windows, like those of a street
car, and as a , result about double the
number are carried. The conductors are
whites. A careful record Is made of the
tickets at both ends of the Journey.
There are gates through which you must
go to enter tho cars, and turnstiles
througn which you pass out when you
leave the terminal station. The number
of passengers is thus registered, and the
officials know exactly how many people
travel each day. ,
Over a Scenic Route.
But the train has left Colon and crossed
over to the Mount Hope reservoir, which
supplies that city with water. It goes
by great warehouses holding supplies for
the canal, and then begins the scenery
which makes it one of the picturesque
routes of the continent. We pass a wide,
grassy plain which was formally infested
with tapirs and deer, and thence rise
Into the hills of Gatun, where one can
see the great locks on the right. The
road now turns and cuts around Gatun
lake, which is in view for a greater part
of the Journey. The roadbed has been
built ten feet above the surface of the
lake, and it is now on the ninety-five-foot
level throughout the main part of the
way. On the right we can see the great
sheet of water, with its many islands, and
In the future one will be able to look at
the ships going through.
The vegetation on both sides of the
road is tropical. There are palm trees
and bamboos and fern trees as tall as a
one-story cottage. Some of the trees
have magnlficlent foliage, being covered
with blossoms of the brightest of red,
yellow and blue. Some of them are
loaded with orchids, and others are
bearded with Spanish moss. Part of the
way is through a Jungle like that of the
Himalaya foothills above the plains of
the Ganges, and lq other places the
country is open, and again we see hills
and ridges not unlike those of the Blue
Ridge.
Going on, we pass many little towns
composed of mere shacks, and at Cule
bra and Empire find the great buildings
of the canal and the homes of the em
ployes. A little further on we see Cu
curacha and Paralso and then stop at
Pedro Miguel, where there is a big en
gine yard and roundhouse. Here are the
locks connecting the elghty-flve-foot level
with the Mtraflores lake, and the next
stop beyond is at Mtraflores Itself, whero
tho ships make their final descent to the
Pacific sea level. We then go on
through the one tunnel of the line, and,
leaving the canal route, cross level ground
to Panama, the capital of the republic.
There is a branch road running on to
Balboa, but here the line practically ends,
the two towns of Panama and Ancon be
ing Joined together almost in front of the
station.
An we stop we look at our watches. We
have been Just about two hours crossing
the isthmus, and have come through on
time, the rate of travel being about twenty-five
miles per hour. There are three
or four passenger trains each way dally,
but more on Sunday, due to the fact that
that is a holiday, when the canal em
ployes ride back and forth visiting their
friends.
Trnln Erery 1'onr Mlnntea, .
In a trip like this one sees something
of the enormous traffic which is going on
In the Isthmus. In addition to the Pan
ama railway proper are the construction
roads of the canal which are sending
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f ltl i III
JrT Klfl OM)mVBGBsseE
M&:tiurJI II i i H i iiiiliiapiiii I . . II
rivers of earth and rock out to the dumps
on Lidgerwood cars. There are so many
trains that tho tracks actually seem to
be moving. This is so both on the com
mercial road and on the excavation lines.
Altogether something like 6.000 cars are
In use and the engines number more than
400. There are twenty-seven trains which
are always at work carrying out coarse
rock from Culebra to Gatun and there Is
a great number which are moving out
toward Balboa.
Altogether the average is 386 trains
every day, which is equal to one train
every four minutes, day and night, all
the year through. These trains go all
the time, with the exceptlon'of Sundays,
and it seems to mo that the commercial
road Is almost as busy at night as In
the day time. It has a cold storage train
at 4 o'clock in the morning and another
train at 3. It has a regular work train
at 5:30, starting out from Ancon and an
other an hour later, which is filled with
clerks, officials and tourists. Every one
gets up early here, and girls who have
never seen the sun rise, are crawling out
of their beds these hot mornings even
before he comes up in order that they
may have a chance to see the canal.
At present, in addition to the regular
traffic, we have what are called the rubber-neck
trains. These are cars which
have been put on to take visitors through"
the canal. They make special trips
through the various divisions Vita a
loud-mouthed conductor and the charge
Is a dollar a trip.
llandllno; the Traffic.
It is a big Job to handle 386 trains a
day on a fifty-mile line and its branches,
and I am told that that Job is better
done here than it has ever been done
elsewhere. The trains move like clock
work,' and every engineer and every
brakeman has to be Johnny-on-the-spot
to catch the signals and not cause com
plications. In the first place, the labor trains have
to .be on time to get tue men to their
work, and the scenes at the roundhouse
when the engines start out are worth
notice. There are 100 and more engines
at Pedro Miguel, all of which leave at
6:30 a. m. Every engineer is ready be
fore that time, . and when the whistle
blows the conductors and brakemen are
all In their places. Wo have a record of
dispatching 100 engines from the yard
within five minutes, and the usual time
required is only seven minutes. Some of
these engines go to Mlraflores, some to
the Culebras cut, and others to other
places. '
At the same time other engines are sent
out from other yards and the whole sys
tem moves like one fine machine. In
order to keep the engines In snape they
are gone over every night as soon as they
come in from the work and are cleaned
up and repaired before morning. Those
which need it are sent to the repair Bhops,
where the work is done chiefly by electric
light, all the defects being remedied be
tween 7 p. m. and 5 a. m.
In addition to the regular trains there
are wrecking trains, which keep up steam
night and day. There are ..ospltal cars,
which are especially fitted with mat
tresses and berths for carrying the sick
or those who meet with accidents, and
there are coaling trains, which go through
the canal when the work is not In prog
ress and load the steam snovels and sup
ply the blacksmith shops and other places
where coal Is needed.
' The handling of the trains and tho
managing of the switches is a great work.
The trains are moved by flags and sig
nals, a green flag meaning south bound
and a yellow one north bound. The sema
phore Is also employed, and when the
steam shovels are working In the cut a
negro stands at each switch and turns it
as the yardmaster signals. Indeed the
system Is such that accidents are com
paratively few.
On an Oil-Burning Locomotive.
The machinery and equipment of these
railroads are of the most modern de
scription. The engines used in hauling
out the earth and rock are the largest
of their kind, and those of the Panama
railway proper are modern and first
class in every particular. As we came
across the isthmus on the road we were
surprised to see that there was no dust
nor cinders and very little smoke, and
when we asked why we were told that
the engines were oil burning. During my
stay here I have taken a ride on one of
these oil locomotives, and after riding
on it from Ancon to Culebra my face
was as clean as when I left Panama.
My engine was No. 658, constructed by
one of our American locomotive com
panies, and its only fuel was crude pretro-
leum. The trip was arranged for me by
A. K. Stone, the master of transpor
tatlon of the Panama .railroad and
brother of Warren 8. Stone, the grand
chief of International Brotherhood
of Locomotive Engineers. I was accom
panied by James A. CTalg, the senior
traveling engineer of ihe commission,
and the man who ran the locomotive
was "Peg" Conners, one of the old stand
bys here and well known in the Btatea.
"Peg" told me that his engine weighed
234.000 pounds and that it was carrying
200 pounds of steam pressure.
The only fuel was crude oil. Just back
of the engine was nn oil tank of 2,300
gallons, and this held sufficient for a run
of 600 miles. Tho oil was let into the
engine through pipes, and tho fireman
could increase or lower the temperature
by turning, a valve.
I looked Into the furnace. A mighty
flame filled the fire box and I was told
that the heat within was 2,200 degrees
above zero. It mado me feel as if there
was only a sheet of brown paper be
tween me and Hades. I then looked out
of the window at the smokestack. There
was practically nothing rising into the
air, but a moment later, when the fire
man threw a shovel-full of sand Into
the furnace, a great black cloud burst
forth. It is In this way that the smoke
pipe is cleaned, the tremendous draft
caused by the flame carrying tho sand
through and cutting the soot.
As I rode I could see the economy of
using tho oil. When ro went down
grade the oil was shut off and gravity
did tho work. Tho flow was also re
duced at the stations, and fuel was only
needed when the engine required It. Such
an engine costs about $26,000. It has
what Is known as tlfe E. T. track equip
ment. The ono on which I rode was
built like a watch, and it ran as
Bmoothly.
Railroad Men of the lathmna.
Mr. Smith, the general superintendent
of the , Panama railway, tells me that
Uncle Sam has down here at Panama
the cream of the railroad engineers and
conductors of the United States. Wo pay
the highest salaries that are paid to rail
road men anywhere In the world, and
our men have the best treatment. AVe
now have altogether 413 locomotive en
Hair on Face
JTECX
Removes, Prevents and
Retards Its Growth.
The excellence of DeMiracle is too widely known to
need comment. The specially interesting thing is that
we sell this preparation at smartly reduced prices. Not
for one day but every day. You can buy it at our toilet
" goods department at
OUR SPECIAL PRICES
$1.00 bottle 79c
$2.00 bottle $1.69
The best proof that DeMiracle is the standard de
pilatory of the world is that it has stood the test of
time. It was the largest selling depilatory ten years
ago, and more of it is sold today than the combined
sales of the questionable depilatories.
Sherman & McConnell Drug Co., 16th and Dodge
Owl Drug Co., 16th and Harney
Loyal Pharmacy, 207-9 North 16th
Sherman & McConnell, 24th and Farnam
gineers on the isthums, and 150 of these
are receiving more the $2,600 a year
We have other engineers, who are not
Qualified to run on the mam line or tne
Panama road, who are receiving $1W a
mouth.
Tho wages of our conductors range
from $190 to $215 per month, and both
engineers and conductors, like all the
gold employes of tho isthmus, have forty
hr ilnv vacation with Pay. They have
also a sick leave for thirty days, making
a total of seventy-two days In tne year
that a man may be out of his work and
xtlll receive nav.
As a result of these advantages, maKing
tlm nnv 40 or 60 tier cent more than that
In the Htntes, the railroad company has
no trouble In getting the best men. It
has a lone, waiting list, and every rail
road man who has come here and gone
awnv wnnts to eet back. At first sucn
appointments were largely political, but
the miBflts have been discharged and
weeded out, until the service Is now tne
mnit cffiMont to he found anywhere.
I am told that many of these railroad
men are saving money. They can lay
nwnv more out of their salaries than
they could earn In the states, and, owing
th low nrices of the commissary, iney
-nn livn more client) y here man ai nomu,
The most of such men are fine-looking
physically and I am told they are morally
clean. FRANK G. CAKf KWTHitt
The Taak at Hand.
The late Clara Barton, head of the
American Red Cross, was a ennauan jn
perhaps tho best sense-tne practical ana
unselfish sense. , .
n,.,im In on Interview In New
York about the tenement house laws,
once said to a reporter:
"t'.i .7i.,-t .inirnh 1M npsrleet religion
to get our vile and unwholesome slums
all swept away.
"We ouKht not to consider the man
sions awaiting us on the other side or
Jordan, you know, while there's an un
solved housing problem so near home.
Washington fetar.
A2TD AKM8
iraeie
Valeska Suratts
'The Art of Art is
One of the most disheartening sights
to me Is to see a woman whose fea
tures reveal tho abominable habit of
"piling things on." Powder Is slapped on
so rurvlessly that It appears In spots,
rouge Is put fn so thick as to give the
lips a downhill vermllllon; the eyebrows
and the lushes are penciled so heavily as
to make the user look like a wild dervish.
This Is dense Ignorance, yet we find
women of supposedly great roftnement
and station guilty of this buffoonery. Do
not forget that the exceslve use of such
toilet articles as a rule defeats Its own
purpose.
The woman who always "looks per
fectly natural," even though tint nat
uaralnes may be manufactured, is the
woman who first receives all the atten
tions and the favors. The obviously paint
ed woman Is a shock; no man prefers to
promenade with a woman who causes the
crowd to gape at the landscape on her
feature. In other words, the art of art
la to conceal art.
Don't overdo. Don't forgot you are not
making up for the stage when you go
on the street, and besides, you should
wish rather to be known as a woman
who does not neod a thick veneer
I of powder, rouge and pencil, than
' one who does. To put too much
I on, or badly, calls attention to your
very lack of beauty. Besides, I will con
tinue to tell my readers in these columns
how they can be beautiful. Instead of be
ing merely painted counterfeits.
MRS. L. 11. C. asks how to get rid of
spotty, muddy complexion.
Boll half a pint of water. Add two
tablespoonfuls of glycerine. Keep Btlr
ring, while adding one ounce of tlntone,
until It is dissolved. Then let cool. If
the cream Is too thick to pour easily
from a bottle, thin It down a little with
more hot water. The cream will be wnlte
and satiny. After bathing In the morn
ing, hold a wet, hot towel to the face
several times for several minutes. Rub
this cream on the entire face liberally.
Let the cream dry on tho face. Repeat
this again at night. Any good druggist
will sell you an ounce of xlntone for not
more than fifty cents.
"tTfYPITE'TTT.' HiMfl nn nikAri t hnn'
she can be absolutely certain of getting
14.1 rf aniAnAa Tinhtnir will nut ourc
them, though it helps tor tho time being.
Dissolve two ounces of granulated sugar
In one-half Pint of water and add one
ounce of sarsene, and mix the whole to
gether thoroughly, then add more water
to make a pint. You will have one of the
most splendid and effective pimple remov
ers It Is possible to obtain, bursene la a
ltauld which you can get at the drug
tore for seventy-five cents. Take one or
two teaaponiuls of this mixture tnree or
four times a day. with a little water ir
desired. This la absolutely eafe for any
one.
la harmful to wear bust uads. Reason
It out for yburaelf. Anything which
presses or causes neai ana perpiramm in
such cases la injurious, and often disas
trous. However, if you mill persist in
wearing mem, yei uoairo iu wn.uu bi"
didly developed, you can assuredly do ao,
If you will be faithful in ualng the fol
lowing
in t,Dir.nlnt et lint mat or dissolve two
ounces of ructone and half a cup of sugor.
an wen mixtu lugeiue!-. ui hub, n-o
teasponiuis inree or lour umea uy m m
wine glass oi water, aner jour nw.
Tn n tnnt u-aaItm uaii elltMlM nntloA tL Vlnt
-. . t . , Ink,. nn Will tfhflllM tIMMt
u I ii renuu, mm mini w j vm ...
no pads or subterfuges whatever. This Is
one or Uie most remaxaaoio intiimoiwus
. . v ir.xttT It ulll An
i nave ever neu.ru ui. -
the work, and I know It la perfectly sate
nesiaea. rne rueionu yuu wn .
drug store for a dollar. You will alao
find the development materially assisted
by massaging the bust with the eptol
cream mentioned. .
"DISSATISFIED" should get a small
niece of cotton, wind it around the end
of an orangewood stick. Dip this in per
oxide of hydrogen, which you can get at
any drug store, and run it under the fin
ger nallH. This acts aa a bleach and
cleans the under eiae or me linger nana
perfectly.
MRS. W. D. 8.: I will send you the
proper method of reducing enlarged hips.
uxruiJu-Lrinru-u-innrir.--.-ri
Important Announcement
Owing to Miss Valeska Suratt's enforced absence
for several weeks abroad, where she goes for the
procurement of her new wardrobe and for the
preparation of her theatrical engagements this
winter, the appearance of these weekly, talks on
beauty will be suspended
DRS. IY1ACH & T.1ACH
THE DENTISTS
lutMUOT BAILEY & MACK -;
The largtat and best equipped deatal office! la Omaha. - Experts la charge ef all work, '
moderate prices. Psrcelaia filling jnat like the tooth. Iastrumenta sterilized after aslag.
3rd Flaw Pastes) Block, Omaha, Nsbr.
Free facts about any land
will be given to you by The
Twentieth Century Farmer, which maintains a
land information bureau for the use of its readers.
Ask us about land laws, conditions in any; lo-,
cality, climatic conditions, and the
Land Inf ormation Bureau
will promptly answer them if,
you enclose return postage at no other expense to
you. You can learn how to get irrigation lands,
where land offices are located, what laws govern
lands, and where best sections for any particular
purpose re located. .
Write plainly and concisely to the
Land Information Bureau
Thfc Twentieth Century Farmer
Omaha Nebraska.
' Owr 100,000 farm tamUi- read it
Secrets of Beauty ii
to Conceal Art"
PREMATURE saya-she ta 81 years ot
age and looks like 45. She wants to look
her agei again, or look even younger, If
possible. If you had asked me this a few v
yers ago 1 would have said ''impossible."
But now I say "almost." I know of quit
a few women who have produced really
phenomenal results In .rejuvenating their
appearance by using the following'
formula. It has the effect of removing
wrinkles and making the face look
plump and youthful. I use this myself
and It Is my "standby": t
In one-halt pint of boiling water, pour
TWO lamepponiuie ul Biyueuuu. jii a cw
minutes add two ounces of eptol and con
tinue stirring until all Is dissolved. At
first it will look like Jelly, then it will
start to cream. When It does this, re
move from the fire and stir constanty un
til cold. Keep In air-tight Jar. You
should be able to get eptol at any good
drug store, and It should not cost you
more than fifty cents. ,
Apply this cream every morning with,
the tips of the fingers, after washing your
face with very warm water and soap.
Rub In well until the cream has disap
peared. This cream will not grow hair,
.!'
LIIXY G.: I would not advise you to use
anything' of the kind you mention, aa I
do not know what It contains. If you
want u ihimmn wnrthv of the name.
mat win Clean your nur as juu (jivuuny
never had it cleaned before, and that will
leave the hair beautifully silky and not
so hard to manage, dissolve one teaspoon
ful of eggol in half a cup of hot water.
When entirely dissolved and the solution
has become luke warm, pour onto the
hair and shampoo in the usual manner.
It makes an exquisite lather. After rub
bing It well Into the scalp so it is per
fectly clean, wash the hair thoroughly
,UH nlntV rt H'H MH WH tPT A.lld rlnSfi Wlttt .
cold water. This eliminates every partl-
jk i . DvH that onoiimnlnte nn
the hair and scalp. The druggist will let
hnvo tho oeirnl for not more than,
jun I.U..U . n -
twenty-five cents. , ,
, " '" ' " ' " iiww
until the week of Sept. 1.
Kim I
) v 5.1 if) I 5