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THE OMAHA SUNDAY BEE: JULY 14, 1912.
LOW GRADES ARE ESSENTIAL
Decrease of Grades Seduces Cost of
Wagon Transportation. '
MANY THINGS ARE CONSIDERED
Drainage, Material aad Many Other
Thing's Eater Into the Contrac
tion of Good Roads la
Thta State.'
If the construction of good roads meant
nothing more than the mere reduction
of grades It would be a proposition vastly
worth while. Grades are of course more
of a consideration in some parts of the
state than in others, as there are sec--tionsof
the country that are more hilly
than others. Then there are places where
. the country is so level, as in parts of
northeastern Colorado, for example,
whero in Phillips county and others in
the neighborhood the farmers do not even
have brakes on their wagons, as they are
never needed. In the agricultural sec
tions of Nebraska, however, there are
very few localities where a brake could
not be used to good advantage in travel
ing a distance of a dozen miles.
The cost of wagon transportation Can
be reduced by increasing, the size of the
load hauled. This can be done by. de
creasing the grades. It has been pointed
out that If a horse can pull 1,000 pounds
on a level surface, with the same kind
of surface he can draw only 900 pounds
up a 1 per cent grade, 800 pounds up a
2 per cent; grade, 400 pounds up a S per
cent graae ana oniy w) pounds up a 10
per cent grade. This Is only one-half
. the load or a 5 per cent grade that he
can pull up a 2 per cent grade, two and
, one-half times on the level what he ,can
pull up a 6 per cent grade or four times
the load on a 10 per cent grade. - The rail
roads, who make a business exclusively
of transportation, expend millions of dol
lars to reduce a grade in order to make
'a. slight reduction in the cost of haul
iper ton mile. The beauty of cutting
i down a hill for road purposes is that
I once It is cut down the grade is reduced
'for all time to come and the facility of
.hauling In all the years to come will pay
land repay the cost of the grading a
countless number of times.
Two Important ThlnK.
Among' the many things to be consid
ered in the construction of roads are the
two prominent items, drainage and wear
ing surface "a tight roof and a dry
cellar," as this has been expressed. The
more Important of the two is the matter
of drainage, surface drainage and under
drainage. If there is not good, natural
drainage it must be acquired artificially,
as no road will ever be good until the
drainage is good. The next is a thor
oughly compacted wearing surface, a sur
face that . will withstand the effects , of
travel and the weather. If the material
of the surface is in a loose condition,
not only, will the wheels and hoofs cut it
and destroy it, but water and frost will
get in their work of destruction.
By surface drains is meant the crown
ing, ditching and culverting. The crown
makes a drained roadwav for travel. If
it is too broad and flat it does not drain
well. If it is too steep it makes travel
hard. The road should be wide enough
for two vehicles to pass conveniently.
Where excessive travel demands it of
course, they can be widened. The ordi
nary farm wagon measures - about five
and a "half feet out to out, and the 'auto
mobile six feet This then makes fifteen
feet of passing roadway sufficient
The crown of the road is expected to.
shed the water quickly off the surface
into the ditches at the side. To provide
J. A, FREELAND
HAS GREAT AUTO
MOBILE YEAR
Mason and Midland Gars Go
- Faster Than He Can
Get Them
FEW PROMISED IMMEDIATELY
Will Rot Arrive in Quantities Before
September, Though Few Come
Every Week
One of the firms doing the most
satisfactory automobile business in
this part of the country this season
is the . Freeland Automobile Co. at
1124 Farnam St. They are distri
buters for two well known, satisfac
tion giving cars, namely, the Midland
and the Mason.
This concern has oversold its al
lotment so far as the original con
tract number with the factory is con
cerned, but they continue to get a
few more cars every week or so
which enables them to partly meet
the demand for their lines.
i The Mason car comes in both de
livery and pleasure designs. The
delivery car for instance is a large,
roomy machine seling at $900.00.
Many prizes have been won by the
Mason car in hill climbing contests.
During the Automobile Show last
February the manufacturers of this
excellent little car had a standing of
fer of a large sum of money for any
one who could duplicate the hill
climbing feats of the Mason car. On
Eeveral occasions they loaded the lit
tle car with as many as a dozen per
sons and readily climbed a 45
grade a thing that the owners of
several other cars had the courage
to attempt, but lacked the proper
mechanism to accomplish. There
were but few who succeeded in ad
vancing more than one-third of the
distance up the incline. The Mason,
however, never faltered. .
; The Midland car comes in the five
passenger touring type and is in the
popular priced class. It, too, has be
come famous through the place
which it has won on the occasion of
various contests in which it was
entered along with other makes of
cars.
; it will be possible to get a few
more cars of both these makes, but
the factories do not promise them in
satisfying numbers before Septem
ber. Mr. Freeland is anxious to
demonstrate one or both of these
. lines, particularly to those who have
actually ridden In cars of other
makes... . . ,. - ,
Little Trick that Does the Work
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KINO SPLIT-LOO DRAG.
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means for these side ditches to drain
themselves properly is now an important
matter. The side ditches are constructed
not only to carry the water off the road
Itself, but also to protect the roadbed from
the water from adjoining fields. If the
road Is on a hillside it is necessary to
have a ditch on the upper side of the
road. The lack of proper ditching is often
the cause of a bad road. Culverts and
bridges are absolutely necessary in a
good system of surface drainage.
Under drainage cuts oft the underflow
and ' Is absolutely necessary for. soils
which cannot be dried out by the surface
drainage. Any soil in which the ground
water comes near the surface needs
under drainage to lower the water level
under the roadway. . poads which . dry
out slowly after a. wet spell or in the
spring of the year need under drainage to
make them drain off or dry quickly.
Roads can also be ruined by the water
coming up from below as well as by the
water falling upon them.
Effective Drains.. '
Effective drains are sometimes made of
burled logs or stone, although drain tile
is better, since they are less liable to -get
clogged and are not so expensive as to be
prohibitive. The tile must be laid in line
both horUontally and vertically, with as
close joints as is practicable and a free
outlet If the tile is not In line and laid
to a true grade there is danger of its
clogging. The hoighway department of
the Missouri State Board of Agriculture
has found that best results are obtained
where tile of not less than four inches in
diameter is used with a fall of not less
than four inches per 140 feet and buried
not less than two feet in the center of the
road. The department also recommends
that the upper drains be laid either di
rectly across the roadway or In a "V"
shape with the point of the "V" upstream
and under the center of the road, with
the outlets in the side ditches if the tile
is to drain a . wet or boggy spot
The whole of the road drainage question
was summed up by' the Missouri State
Board of Agriculture as follows: "In
order to have a good road the water
trust be got off and away one of the
road by means of the under drains, off
the road by means of the crown and away
from the road by ' means of the - side
ditches."
Concomitant, with the problem of
drainage comes the problem of bridges
and bridge, material. In Missouri the
highway department has many years ago
given up the idea of constructing bridges
from any material except steel and
masonry. Quoting , from their bulletin
No. 5, published In 1908: "How much
better off would some of our, counties
be today could they have the annual
repair expense for bridges, to be used
toward building new bridges. How long
does it take for the repair bill to amount
to enough to pay for another bridge T
It is an expense that will steadily in
crease as more wooden floors and light
bridges are built The wooden bridge
is such an obsolete type that It is use
less to discuss it. It does not belong
to this age, and should be built as . a
temporary structure only."
Large Field to Select From.
In selecting culvert material one is
confronted with quite a large field to
select from, and naturally the normal
life of the culverts of the various ma
terials together with the cost and avail
ability of the material are to be con
sidered. One has the whole field of
wood, steel, corrugated metal, cast iron,
vitrified clay, brick masonry, stone ma
sonry, and concrete to select .from. It
Is well known to all farmers and road
overseers that the wood culvert is a
poor structure. The life of the wood
culvert is short. . The cost of repair is
high, and loose planks In the structure
are constantly dangerous to horses..' '.
Nearly everyone is familiar with the
culvert of steel put out by bridge shops.
These steel pipe culverts can be put In
place with the greatest ease and but very
little care Is require in the preparation
of the bed. Steel under such, conditions
It is said can be depended upon for from
fifteen to twenty years. The. cost for
one-half inch metal as quoted by the
Highway department of Missouri is ap
proximately 13.50 per lineal foot for pipe
S feet in diameter, and $6.50 per lineal
toot for pipe 5 feet In diameter.
' Corrugated metal' often gives good
satisfaction. Road builders In Missouri
have found it difficult to tell, however,
vheri they were getting a good lasting
corrugated pipe as the material does not
all hve the same lasting qualities. A
good weight and quality of corrugated
pipe has been found to last from fifteen
to twenty yearns. A pipe sixty tnohes In
diameter, weighing six pounds per foot,
can be had for about U per lineal foot.
Cast Iron Is less destructible from rust
than most any other metal from which
culverts are manufactured. Its life Is
generally put at from fifty to 100 years.
The approximate cost for a pipe four feet
In diameter is $5.73 per lineal foot .
Vitrified Clay la Good.
Vitrified clay is good, but it Is hard to
determine the quality of any given piece
or the pipe from appearances, because
the glazing covers a great many detects;
A well glazed pipe that rings sound lin
ger the hammer should be selected. The
approximate cost of vitrified pipe thirty
six inches In -diameter, weighing 383
pounds per lineal foot, is 5 per lineal
foot. -Brick
is recognized as very good for
culvert material Where the blrcks'aro
close at hand it is as cheap as store
masonry or concrete. Forms or mold
for the arch work need not extend the
entire length of the culvert as a form
four fett In length can be moved for
ward as soon as the earth is 'rammed
In around the haunches. - .
i i n i i in ii i t n,
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! IIS 1
(I
: A type of tire that lasts
longer in - service than , any
other kind should appeal to
all careful tire buyers. ,
Any tire user can get more for his
money in actual tire service out of
Federal Tires than any other kind
they are made to give extra service
that's why they are known as the tires
of ( "Extra Service." Investigate.
Federal Tires are made as well as
automobile tires can be made qual
ity is the first consideration and is
responsible for their unusual dura
bility and the satisfactory, service
they render.
In all types, for all standard rims
The Arthur Storz Auto Supply Co,
DISTRIBUTORS
2020-22 Farnam Street.
jHl'iiin illSllIIlllllIIIIl 1 1
H i Nil I B! Jlil W l'JL-'IiifAVMsV 'l i WM y MBIfSro' U 1 1
11 i'Mll '
f I tow
I $04 -
tmsmwotm (mwnummmsw
A. '
tj r:
VV13ni2m aotlomoMEe TLippllSes
op ; IIIpc pepanrs are Fcqulpcd
-Tl of various lengths are a part of the daily
program, it is absolutely essential that you
be equipped with dependable accessories
I
Your tires should be Federal Tires
Your oil should be Wolf's Head
Your speedometer should be Warner
Your carburetor should be Ray field
Your windshield should be Universal Your battery should be Edison
Your tires should be repaired by us Your shock absorbers should
With an cquipmeiit of the iboyc mentioned standard accessories your worries have ended
Any puncture
vulcanized ... O C
Ship your tlr work to as. Oar prices
are such that jon will beoome a steady
patron. Onr work la vouched tor by hun
dreds of pleased customers.
wm mm a l w Mm mM mm m i mr m w w,m mm m m m m .w mkmi mr mm wm I m
ImTJTWnWM y mf m g M m -
Twenty Twenty Farnam Street
Any puncture
... avu
vulcanized
Casing retrssded aaA now fabrics Insert
ed where blowouts ocotur. . atske your worn
tires as food at new. , Express them to us.
Writ for information.
.i '. . ........
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