THE OMAHA SUNDAY HEK: OCTOBER 20, 1911. Government is Generous in Planting of Food Fish . ii-- ,; .J.5.f. - ij . i,s r . -X CL-" nn 7t-s zsJ (Copyright. 1911, by Frank G. Carpenter.) ARHIKHTflV D. C, CXt. 28.- t rl Are you dl.-Kustcd with tno I yy I high price of meats? MWWHfl VJ J Jul o I v t i. - , . . , roasts oost more than 'ou MvT lUIl UlLUIUi Are you growlnff tlieJ of pouring your money into the pockets of our great butcher barons? If so, why don't you eat fish? It will tnake more brain and just as good mus cle. It will digest quite as easily, and, taken fresh from the waters, will make you so singing throush life. The Japa nese nation, one of the happiest on earth, i composed of flah eaters. The Chinese, one of the strongest and thriftiest, lives largely on the same food, and all over Europe nearly every farmer has his own private fish pond. There Is no land that will rear fish better than the United States, and there Is no sort of animal life which will breed eo rapidly nor produce so much. Man has but one, two, or at the utmost three young at a time, and tho same is true of cattle and horses, gome breeds of Bheep produce twins, and the hog often has ten or twelve pigs at a litter. The Ilsh multiplies by the thousands. Tho Pacific salmon has on an average 6.0C0 eggs, the shad 30,000, and the cod Is said to drop as many as 2,000,000. Indeed, it baa been estimated that if all tho cod eggs laid In one year should produce fe male fish, and they in turn lay similar eggs, that within a few years tho whole iworld would be covered, and we could bave a tower of eggs reaching from here to the moon. All this Is preliminary to my story of the great work which our Uncle Sam Patriarch has under way to Increase our fish supply. riantlng Flth lr the Billions. During the last week I have been talk ing with the men who run the fish com mission. They have a big office here in Washington, and connected with It are fish hatcheries scattered all over the union. Tho government now hatches fish as farmers hatch chickens and Its output of the finny tribe last year was more than 4,000,000,000. Of these there were something like 200,000,000 salmon, over 400,000,000 whitefish, flOO.OOO.OJO or 700,000, OiiO pike perch and almost 200,000,000 cod. The white perch numbered 300,000,000, the flat fish 800,000,0u0 and the lobsters almost 200,0000,000. In addition to this there was an enormous planting of oysters and a distribution of food fishes so numerous In variety that I cannot mention them all. Some of these fish were taken from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and some were brought from the great northwest to Maine and other states. There are now large government hatcheries In twenty seven different states, and tho fish reared are increasing by the hundreds of millions per annum. .Since the establishment of the bureau, which was about forty years ago, more than 28,000,000,000 eggs have been artificially produced, and of these about half have been the output of the last six years. I am told also that this Work Is at Its beginning and that If our waters are properly stocked and cared for we may yet shake our fists in the faces of the packing interests and live Jipon fish. New Fluh Laws N reded. The next congress will be asked to fnake new laws for the protection of our fish in the streams and along the ennsts. well as to the proper munab'emunt of Our oyster farms. During my stay in the Offices of the fish commission I had a that with Dr. Hugh M. Smith, the d"p pty commissioner. Dr. Smith Is a high authority on all such matters. He has traveled widely over the world looking Up new fish and fish products, In order that they may be transplanted to the L'nlted States. He tells me that the states now have Ihe right to control the protection and propogatlon of the fish within their boundaries. He thinks this should be given over to the national government. ftnd says that many of the states are allowing their fisheries to go to ruin. (Take the shad, which gives us tens of pUlllons of pounds of the most delicious food every year. It Is the leading f!h Dt our eastern seaboard, and It runs up the coastal Btreoms of the Atlantic as the mhnon does up those of the Pacific. Tho government has beeen doing what it can to plant shad, and it has placed some thing like H.0U0 million of the young In the various streams. All tl.esc fish were reared from eggs taken from the flhh Caught for the markets and the flesh of the fish was eaten. As It la now In iomi of the states, tho shad are taken when they first enter the streams. The eegs are not ripe at that time and are useless to the hatcheries. The result Is tnat the spawntakers muut wait for the run further up stream, and millions are lost. In North Carolina the fishermen so con trol the streams that the greuter part Of tbe shad cannot go up the rivers to ipawn. This was doiio to such an es Unt that the supply of North Carolina lhad was greatly reduced. The output (ell to 6,0(0,000 when the officers of the bureau of fisheries vent to the North Carolina legislature and secured certain protective laws. As a rtsjlt, this last fear the catch has been fifteen times as great as it was before those la were passed, and the shad are rapidly grow ing in number. The Potomac shad are almost unpro tected. There are fish nets running from Washington all ths way down to Chcsa peaks bay. Tbe fishermen of Virgiula run their nets as far as they can out Into the middle of the Potomac. The Maryland men do the same from tho op posite bank, and in tho middle of the stream nets are so stretched that they catch the shad which swim along the bottom. The result is that the Potomac river, which onco had Its shad by the tens of millions, hnd practically none.th's year and this fish is likely to be exter minated as far as it is concerned. Mr. Smith says that if a law were enacted keeping a strip one-third the width of the river free of nets enough Rhad would go up that strip to give us a plentiful sup ply. It Is the tame in many other parts of the United States. Pish Ponds for the Farmers. Tho day will come when every farmer who has a pond or stream on his place will raise his own fish, and at the same time produce fish for the markets. Dr. Smith tells me that this Is the' case in many of the countries of Europe, and that It is so in Germany, irrespective of the fact whether the farmer lives In the interior or along the sea. From Germany the fish commission has Imported carp, and these are now being raised here In such quantities that they sell for more than $1,000,000 a year. In 1908 43,000.000 pounds of them were caught In our public waters, and in addition a vast number were taken from private streams and ponds. Ills; Money in Oysters. Some of tho farmers of the south are now making money out of oysters. This is so all along the Atlantic coaBt, and es pecially on tho Louisiana shores of the Oulf of Mexico. Unole Sam's fishermen have explored those waters and shown the men how to smooth over the bed of the Bulf In various places and cover it with Buch material that the oysters cling to. Dr. Smith tells me that upon many of these beds there had been no oysters be fore, but that a year or two after their making they were producing them at the rate of about 2,000 bushels to the acre. Those oysters sold for 60 cents a bushel, making the shore waters yield a product worth f-1.200 per acre, many times the money product of the best cotton or rice fields In any purt of the south. Oyster planting is now done to such an extent that the greater part of our oyster supply comes from oyster farms. The bi valves grow In warm water as well as in cold, and along the Gulf of Mexico they are eaten all the year around. Farther north they are not so good in July and Ausust. Japanese Oysters for Ban Francisco. The fish commission has tried the ex periment of transplanting the Atlantic oysters on the Pacific coast. They are found to fatten and grow, but they do not have any young, the water being too cold for them to breed. These oysters retain the flavor of the eastern oysters snd bring high prices in the markets. A number of companies are now en gaged in bringing one and two-year-old oysters from tho Atlatlc, and transplant ing them in San Francisco bay. They grow rapidly and are ready for market in one or two years after planting. These oysters are taken west in refrigerator cars holding about 200 barrels each. They are planted Inside stockades which keep out the poachers and certain fish enemies of tho oyster, and the plantations are also overlooked by watch houses on plies. The ordinary oyster of our northern Pacific is email and it has a coppery taste. A better oyster is grown in Japan, and especially in the cold waters along Hokkaido, which Is the northern Island of that country. The government is now Importing some of these oysters which will bo planted along Puget sound and In San Francisco bay. They are accustomed to a colder water than that of our At lantic oysters and It is believed that they will thrive. Oar Croat Fishing Groands. During my taik with Dr. Smith I asked him where were the chief fishing grounds of the United States. He replied: "Roughly speaking, there are three. First we have the coasts and the estu aries of the rivers; second, the interior streams and lakes, and third, the high seas. One of our greatest fishing grounds is the banks of Newfoundland and an other Is the high seas of the Alaskan waters. lioth of these places are sub ject to somewhat the same conditions. They have food for fishes brought in by great ocean currents. On the banks of Newfoundland this food comes largely from the gulf stream and a cold arctic current and other currents. The result Is that the fish are found there In great numbers. They move over the banks seeking the best feeding grounds. It is strange to think of fish out at pasture, but that Is the condition on these banks. "The Alaskan banks are about 120 miles or more long. They have considerable width and are inhabited by millions of cod and halibut. I have a photograph of ' ; ir . .-.-v...- v v 'it- 1 K. jjijjir W!wa yVVssttBi 3 (ALASJWf EALI3VT CAZXjEX JIT TWZ2VZT2mfV2X3 I i 11 a catch of cod and halibut which our men took In twenty minutes on the Alas kan banks. These fish are so plentiful that the catching of them will some day be a very great Industry." Oar Alanknn Fisheries. "Give me some idea of the Alaskan fisheries." "They are of enormous value. Including the seal we have already gotten about IISO.OOO.OOO out of Alaska fish products. The salmon has netted over 1100,000,000 which Is more than fourteen times what we paid for the territory. We are now receiving upward of 10.0o0,000 a year out of" Alaskan salmon alone. "In addition to that there Is tho Alaska herring," Dr. Smith continued. "There are bo many of them that they arc caught and Bold as fertilizer. They should sup ply the United States and take the place of those which we are Importing. "The cod and halibut are likely to yield a great deal. The halibut Is now being caught In Alaska and taken down to Seattle and Vancouver and shipped to the east. They are as good as the Atlantic halibut, and they are so abundant that It is possible to carry them this long distance and sell them at a lower cost in tho markets of Uoston. When the Grand Trunk Pacific railway Is com pleted these fish will go to Prince Rupert and thence to all parts of the United States and Canada." "Are the Alaskan fisheries well man uged?" "Yes. They are under the United States government and the fish commission con trols the planting and catching. As a result the planting ate being preserved, and they will give us salmon fur all tlnu to come. We aro now regulating the methods of catching and marketing and have our agents on the ground to Fee that our regulations are respected. We require license taxes, but omit them upon all fisheries or fishing companies which return 1,000 young salmon to the streams for every ten cases of salmon they can. Some of the canning Interests have pri vate hatcheries and aro planting mil lions of young fish. The government has Its hatcheries. There is one at Yes bay which during tho last two years has lot free 61,000,000 salmon." Fiiih 1 lumlitranta. "Are you planting new varieties of fish In different parts of the United States?" "Yes, we have imported fish of various kinds, and some have proved valuable. I have already spoken of the carp. This wai brought In from Germany. It is an excellent fish for private culture and home consumption; and the carp ponds are increasing very rapidly. "We have also brought In a number of European trout. Moreover, we are carry ing fish from one part of the United States to another. For Instance, the shad Is now one of the most abundant food fishes of California. It can be found from Los Angeles to Alaska and It Is about as common on our Pacific coast as on the Atlantic. This comes from shad which have been taken from the Atlantic and planted there. The total cost of the experiment was something like M.0Q0 and at the present dute tho shad taken out and marketed In that region runs high Into the millions of pounds. It has netted tho fishermen over a third of a million dollars, which is a big dividend on a 11,000 Investment. "Another fish which we have Bent west Is tne striped bass, which we planted first in San Francisco bay. We took less than 600 from New Jersey, and from them the Pacific coast has been populated. Tho buss has become the leading game fish of California, and It can be bought at a lower price In San Francisco than In New York. The cost of transplanting It was less than $1,000, and the value of the catch already sold has been more than $1,000,000. Uncle Sam threw $1,000 Into the water, and lo! $l,0u0,000 has come back. It beats the bread of the scriptures. "We are also sending western fish to the east. We have tuken the rainbow trout and distributed It throughout the different states and territories, and we are now trying to transplant Pacific sal mon. It grows well and thrives in the lakes, but whether It will breed remains to be seen." The Great Lakes. "How about tho fish of the great lakes?'' "They are valuable, but we have a great deal of trouble In controlling the Industry because we have no national or Interna tional laws regarding It. Each state does as It pleases, and the Canadians do as they please. The result Is that there is a great destruction of fish and especially of the whitefish and other valuable va rieties. Nevertheless wo are annually getting 185,000,000 pounds of fish from those lakes and our Interior waters, and tho greater part of this comes from the lukes. We are doing what we can to In crease the lake supply. We have one sta tion on Lake Erie vihere, In 1907, our col lections of whitefish eggs reached a to tal of 330.000,000. We bought those eggs from the fishermen for the most part and gathered the rest ourselves. We have a number of such stations on the lakes and also well equipped hatcheries. "In the same way we are collecting the eggs of the pike, perch atvd- lake trout, and are doing much to Improve the sup ply of these and other valuable fishes." Hot FUh Are Distributed. "How Is It posslblo to carry fish over the country su that they will keep alive and grow when planted?" "We do that In various ways. We have special cars each of which Is walled with twenty or more large water tanks in which the fish aro carried. There are also compartments which hold more than a thousand gallons of reservo water. We have, a boiler room on such a car, and a plan t to pump water and air into the tanks. There are also sleeping places, and a kltchAi and a pantry for the men. These cars may. b attached to a regular train and dropped oft as needed. In send ing small shipments we use ton-gallon cans, which are carried in baggage cars. The cans are handled by our own mes sengers. In some years our cars una messengers travel over 300,000 miles In distributing young fish." FRANK Q. CARPENTER. It Mtartled lllm. Alexander had just returned from his Persian campaign. The fifty picked trumpeters who headed the triumphal lino suddenly broke furlU with a wild and tremulous snort. The world-beater held up Ills hand. ' "What In the name of Mars and dll nerva Is that?" he demanded. "It's the trumpet phalanx playing the new conqueror march." replied Chlorldus. "That's all right," said the great Mace donian. "1 was afraid for a moment It was 'Alexander's Ragtime Pnnd.' " And he continued to hnw right and left to the cheering populace. Cleveland plain Dealer. 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Stato plainly and specifically what you want to know. Write, Land Information Bureau The Twentieth Century Farmer Omaha, Nebraska