Queer Marriage Custom of Hindustan, Where Agtd Men Wed Babes
. it ' v. (a. ?- n mw .. ... ... ..a t a ... - , w was- a f--i ,f - .m : r
.CTjOSTD A3STD "SJVxF
(Cppy-ht, 1910, by Frank O. Carpenter.)
ui"i.-(opeciai (jorrcBponaenL-e or
he Bee.) I saw a wtddlng pro-1
cession today. It was headed by
camels with trappings of gokl.
ridden by bare-legged men In
red and gold turbans. Behind
elephant, followed by twelve
A
timp an
IfiKhtH
above their fore-knees and
silver bells around their
jvks. The sad-
dies were of cloth of silver
nd the trap-
plngd of the bridles were of gold
He-
mnu tnese animals came the wedding
chair, and farther back a band of music
nd a crowd of men singing and' dam-in,
The wedding chair was a litter covered
with the red and gold canopy. Upon the
mattress Inside sat the brlile und groom,
face to face, leaning back upon pillows,
' I looked In through the Curtains and saw
them. They were children. The groom
ten-year-old boy of a gingerbread
color, and the bride a little brown baby
of two. The boy wore a gold cap and
;ult embroidered in gold, 'tie had heavy,
gold ' rings on his ankles and wrists.'
Around the girl's neck was a gold chain,
and she had gold bracelets and anklets.
As I looked in the groom smiled and
. aved his hand at mo, but the" baby bride
did not open her eyes, and 1 am told she
had been drug(jd to keep her quiet dur-
lng the ceremony, kince I have huen In
India I have seen u score of wedding.. pro-
cessions, xand lu . evei y t .case the . bridee
have been children, although the -grooms
way have been, full-grown men. Some of
the brides were six and. eight years of
age, and I have seen two of five. This
is my first sight oX a bride ,wiip is really a
baby, .
Chtld Wives "by tUe ' Mtllfuns.' '
You have all heard of the child ' mar
riages of India. They take place every
day, and number . millions a year. They
are chiefly among the Hindus, who form
two-thirds of tho populutlon of Hindustan.
I, have before me the figures of the last
census taken by the Uritish. They show
that India has now more than two million
.wives under ten. and two hiin,i,.i ....i
, ...w iiuiiuicu aim
fifty thousand of five years and under. It
has 6,000.000 married
women from tun t,
fifteen, and K.OUO.OOO more who are between
fifteen and twenty. There lire nliii.,
8,O0O,00O wives In the country, and nn..
lourth or them are under the average age
at which our girls marry,
t There are also millions of" child widows,
whose fate Is far worse than that of
the married babies who.e husbands are
living. "1 shall write of them farther on
In this letter. '
Marriages In India are always arranged
by the parents. They are a matter of
bargain and sule, and the father of the
boy gets the money. At present the price
has risen, and one of the native news
papers Is demanding that the parents of
- boys come down on the dowries they ask
for their sons. They say that tiie parents
, of the brides cannot stand tho charges,
.and that the extortions are a disgrace to
the country. Kvery Indian father la anx
ious to marry off his daughters and, ac
cording to the Hindu religion, he will be
punished if he does not. A man whose
daughter becomes an old muld must ex
pect to spend a million years In hell for
that crime. He will be disgraced while
he lives and sneered at by his fellows,
As a result of this belief girls are often
betrothed In their cradles. They are mar
ried as soon as they are able to walk, and
are old women ut the ages our girls be
come wives. Indeed, there are but few
females In India who are not wives or
y widows by the time they reach fourteen
:eei k of age.
. One of the native states -recently passed
a law prohibiting the murrlara of iririu.
under eight and forbidding men of over
liny to wed girls under fourteen. The
baby marriages ure usually little mure
than engagements or contracts which can
not be broken. When the wedding cere
mony Is over the Utile bride is taken back
liome and she stays there unllf'she -is
eight, ten or twelve years ot age, when
siie'musl live with her husband.
$
.No Hn Sult-Ide.
- There Is little race suicide In India. The
people want chlldien. They marry for
that purpose, nnti the. more they have the
httttA 'lhv lika It. A wiimull who hai n,i
children is a curse to the family, and she
no .does not bear a, son Is considered a
failure. The marriages are at such an age
ihjx. there ere thousands of mothers of
v twelve and thirteen, and there are some
little mothers of eleven or ten. There are
twenty-five-year-old grandmothers, and I
have heard ot great-great-grandmothers
St forty-eight years of age. The country
is thickly Inhabited. It grows greater
every year aud . there are forty million
more people here now than there were In
U. the average Increase being thirteen
bar cant every Year.
Indeed, the condition of women in Iiv
dia Is such that no parent wants to
brliiK a daughter Into the world. He
knows she will be a slave as a wife and
on outcast as a widow. For this rea
son Infanticide was common a few years
ago, and for the same reason it is
Ktlll practiced here and there away
from the eyes of the police. I hear
It;' whlwpered that girl babies are
strangled and that poison Is sometimes
laid on thplr mriihr'a hrAAat art
(hat when they suck they eat no more,
The poisoning of them with opium was
common In the past, and It Is mentioned
by old writers. About twenty or thirty
years ago the Kovernment Dassed an in-
fanticlde act and at that time investigated
conditions. It was found that In certain
localities hundreds of children were annu-
ally carried off by wolves nd, strange to
say, the wolves took only Wrls, In the
year 1S70 three hundred girl babies were
stolen by wolves from the city of Amrltsar.
Before that the wells of some parts of
India were polluted by the drowning of
infants and typhoid was common thereby,
One of the worst things that can happen
to these baby brides Is to.be married to
old men. This Is not uncommon, a family
often being glad to make a union with a
higher caste, even If the husband be gray,
In such cases widowhood Is almont sure
to, come .early, and In India to be widowed
India's Baby Widows.
Of all the women on earth there Is none
whose misery is so great as that of the
widow of Inda. The moment her hus
band dies she becomes an outcast, her
touch is pollution, and she is the slave
of the family. She must take off her
good clothing and dress In coarse cot
tons. Her head must be shaved and she
cannot bathe as the rest of the family
do. she must not sleep on a bed, but
" the bare floor Wlth nothlng but a
piece of matting between her and the
bricks. She cannot eat with the family
and must have but one meal a day and
tllat of tne coar,t food- She must fast
every two weeks with special fasts now
and then, the idea being that the more
Bhe 'a tormented the greater will be the
Ancient and
Aotl'iee In New Setting;.
E FORES leaving New York Wil-
B
liam Jennings Bryan, who, as a
rule, Is somewhat somber, con
fided to a democratic lawyer
.1 who is well known on Broadway
a legal anecdote. It is here re
pealed In Mr. Bryan's own words:
"Once out In Nebraska I went to protest
against my real estate assessment, and one
of the things of which 1 particularly com
plained was assessing a goat at I
claimed that a goat was -not "real" prop
erty In the legal sense of the word, and
should not be assc-sed. One of the asses
sors, a very pleasant faced old man, very
obligingly said that I could go upstairs
with him and together we would look over
the rules and regulations and see what
could be done.
"We looked over the rules and finally the
old man asked: 'Does your goat run loose
on the roads?'
"'Well, sometime",' said . I, wondering
what the penalty was for that dreadful of
fense. " 'Does he butt? again queried the old
man.
" 'Yes,' 1 answered, 'he butts.'
" 'Well,' said the old man, looking at m'.
'this rule says Ut all that certain properly
running and abutting on the highway. I
don't sec that 1 can do anything for you.
Oood day, sir.' "New York Telegraph.
An Ulderly One Relocated.
Tho Rev. Maurice J. Dorney of St. Ga-
briel's church, which - Is the ecclesiastical
key of the Chicago Stock yards. Is prob-
ably better and more . favorably known
among prominent democrats than any
clergyman In the country.
Ot course, he Is often called on by his
parlshluners to provide employment for
their friends, and the appeal Is rarely In
vuln
A few years ago. Just about the time that
the present pope, who was then Cardinal
Uulseppe Sarto, was elevated to the Holy
See, John P. Agnew, son of former High
Sheriff Frank J. Agnew of Chicago, was
building the Thirty-ninth street Intercept-
lug sewer and not being very far from
Father Dorney's bailiwick, a goodly nuni-
ber ot Contractor Agnew's employes hailed
from St. Uabrlel's purish.
Mr. Agnew had Just appointed a new
lorinan-an ltallan-und as Father Dor-
ney was passing he nig alien tne lo.iow-
in uiorulflg he looked ou the upturned
Vjvks. The sad- It' wMnnmil that irtrl hnhl r. f SAJ I . . S ;' it ' ,- ''HI
1 "'"i 'f?
W-TatkeP and V . Wft
lT3aljAn(l&-ali twelve. ' Vy' I v . I
happiness of her husband In heaven. She 3l ' Jj.- ' " - B
must not allow her shadow to fall upon fi : . S ' ' J"', R
the food or drink of the rest of the family, " ' V'-V . , I
and all told she Is worse than a leper. I t ' ? ": S rt '"K ivj- " VH ' '1
She will bring- bad luck to any one who S' , - ., w vV"" ' X C ' V ( '
meets her, 'and no man will continue a
Journey If he passes a widow Sjn starting.
Buch is her condition at home and she
cannot get away. She Is ostracised every-
where. She cannot hire out aB a servant,
for no ne w"1 tah ner- If !e i sood
looking she may be employed at the tem-
PIe: but a r"'e her life is the most
horrid slavery. This is added to by the
belief of her husband's mo'ther and sisters
that in persecuting her they are helping
lhe dead. They do not dare to pity her,
'or the superstition is that those who pity
widow are likely soon to be widow?
themselves. At the same time she isde-
Pendent upon the rest of the family,
Women cannot inherit properly among the
Hindus, and all that Is left by the hus
band goes to the children.
What a fate Is this for the woman full
grown or the old woman who as a widow
has but a few years to live. It Is more
terrible still for the babies and children
who become widows before they' know
what marriage means. Their whole- lives
are continuous torture, and. finHlnning,
they are punished until death.
Tvrenty-SIs Million Slaves.
And how many human beings do you
think are now undergoing such torments?
I can give you the figures from the cen-
bus of British India, as they were gatli
ered last year. They -nut the number of
widows at 26,000,000. I number equal to
almost one-half of our whole female popu
lation. India has one widow for her
every six women and girls, and millions
Modern Samples Culled from the Story
faces of a number of his countrymen, who
reverently touched their hats to him.
Well, boys." inquired Father Dorney.
how do you like your new Dago boss?
"Folne, ye's rlv'rence," was the chorus
of replies. "How do you like yours?" ,
Norman K. Mack's National Monthly.
Henry James ou Knee Suicide.
Henry James does not agree with Colonel
Roosevelt on the question of large families.
Small families, uch as prevail in france.
Indicate, to Mr. James' mind, Intelligence
and progress, while large families indicate
the reverse.
"Lkirge families are so embarrassing,
too," said Mr. James, on his last American
visit. "1 once knew a uian named Thomp
son who had fVurteen children. Thompson
agreed one spring holiday to take hta chil
dren to the seashore for the week-end.
"They set off, reached the station, got
their tickets and were about to board the
train when Thompson- was rouhly collared
by a policeman.
" 'Here, wot 'a' you bin a-doln' of?' the
policeman growled fiercely.
" 'Me? Nothing. Why? stammered
Thompson.
"The policeman waved his truncheon
toward tiie Thompson family.
" 'Then wot the bloodjv biases,' he hissed,
is this here crowd a-follerin' ye fur?" "J
Mlnneapolis Journal ,
A Literary Ulstinte.
Richard Ue Galllenne, the noted poet, said
at a' dinner at the Hotel Westminster, in
New York!
"L-lterary disputes are Interesting If
prop, rly conducted. Too many of them,
however, are suggestive of the Shake-
sitearlan dispute In Tin Can.
"Prof. BUI Billus of the Tin tan Dancing
adeiny delivered a lecture in ine ione
Hand saloon, and In the course of his argu
metit recited 'The Boy Stood on the Burn-
Ing Deck, a gem, he declared, from
Shakespeare's 'Othello.'
"But an Interrupter arose and strode for-
mBrd ,
" -1 am a Boston gnt,' said the inter-
rupter, 'and I certify that no Shakespeare
lever wrote that piece.'
Friend.' said Prof. Billus, gently. 'I
can convince ou inai no ao.. .
" 'Convince away,' said the Bostonian.
t fc , fc
"bo Piof. liliius lea oil wuu nis i'iui
THE OMAHA SUNDAY BEE: JUNE
etVVH-'i'-vAV ? ' -. 'l
of those widows have many years yet .to
live. A to .the baby widows, there sub
19,000 of five years and under, and more
than 100,000 of between five and ten years,
There are 275.000 young girls, who range
...... -' " ' "B n " ..w r.
between ten and fifteen years of age. un-
dergolng the slavery of widowhood, a
worse slavery than has ever been imposed
upon any nation, white or black, in any
t
foot and followed up the argument with u
brass cuspidor, tailing In the subsequent
clinch on top.
Who writ the piece?" he shouted, as he
pummelled his opponent steadily.
Shakespeare,' the Bostonian answered
in smothered tones from beneath.
" "Are you sure?' asked the professor.
'Dead sure,' was tl.e reply. 'I seen him
do it.' "New York Tribune.
at
Keasuied Where He Left Off.
A Chicago traveling man, a guest
tiie Hullendeii a day or two ago, was tell
ing Clerk McCarthy a story Illustrative
of how accustomed to long separations a
traveling man and his wife may become.
This man's work takes him from coast
to coast, and not infrequently he Is gone
from home for five and six months at a
stretch,
The last time he went away, according
to the man's story, he was obliged to
lellve nom8 ,isht ttle ",1lat ot a mi!Ul
In order to make the train he wanted to.
"You ought to wait another day and
have your suit pressed," remarked his
wife. "1 hato to have you go looking
so 111 groomed."
"I'll have It done within a day or two
or at the first chance," promised the hus
band. "Wish I could stay, though, for a
piece of that apple plu you were making.
Save me a piece, won't you?" he added
with a grin.
"Well, she went to the train with him
and bade him a fond good-by. Just f ve
months and ten. days later he returned.
His wife was again at the train, duti
fully. "i see you kept your promise and had
your suit pressed," were her first words
as she threw her urms around his neck.
"Yes." he said. "but. by the way, did
yo Bave me lllilt plete 0f apyie pje?"-
Cleveland Plain Dealer.
Urcnrr'i Tale on Tolerance.
The late Justice Brewer was noted for
his tolerant and broad minded views. A
Washington diplomat recalled the other
day a story told by Justice Brewer In 11-
lustrilion 01 tne neea xor luieram-e.
'We should respect the views of others"
so t.'.e story ran "for morality itself is
only a matter of environment.
"A missionary in the South seas was dls-
tressed because his dusky parisloners were
nude. He decided to try delicately to gel
thm to w at least a little Uulhing.
12. 1010.
Saty
t"fk J m
other part of the world.
You have heard how in the
past the
widows threw themselves on the funeral
pyrea of their husbands and burned them-
selves to death. In 1WM the British gov
,J
ernment kept count, and its records showed
that M0 women had so Immolated them-
selves within thirty miles of Calcutta in the
space of six months. In the next twenty-
and to this end he left a great many
pieces of scarlet and green and yellow
calico lying about his hut
','An elderly dame called one afternoon
for spiritual advice. The missionary noted
how enviously her eyes rested on tne cai-
Ico and he took up a two-yard piece of
the yellow, saying:
" 'I'll give you litis if you'll wear it.' '
"Tiie female draped the calico about her
like a skirt and departed In great glee.
"But the next day, nude, as before, she
returned with the fabric undeh her arm.
Handing it sadly to the missionary, she
ald:
Me loo
-
'Me no can wear It, missy.
shy." "Washington Post. '
Why He Will .Not Marrv.
Because of the dimpled charm of Miss
Billy Burke, Mr. Frohman's sweetest star,
there are tumors every now and then that
this, that, or the other fortunate man Is
to lead her to the altar. Still Miss Billy
Burke goes on her way unaltarcd, and the
genllein.'ii of the second part, after a
brief period of fond pursuit, have faded
Into the remote landscape. Last winter
gossip was especially sure that a certain
man, whose name may be given for the
purpose of this narrative as Aioysius li-year-old daughter: For instance,' India now has luO.OOO boys
Jones, seemed to be up In the running. " 'If you do that again I'll put a mustard schools with about 5,m0,000 pupils, and only
He waited upon Miss Burke with flowers; plaster on you." . - 12,000 girls' schools, with WJ0.000 In attend
he served he.- with chocolates; he fairly "The child didn't do it again. When 1, ance. The perceiitaKe of illiteracy among
drooled whenever he beheld her dainty per- asked why, the mother told me that in her the women Is far greater than among the
sonallty on stage or street. But. he. too. country disobedient children are punished men. In all India there uro less lhan 1.000,
fell away. '.P , " mu," Pter.. U 1. wore m wonll. wno can re.d, ,nd this mean.
"We thought you were going to marry
Miss Billy Burke," said a friend, the other
day.
Aioysius Jones looked sad.
"I
to.
wanted
But I
to." said he. "I still want
won't."
"Why? Won't she marry you?"
"No,", said Aioysius Jones. "I haven't
asked her, and 1 have no reason to assume
that she would say yes' if I did ask her
But I'm a moral coward. 1 can t face the
prospect of going through life as Mr'.
WUliam Burke."-Clnclnnati Times-Star,
t ha nip (lark's Hopes.
Since vthe repeated victories In the by-
elections to fill congressional vacancies
Champ Clark has been the recipient of a
flood of congratulatory letters aim ieie-
grams. The other nigni, just sner tne
news of the election of James 8, Havens
was reweiv-l Ci-Ui. e ti 1.
1
nil - W"J'
0
five years more than 20.000 were so burned,
and it was not until long thereafter that the
custom was stopped. This burning was
called "suttee," and it is questionable
whether it was not preferable to continued
widowhood, which is now known us cold
suttee. The widow Is condemned to a llv-
lng death. She burns dally with want, dis
grace and shame; her predecessor was
happy in that she died but once.
The Teiiufle Brides.
I attended a wedding the other nigtit at
which about BOO Hindus were present. . The
groom was about six years old. He was a
bright llttlo fellow in a red velvet coat,
tight velvet trousers and a cap of cloth of
gold. The bride was not present, and
whether she was a baby or not I do not
know. The chief feature of the ceremony
was the dancing of some Nautch girls to
!!l,e.,mil"J,(L f .V dPUm" a"d " I"d'a"
fiddle. The girls went through the most
surprising contortions. They twisted, them
selves this way and that; they bent back
and forth as though they were India rub
ber, the most of their dancing being .with
out lifting their feet from the ground.. Some
of their motions were beyond description In
decent. I am told that the Nautch girls
are professional dancers, and that their pro
fession Is about the only one open to the
young women of India. They are by no
means as good as they should be, but being
bad is a part of their business, and the peo
ple respect them.
Allied to them Is a class of girls who are
had for religion's sake. They are the ln
ple brides who are bred to dunce at the
shrines, to pander to the priests and sing
obscene songs to the gods. They are ob
tained while yet children by the temples
through purchase or as gifts from the par
ents, and are educated for tie purpose.
Sometimes a man who haa recovered from
Illness 'buys a girl and presents her thus as
a gift to the gods, or if one has a stroke of
good luck he may make the priests such a
present. If the temple brides have daugh
ters they are brought up as dancing girls,
- - " o-..-,
being taught to read and sing and in-
structed in all the arts of seduction. These
girls are licensed by law, but of late years
their excesses have become such that even
Teller's Pack
"Congratulations.
Uemocratlc victory on
year Bpeaker-presidcnt,
the way. Next
19U., Hurrah for Champ Clark."
"I am quoting my old friend Tom Reed
In answering them," said Clark. "Back
in 'SO someone wrote Reed to ask If he
would run for the presidency that year,
" 'Well,' answered Reed, 'they might
go further and fare worse, and I think
they will. "Cleveland Leader.
He Had Done KnouKh.
"Fellow-citizens," said the candidate, "I
have fought against the Indians. I have
often had no bed but the battle-field and
no canopy but the sky. I have marched
over the frozen ground till every step has
been marked with blood."
Hls story told well till a drled-up look-
ing voter came to the front.
"I'll be darned If you hain't done enough
for your country. Go home and rest. I'll
vote for
Magazine.
the other fellow." Success
Mustard Plaster Cure.
"Mustard as a promoter of morals was
s new role," said the woman. "Yesterday
i heard my Bohemian neighbor say to her
mflPIll Hllu.lfin 1'Vw. -.I ... I . ....
"""" " " ' - '
0 . . " . 1 . u . 1. 1 uumi; , u 11 1 even
without a
corrective
blister a mustard plaster is a
measure that all llttl., 11,
m la 11s try to
void, even at the expense of
good behavior." New York press.
Those tiaraovlea.
'
A college freshman was showing some
friends the sights of the campus last week.
was very proud of the new buildings
-and attempted to describe the architecture.
, "- J ' " . "
d0"t-yU.!.v.-!',k.ed-.t.h.! reh'"-
'em gargoyles."
gargoyl
He laughed, but his friends waited.
"ine tunny ining aDout mat was,
said
the freshman, "that the name has at nek
to 'em ever since Now everybody calls
Jxoylei.-N.w York Sua,
"
D
- - - i'ilt,ll!u. v,
.-'iff tf-V'.t.': "i
the natives have begun to object. Three
years ago a number of Hindus asked the
Bombay government to suppress the custom
In that state, and there was an attempt to
do so. It failed because the masses of the
peitple looked upon the Institution as having
been sanctified by religion, and because the
British make it a principle to do nothing
that affects the fulth of their subjects.
Just now a similar action has been taken
by Mysore, one of the native states, . and
it may be that it will succeed.
Kduvatlon for.Wojnen.
.The awakening of India, now going on.
cannot but better these conditions. The
women could not possibly be worse otfij
than they are, and any change must bxi
an Improvement. I am told that the n&
tive leaders realize this, and that event.
the Mohammedans are holding convene-
tions in the Interest of female education..
India has about sixty million Moham
medans, and this means that there are half;
that number of women and girls. As 1
Is now only four thousand such girls are
In school. The Mohammedans feel that .
the educational standard of the followers)
of the prophet must be raised, and that
this can be best done by educating the
girls. ' It Is much the aame with the Hln
doos, some of whose leaders have estab
lished girls' schools. There la a man
named Roychand, a Jain, who has founded
a school for women at Bombay, and that
city has other seminaries of a similar
kind. ...
You have all heard of Pundita Hamabl,
who lectured in the United States not
long ago and collected some money there
for her girls' school at Poona. She Is a
Brahmin, and belongs to one of the highest
casts of the Hindoo. She was educated
In England and for a time she was proft
feasor of Sanscrit It one . of . the colleges
there. Her school at Poona has been
running lor years and it is doing great
good. All of the pupils are child widows,
and some of the little ones are only five
r bIx years of age. Many are young
K'"-'". anu otners are run grown women,
In that school they are taught reading,
writing and arithmetic, and also such arts
as will fit the pupils to make their own
living outside. They learn to sew and
embroider, and also klndergartenlng and
trained nursing, as well. A farm Is con
nected with the school, and some of the
women learn dairying and sheep raising.
Many of the graduates are already earn
ing good salaries, some are teachers, others
matrons of InstlU'tlons, and not a few have
married again.
Some have become mil-
sionaries.
t'nrlallan work Anions; the Women.
-)ur missionaries are accomplishing' much,
'ol' the women ot India, as are also those
of Great Britain. The work can be only
done by the woman, as iren are not allowed
to go into the women's quarters or to
tpfuk iQ tmim There a.ft about vttt)tn
hundred females among the missionary
population, and the most of these do more
or less work. There are 18 foreign woman
physicians and numerous hospitals und
schools. There are two Christian colleges
eild m Madias alone more than one hun-
dred thousand girls are going to school,
Tlle b1i1h ttie bright and they seem to
learn quite as well as our girls at home,
a number of them entered the university
and some of the daughters of the higher
classes have graduated not only at the col-
leges of India, but at those of England, and
are now acting as lawyers and doctors.
10 the government schools, those for
Klr'!' are Increasing, although they are still
far outnumbered by those for the men
about one in every I'iO. On the other hand,
about one man in every ten cun read, ami
a large percentage can both read und
write. The officials tell me that only ab"Ut
23 p,r ccnt r l,,B "oy'i 01 HL'"o1 ae " "
school and less than 3 per cent of the girts.
One ot the crying needs of this country
medical attendance, and especially doc-
tors for women. Iidy Duffitrin started a
movement nf ihtx Wind and Lady Curzou
aWed In carrying It on. The customs and
casle distinctions of India are such that
only WOIneI, ,octol, , treat the native
women, and the great need is lady nils
sionaries who have good medical educa-
170. and there are novy many. There are,
however, a half million villages and towns
which have no resident physicians, and
the women as a rule have practically n
efficient medical attendance
FRAN k. u. lAtii'tn 1 rn.
V
.. .