TIIE OMATIA SUNDAY BEE. FEBRUARY 20, 1010.
3
i
The Combat With Ignorance
With Especial Reference to the Modern Newspaper An Address by Victor Rosewater, De
livered at the Charter Day Exercises at the University of Nebraska, Tuesday, Feb. 15, 1910.
mil
posts fit
NEF.I") hardly fortify tho decla
ration that a world-wide com
bat with Ignorance la constantly
waging around us an1 that the
progress of society la marked
by the steadily advancing out
knowledge and truth. Nor
i"",) '- l (Bring proof m bear me
iut when ' I say that Ih thla great eotn
bat many forces are actively enlisted to
dispel Ignorance, to correct error, and to
uncover and penetrate still unknown
realms. Foremost among those forces are
the great educational phalanxes made up
of our schools, colleges and universities,
closely supported by the huge Institution,
whose capstone Is the modern newspaper;
devoted to printing find publishing and dis
seminating Information, It will be no dis
respect to the other combatants against
Ignoranee, nor any disparagement of the
excellent work which each Is doing. If I
seek to direct your attention for the mo
ment to a few of the more general aspects
of this forward movement of civilization
with particular emphasis on the stepa that
had to be taken before the mighty bat
teries of our modern era could be assem
bled and brought Into action.
It has been often observed that what
chiefly distinguishes man from all other
living creatures la his capacity, for thought
and his power to- give expression to
thought.' Through this Incalculable ad
vantage man has ben able gradually to
assert his superiority over other animals,
and to his Innate faculty of thought and
acquired faculty of communicating thought
by speech and writing and printing may
be ascribed the marvelous gains that he
has scored In the endless combat with
Ignorance.
In spite of the erudition of our most
learned explorers after truth. Just when,
where, and how the beginnings of human
speech occurred, Is, and will always be.
In 'Its very nature, a subject of purely
speculative explanation .because there were
no contemporaneous means of recording
these beginnings and handing them down
to posterity. The Biblical narrative that
adult man was divinely created and set
In the Garden of Eden with all of his
faculties fully developed, Including the
possession of a language which was later
confused at the Tower of Babel, does not
seem to satisfy Iconoclastic scientists who
have' persisted In advancing other theories
as more rational. One hypothesis makes
primitive man give utterance by various
exclamations to his. feelings of pal n. or
Joy, or hunger, and makes these Interjec
tions the basis of the first oral communi
cation. Another portrays our ur-ancestors
B8 Imitating the noise of nature like the
Vhlstllng of the wind, the' chirping of the
bird, the baying of the beast. Still others
have sought to study the earliest sounds
emitted by Infants as likely to reflect the
expressions of the infancy of the race.
Kngllsh alphabet has twenty-six; the
Italian only twenty; the Russian forty-
one; the Sanskrit fifty; the Chinese em
ploy 214 elementary characters. We also
use other symbols besides the letters in
cluding the punctuation marks, numerals
and analogous typographical characters,
we have In our own Kngllsh language
nearly 100.
Have you ver stopped to" ponder how
far and how fast the combat with Ignor
ance could have been waged had the evo
lution of the language halted at the pro-
ward movement Is first and which la sec
ond, either In point of Importance or In
point of time. Necessity Is, Indeed, the
mother of Inventions they are all of es
sential Importance and usually in simult
aneous germination, yet could not be forth
coming until the conditions were ripe for
them. I need only advert ' to a few of
these steps that have helped us onward
and upward.
The materials by means of which our
language has been put Into more or less
permanent form were originally so costly
Later philosophers, while conceding some- i tJ P ln 1428 nJ later with metal type.
thing to the "Interjection" theory and to 1 .utenberg'a enterorise In bookmaklng In
the "Imitation" theory of speech, are dls- I i!t ,s tne one t0 which we owe the Trac-
posed to bellete that the power of thought
developed first and preceded a groping for
means of expression and communication ;
that long and laborious trial and experi
mentation produced a linguistic root repre
senting a particular, yet simple, concept
that waa finally acquiesced In and em
ployed as a part of speeh. "V HOW" many
thotviands of years this , process . required
must always be mere conjecture..' Whether
language and speech developed from a single,-
source, or sprang up simultaneously
ln several places, can. never be-definitely
known. It Is known, however, and the
Vict Is uied to sustain this so-called "rad-"fi-al"
theory of language, that the earliest
recorded words may be classified in cer
tain groups and that within the groups
and across the groups are similarities of
expressions for the same concepts that
warrant belief. If not a single source, at
least In an early 'Interchange that exerted
a strong Influence on the language roots.
If the establishment of a language had
stopped with the production of Intelligible
speech, humanity could never have gotten
out of its swaddling clothes and all our
efforts to fathom the workings of nature,
to teach law and morality, to Inculcate re
ligion, to extend the bounds of science,
would have been so handicapped as to re
tard our progress to the proverbial snail's
pace. By word of mouth primitive man
could learn to communicate with his fel
lows, but only In one another's actual
presence. The thought, or Idea, could be
made to span neither time nor distance
without the help of a living messenger to
transmit it. The art of writing was needed
to give permanence to spoken lanei
Tones. Inflections, gestures, could not be
reproduced In signs and Inscriptions, but
words, syllables, or sentences, could be.
Picture-writing undoubtedly was the earli
est form of such communication, although
the first attempts must have been both
crude and evanescent. Characters to rep
resent sounds must have developed from
, the characters. of i . phlc composition and
phonetic alphabet , ew out of picture
writing. According! to William Tllnders
Petrle. a series of signs was used for com
' munlcatlon in writing around the eastern
f Mediterranean from a very early date, per
haps S000 li. C. The, slgns-hlerogiyphlc
cuneiform. symbolical-Increased in num
ber and variety and from them has been
-o.cv-vvu me later alphabet. Credit for
the grouping and selectl mi belongs to the
Piioenlelana. who utilized these characters
ur commercial purposes and thim tran..
mltted them to the Greeks, who adopted
" " """i" nem not earlier than 1000
. v. nor inter than 800 B. C. Through
in l.ruil m . i
- ..., aipnsoei was carried to
. ,. wnere It developed many variations.
..... .. ,ne historic grain of truth In the
. hZ V "bo,,t Ca,1m"s' expedition
bringing home the alphabet from Phoenl-
cia.
ductlon of an alphabet? What If we still j as to preclude resort to them for any but
had no way or recording thought except i extraordinary occasions, i ne inscriptions
by the slow and burdensome formation by I on the monuments, the graven tables of
stone and of bronxe, the baked bricks of
the Assyrians, all had reference for the
most part to the laws proclaimed by the
Gods and the lineage and doings of the
kings and potentates they had appointed to
rule for them over man. Philosophy, sci
ence and history managed to secure rep
resentation more frequently when the vol
umes of parchment and vellum were
opened up to receive their notations, yet
to perform the true mission the new art
of printing must, perforce, put Its impres
sion on some cheaper and more easily ob
tained substitute.
Strange as tt may appear, paper derives
Its name from papyrus, which Is not paper
at all. Still more strange, paper waa pro
duced for many centuries by the Chinese
before It was carried to Spain by the
Moors. The earnest known mill maklflg
prper ln Europe Is sj to have teen set
In motion about 11W at Fabrland. Italy,
whence manufacture slowly spread. Not
until the edict of Nantes In 1685 exited
the French paper makers was the first
paper mill established In England and five
yais later the wheels of the first paper
mill In our own country began to revolve
at Roxboroukh, near Philadelphia. v
tvp to the year 1PO0, the process of paper
making was sheet, by sheet, almost all by
hand. The Invention In 1798 of a device
to produce web paper, drawing out the
foundation of rag pulp into a single con
tlnuous piece, proved to be the framework
of modern paper making. The cost of
production was reduced and the paper In
dustry placed on a firm footing. The still
comparative expensivenees of rags Incited
constant experiment with a measure of
success In the use of Asparto grans, straw
and wood. The perfection of the process
of making paper pulp out of ground wood
fiber dating in its Inception with ISM, while
disastrous to our forests, has brought the
price of print paper down to a few cents
pound, and has alone made possible the
colossal output of printed matter that al
most forces Intelligence on even those who
prefer to remain Immersed In ignorance.
In the Interval, the making and compos
ing of the types was by no means at a
standstill. Cutting each letter by hand
out of a wooden block soon gave way to
cutting out of more durable metal, and
this In turn to casting in dies that per
mitted unlimited multiplication. The
stereotyping of whole columns and pages
of typeset matter was inaugurated ln 1725
by William Ged, a goldsmith, by what is
known as the plaster process, taking a
mold of plaster of parts out of which he
cast a solid reproduction of the assembled
types. ' This manner of stereotyping was
brought to Newark In this country In 1813.
By a French invention ln 1829, the plaster
mold was replaced by one made of papier
mache and the papier mache mold dis
closed such superior advantages that it Is
today reigning supreme in all modern
stereotyping rooms. Electrotyplng, which
likewise produces en bloc the assembled
types, dates from about 1850. Electrotyplng
differs from stereotyping in that, instead
of being cast from molten metal, the shell
Is formed by electroplating In copper or
copper composition upon a mold of lead-
hand of each letter of each word at
lime? That much could be accomplished
even by this laborious method must not
be gainsaid, but that we would have built
up our present Institutions on a founda
tion of parchment and stylus is unthink
able; widespread popular Intelligence, the
consequence of our almost universal lit
eracy that enables -one and all to catch
up with and to keep abreast of the cur
rent world events would be praotlcally
impossible.
It Is no wonder, then, that for more than
2,000 years after the perfection of written
language its possession was limited to the
very few; that the church and the learned
professions, and afterwards the unlversl-
ties, alone preserved the priceless library
treasures of the ancient poets and phil
osophers, and the costliness of the process
of recording or copying their volumes put
tho education they afforded beyond reach
of the masses. If, as Max Muller aptly
says, "language Is our Rubicon, which no
brute will dare to cross," the art of print
ing. Is the bridge which Invites humanity
to pass, over the abyss of Ignorance in
safety.
otwlthstanding the fierce dispute waged
for the glory of the achievement, the In
vention of printing Is credited to some
nameless Chinese, who made multiple im
pressions from engraved wooden blocks
as early as 60 B. C, although It was nearly
1,000 years ' later before the art was ex
tensively practiced The Chinese are also
credited with having used moveable types
as early as the twelfth or thirteenth cen
turies. "" I
In Europe, as I have already observed,
books were produced at first by transcrib
ing, most usually on vellum or parchment.
The elaborate initials were often colored
or Illuminated by the monks or clerks who
did the lettering and finally about the
thirteenth century. In Spain and Italy,
these Initials were stamped In outline from
raised blocks of wood employed as a
labor-saving device and from this slowly
developed a complete system of type print
ing. Whether Jonann Gutenburg or
Laurens Jansxoon Coster has the - best
claim to be the Inventor I need not attempt
to decide. While Coster printed with wood
tlcai application. The first minting Dress
in England was set up In 1477 by William
Caxton and the first one in this country
by Harvard college.
Let us dwell briefly on the tremendous
significance to the future of civilization
which the Invention of the printing process
and its successful establishment as a craft
held Within' it. We know almost nothing
ofthe life or activities of the human race
Up to the time of recorded written lan
guage, and nothing of human thoughts
and aspirations beyond what may be in
ferred from the 'purely physical environ
ment and gleaned from meager remnants
of archaic handiwork. What we know of
man's history and achievements from the
acquisition of written language to the in
vention of printing Is fragmentary and
unsatisfactory, derived principally from ln-
ment of web press printing In 1871 and Its
subsequent Improvement removed the
limit. By feeding the press from a huge
continuous roll of white paper passing over
one set of cylinders fitted with curved
stereotyped plates and under another
similar set of cylinders, both sides are
printed simultaneously and the paper Is
then ' mechanically cut. posted. folded,
counted and delivered In completed
condition. These presics, driven by
direct connected electric motors, are
now built on the unit system, so that they
may be expanded. Just as may be a unit
system bookcase, and thus made to eat
up one, two. three, six or ten great rolls
of raw Doner at the same time, con
verting them Into papers of four. six.
eight, ten, twelve pages, or any multiple
or combination of those numbers.- In one
or several colors,' and apparently this
process could be multiplied almost indef
initely.
The production of the modern news
paper is also largely dependent on, and
Its development therefore concurrent w'lth,
the perfection of our means o rapid com
munication and transportation. The gath
ering of the news today taxes all known
devices of communication and the distri
bution of the printed newspaper calls into
requisition all the available facilities for
transportation. The growth of the news
paper from a local chronicle of petty hap
penings and neighborhood gossip Into the
contemporaneous mirror of world events
could proceed no faster than the evolu
tion of these auxiliary agencies. I need
hardly do more than refer to the notable
achievements in this field which make up
a long list. Including Fulton's steamboat,
Stephenson's locomotive, Morse's tele
graph, Field's Atlantic cable, Alexander
Graham Bell's telephone, Edison's phono
graph, Marconi's wireless, the automobile
and the airship.
Other lndlspenslble requirements for the
modern newspaper have been supplied by
the free public - schools, endowing every
willing child with the priceless boon of
literacy and the inauguration of universal
manhood suffrage, instilling a general de
sire for Information and Instruction on' the
needs of self-government. It goes with
out saying that the relative intelligence
of the people of a communltydetermtnes
the possibilities of newspaper publication.
Last, but not least, should be enumer
ated the development of the executive and
organising ability to utHIze all these agen
cies for the purpose of news gathering
the human element constituting the live
wire which In each local newspaper field
ascertains what Is happening ofwmbllc In
terest and gathers together Information
about it, and the still larger organizing
ability that co-ordinates all these smaller
units into a great co-operative press asso
ciation to maintain a colossal reservoir of
world news into which each participating
newspaper pours the important items it
has collected while drawing out what It
wants of the combined and re assorted ac
cumulation of all of them the whole me
chanism working continuously night and
day, on land and on sea, encircling the
Inhabited globe, under high pressure ln
order to put on the breakfast table each
morning a pen ploture of the world doing
that, considering the obstacles, Is a mira
cle of speed, promptness and accuracy.
After this review, need wenarvel that
the advent of the newspaper as we know
it Is of so recent , date? The dispute that
has been waged dver the first publication
entitled to be called a newspaper has been
as fierce as the controversy for the laurels
of north pole discovery, but no claim has
been established that antedates the be
ginning of the seventeenth century. The
Frankfort Journal has proved up on the
year 1616, with a close second in a Dutch
paper., at Antwerp commencing 1818. The
famous London Times made its initial ap
pearance In 1B65. The first newspaper reg
ularly published ln this country is said
to have been the Boston News Tttr
aware of It. yet countless millions have
been Informed of the penetration of man
for the first time to the earth's axis. When
Columbus discovered Ameriea, he. himself,
did not live to realize It. and It took a cen
tury for his achievement to become of
common knowledge or to find Its plac In
the geographies. In our day, the success of
a sortie to the pole Is made known all over
the world to every one who cares-to read
almost Instantaneously with the announce
ment of the returned explorer. And what
Were the by-product of Ignorance thus ex
ploded? The primitive Idea was that the
earth was a flat area of solid ground sitv
ronded by water and supporting the heav
ens. According to a n.edleval theory, the
earth consisted of five zones, only two of
which were habitable, but separated by an
Impassible zono of fire and bordered on
north and south with Impassable zones of
Ice. The rounding of the South African
cape destroyed the r.one of fire, but loft
the two poles encased 4n Impassable Ice.
The Imaginary open Polar sea probably
furnished tho foundation for the later
theory of concentric spheres, picturing an
Inner surface of the earth approachable
throuph the poles and actually led to a
petition to our American congress In 1832
for an appropriation to fit out an expedi
tion to prove the truth of this prolific no
tion. All these creations of Ignorance have
been burled past resurrection by the actual
physical human presence at the pole and
the practically universal dissemination of
the news of the event. The butcher and
the hnker and the cnndlestlck maker may
debute the rights and wrongs of rival
claimants with almost as much assurance
as the college professor, because the news-
$9,060 Piano Contest
First Prize S300 Kimball Piano
Second Prize $125 Piano Discount
Third Prize $110 Piano Discount
la addition to the above we will also distribute among the lucky
contestants ln our great square forming contest, piano discounts to
the amount of f 8,(25.00. ,
IT COSTS NOTHING TO K.NTKR OOXTKHT
We are making this generous distribution of prlies to adrertlse
our business; to advertise the pianos we handle, and to make It pos
sible for a large number of families to secure a high grade instru
ment at a legitimate saving.
JVIKiKS OK OOXTKHT.
In this contest wehlare the matter ln the hands of disinterested
parties, and the awarding of prizes rests entirely with them. We
have selected as Judges, the following well krTown citizens of Omaha:
FRED PAFFENRATH. I. KAHN and 8. 8WANSON.
scrlptions on monuments and buildings, i coated wax, which Is later backed up with
scrolls of parchment and vellum, and li- I wood or metal. Electrotyplng usually gives
braries of hand-made tomes copied and re- a more clear cut impression, but is like-
copied with accumulated errors. The most
valued works of the most noted authors
of the ancients which we have, have thus
come down to us In mutilated form and
many of the most important intellectual
productions have been altogether lost.
Who knows but that hundreds of the prob
lems which have exacted years of ex
haustive toil from our most brilliant minds
had not been grappled and solved before
Gutenberg put togther the" movable types
by which the solutions would have been
made Indelible for all tune to come? We
must all agree' that printing has been well
defined as "the art preservative of arts,"
for since the Invention of printing little
that would be a positive contribution to
the progress of' mankind has been lost to
those to whom printing has been avail
able, and the ready accessibility of the re
sults previously achieved has enabled each
new expedition against ignorance to start
from the vantage point won by the lost
Bkirml8h--ln the combat. It is because of
the Invention of printing as much. If not
more, than any other one achievement that
a present-day philosopher could truthfully
say:
"Between the birth of human reason and
the Invention of writing a long period of
time elapsed; when the art of writing was
followed by that of printing, man then
printed all that he had thought and writ
ten and at present we possess thousands
of volumes which will Inform us on all
the truths and errors which have alter
nutely illumined and obscured the human
mind.
.'Many things that our 'ancestors could
not fathom are clear to us; what was un
Known to them is known to us. That
which, prevents us from following up this
line of progress through these phases Is
that each reply brings forth anew fresh
questions and thus It will be to the end
If the end should ever arrive."
But many other auxiliary engines of war
Incidentally It is worth noting that the ! "ad to be directed against the fortresses
number of letters of the alphabet varies
ln different languages. The Phoenician
characters were fifteen In number; the
of Ignorance before we could clear the
path for1 operations on a bigger scale. It
Is often hard to say which step In a for
4ii
v.
Remedies are Needed
War we perfect, which we are not, medicines would
not often bo necked. But since our systems have be
come weakened, impaired and broken down through
indiscretious which have one on from the rly ages,
through countless fenerations, remedies r needed to
id Naturs) in correcting our inherited and otherwise ',
acquired weaknesses. To reach the seat oi stomach
weakness and consequent digestive troubles, there is ,
nothing so good as Dr. Pierce's Golden Medical Disonv '
ry, a glycerio compound, extracted from native medio-
tnal roots sold for over forty years with great satisfaction to all atere. For
Weak Stomach, Biliousness, Liver Complaint, Pain in tho Stomach after eating,
Heartburn, Bad Breath, Belching of food, Uirorrc Diarrhea and other Intestinal
Poracgements, the "Discovery" is a time-proven and most efficient remedy.
The genuine has on its
outlde wrapper the
Signature
You can't afford to accept a secret nostrum as a substitute for this ooa-eloo-holio,
medicine or known composition, not even though the urgent dealer may
thereby make a little bigger profit.
Dr. Pierce riesisnt Pellets regulate and invigorate stomach, liver and
wels. Mifar-costea, tiny granules, easy to take as eandy.
paper accounts have lifted the pall of dark
ness In which the subject Was previously
enshrouded.
Tho progress recently made In aerial
navigation permits of a very similar ob
ject .lesson. The newspapers have chron
icled far and wide. the measure of success
attained by dirigibles nnd bv aeroplanes.
When the Hudson-Fulton celebration was
Impending, diligent search of old files for
contemporaneous descriptions of the Ful.
ton exploit disclosed the fact that, al
though several newspapers were then being
published In New York, only one of them
even mentioned tho steamboat trial, and
that devoted to It but a few lines. This
notes one of the defects of the newspaper
historian lack of perspective but it also
emphasize by contrast the great advance
trade ln a short hundred years.
That the - modern newspaper has Its
faults, none would deny. It Is charged with
grasping at the sensational and, exceptional
with too much avidity. The accusation Is
made that It sometimes Invades personal
privacy and dilates on divorce scandals,
yet one of our own learned professors In
sists that the growing number of divorces
Is ascrlbable to emancipation from Ignor
ance, and Is therefore a sign of social prog
rets, rather than & social ailment. We de
plore hat some newspapers are too often
tempted to go to extremes ln everythhjg
and to exaggerate the less important at
the expense of what proves to be the more
Important. But the newspaper Is Itself
constantly tested in the fiery furnace of a
discriminating public opinion, a public opin
ion becoming all the time better educated
and more exacting. As the level of popu
lar intelligence is raised by the combined
efforts of press and pulpit, school and uni
versity, the standards of all these agencies
are bound to be elevated along with it.
Ignorance alone, like a dismal swamp, fur
nishes the breeding places of noxious crea
tures, and each time Ignorance Is put to
rout, the circle of Intelligence ls widened
and tho power for evil of Ignorance is
weakened.
Truth crushed to earth shall rise again:
Th' eternal years of Qod are hers;
But Error, wounded, writhes In pain.
And dies among his worshippers.
CROWNED KING OF FAKERS
Cagllostro DnpedNhe , Whole World
in His Day and Wound Up
in Jail.
"A liar cf. the first magnitude. Thor
oughpaced In all the provinces of lying!
What one may call the king of liars!" ' ''
Thus wrote grim old Thomas Carlyle,
And the victim on whom he showered such
issued the first part of the eighteenth
century. Up to the early part of the nine
teenth century, we had newspapers is
sued but weekly or less frequently, re
sembling a periodical pamphlet. . Pamph
leteering had previously been the means
of interchanging Ideas, discussion and ar
gument, so the early newspapers were
much like pamphlets with a few 'news I hB rnt Ai.n, a, r
...,. ..v.. uiiuwii in. . a i master or 1 000 hH ml faW. w, v,
man's high-sounding name was a fake. He
wise a slower and more costly process.
The acme of the stereotyping art so far
reached Is the auto-plate device by which,
after the papier mache mold has been In
serted in the casting box and the machin
ery set ln motion, a succession of Identical
completed page plates is ejected so rapidly
that a dozen printing presses may be
started turning out the same Imprint In
less than that number of minutes.
The successful reproducing of the assem
bled types by stereotyping and electrotyp
lng noticeably stimulated effort to Intro
duce mechanical, devices that would lessen
the labor and quicken the pace of the ex
isting hand typesetting. v Experiments
along this line began as early as 1821, but
for ialf a century met with doubtful re
sult. The problem, it seems, presented a
three-fold kvenue of approach. First, tho
types already separately made, could be
assembled by machinery. Second, the
types could be cast separately by machin
ery In the order of composition. Third,
the types could be cast In a line at a time
in the: order of the composition from dies
or matrices separately 'assembled. It
transpires that the problem has yielded
to all of these solutions'. TTle first ma
chines operated through a keyboard ac
tually set up the types as supplied from
grooved feed boxes, which must be re
plenished by a distinct distribution. The
monotype casts the separate types in any
order desired and these types may after
wards bj used tor hand composition the
same as other type. Finally the'llnotypj
perfected In 1K84, casts a line of typeat a
time against a row of brass dies, released
by pressure on the keyboard and Justified
to any ordinary column width, with auto
matic redistribution of the matrices after
the casting. While all of these so-called
typesetting machines are n use and espc.
dally adapted to various sons of work,
the linotype machine has justified Its
claim to preference for the fast composi
tion demanded by the modern newspaper
compilation careruny made last year
showed that there were In this country
only eighty-two newspapers with records
of continuous publication for 100 years or
more, entitling them to membership In a
century club, of which fifty-five are daily
and twenty-seven weekly publications.
But nearly all the achievements which
have made possible the newspaper of today
would themselves hardly have been possi
ble without the newspaper of yesterday.
The newspaper has been an active con
tributor to the upbuilding as well as a
beneficiary; Its mission has been and is to
use Its great power to the end of still fur
ther broadening the area of popular' in
telligence and helping along the triumph
of truth over ignorance.
How does the newspaper perform this
part of its work? It does it by bringing
home to the people what is disclosed by
the searchlight of publloity directed at all
human activities. The part the newspaper
plays in popular government is so gener
ally understood that It scarcely calls for
elucidation. The newspaper has been
dubbed the "fourth estate," and nowhere
has popular government been really suc-
cessiui without the existence of a free,'
vigilant and untrammeled public press on
guard as the sentry of Individual liberty,
ready to expose corruption and oppression
and to sound the alarm agalnsf the ap
proacli of the tyrant. I venture to affirm
the belief that the most potent deterrent
of wrongdoing and the most promising
corrective oi nearly all of our crying
aDuses, social, industrial and governmen
tal, He In the line of publicity and tho
molding of a public opinion whose penal
ties fall more certainly, and more heavily,
on the offender than any punishment pre
scrib?d by law. , In his epochal works on
the "American Commonwealth," James
Bryce calls ours pre-eminently "a govern
Hunt by public opinion" and devotes a
chapter to the newspaper as a source and
vehicle of public r.plrlcn. If individual
newspapers and Journalists enjoy less
I 1 i, v
7 a to it la
i j u ii i 17 J
I N 21 22 2J 24
23 '24 27 2 2 30
it 31 ii 34 3S 36
Flow many squares, large and small, can you form with' the 80
squares in the above diagram?
EXAMPLE
Nob. 1, 2, 7, 8 make one square ' 1
Noe. 1, 2, -3, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, IB make one square ..1
Total ..." .2 squares, etc.
It U h E 8
Small squares used to form larger ones must all Join.
The different squares you find may be shown ln any way you
6ee fit.
It is not permissible to alter size of small squares.
The tame combination of small squares can be used but once.
The squares you form may be shown either with figures or
diagrams.
Large square must be three inches square and small squares
one-half inch.
Tou may use any kind of paper.
CONDITIONS
Any onemay submit one answer. No one connected with this
firm, or any one interested in the piano business ln any way wffl be
eligible to compete. Persons already owning upright pianos will be
barred from first prize. In the event of a tie, neatness and origin
ality will be considered. You must write your name and address
plainly on the back of your answer, also state whether or not you
have an upright or square piano. State number of squares.
DISTRIBUTION OF PRIZES
Besides the three grand prizes, $8,525.00 in piano discounts will
be given away as follows: Next five best answers, $100 discounts.
Next ten best answers, $80 discounts. Next twenty-five beBt an
swers, $75 discounts. Next thirty best answers, $70 discounts. Next
fifty best answers, $C5 discounts. To all contestants who do not
succeed in winning one of the above awards we will present free a
handsome trl-colored print mounted on white mat paper.
CONTEST CLOSES WEDNESDAY, MARCH 2, 1910
MAIL OR BRING YOUR ANSWERS TO,
A. IH10SPE 0
1513-15 Douglas Street, Omaha, Neb.
sLanrMiai
In the use of trls machine, one operator I Pwer here Jharabroad, "the cause Is to be
round, declares Mr. Eryco, "not in the In
ferior capacity of the editors and writers,
but In the suporlor Independence of the
reading public."
But take a more homely example of the
present day conflict with Ignorance the
tendency of medical science to uproot din
ease with preventive rather than curative
weapons. The fight on thrf white plague
resolves itself into the full awakening of
the masses to the necessity of proper hous
ing, light and air. I believe that, without
the publicity accorded, this noble move
ment would never have been able to have
acquired Its present momentum. Tha serv
ice the newspapers are rendering ln sup
tort and defense of Inoculation against
germ diseases, ln forcing the abatement of
unsanitary conditions productive of epi
demic, In purifying our food supplies. In
focalislng quick relief for the succor of
unfortunate victims of scourge or calamity,
are as Immeasurable as those of the scien
tists who have been discovering new scr
ums or proving the fever carrying proclivi
ties of the mosquito.
The year last closed witnessed. the fall of
the north pole before the advance on the
world's fastnesses. Quickly as news trav
els, especially when a controversy Is (in
volved, doubtless many people remain uii
can now put into type in eight hours as
many words and senter.ces as four or five
compositors could do before by hand in the
same time; and the previous hsnd compost,
tlcn required the men to devote addl
tloral time to distribution. Mechanical In
ventlon, therefore, has not only enabled
each operator to set type In tremendously
greater volume, but to get it up with much
greater speed, and speed is one of the e.
sentlals of competitive twentieth century
Industry.
At the outset, the imprint of the types
had been taken by hand pressure after
coating the surface with a film of Ink.
For a long time the only advance made
was to procure a more even impact by the
use of a lever or screw on the plan of the
familiar letter copying press, the paper re
ceiving Its impression on one sUe uf the
sheet at a time, hand Inked and hand fed.
The successful application In 1790 of thla
pressure from a cylindrical roller, or drum,
paved the way for the power press. The
addition of a moving or vibrating bed hold
ing the type form in the Gordon press of
llf, together with automatlo Inking,
greatly Increased the speed, but the hand
feeding and double printing to utilise both
sides of the sheet of paper seemed to set
definite limits to the output. The achleve-
was really Giuseppe Balsama, a Sicilian
peasant's son, and in no way entitled to
call himself "count."
Cagllostro, as a mere child, was expelled
from the local charity school for some
abominable bit of mischief. Next he went
into a Palermo monastry, where he found
work In the monk's apothecary shop. There
he showed a positive genius for medicine,
and soon knew more about chemistry and
the use of drugs than did any one else In
the whole brotherhood. Incidentally he
learned, too, a few great truths that always
proved valuable to doctors and showmen
alike. He found out that many people
trust physicians as they trust no one else.
Also, that a large percentage of the public
are readily fooled by any nonsense that is
clever enough to attract them. On these
two human fallings the lad built his fu
ture career of gigantic swindling.
Ho, when a feat of audacious blasphemy
on his part led the monks to kick him out,
Cagllostro was quite ready to start upon
his career. To provide himself with ready
money for a tour of Italy he tricked a rich
Sicilian Into buying from him, at a large '
prloe, the secret of a treasure cave that did
not exist. Driven out of Sicily, he wan
dered through Europe and the orient, per
facting himself in the best art of all the
fakers he met on the way and swindling
every simple-minded traveler he met. Then,
with a gloriously beautiful young girl
whom he had married In Rome, he
launched forth as the discoverer of a mirac
ulous liquor, which he called "Wine of
Egypt," and which he claimed, wottld pro
long life and restore youth. Pointing to his
lovely young wife, he related that she had
recently been a withered old crone of SO,
and had been made a girl again by one
draught of "Wine of Kgypt."
He himself, he said, had already lived for
2.000 years by constant drinking this wine.
Ho told, as an eye-w-Aness, about events
that had happened many centuries before,
und described tha scriptural marriage feast
ut L'arui In Ualllee, at which, he said, he
had been an honored guest. He also de
clared1 he had bei-n present at the crucifix
ion, and ho used to burst Into reminiscent
tears ut the sight of a crucifix.
People listened greedily to Cagllostro's
absurd lies. Through the sale of hts
"Wine of Eypt'' he grew fabulously rich.
Heti'avFled from place to place In a gilded
chariot with a retinue of servants. Princes
and other notables vied with one another
to do him honor. He speedily became one
of the foremost men of Europe. Not con
tent with claiming to have discovered the
SLcret of perpetual life, Cagllostro pro
ceeded to found a sort (of masonic order,
with himself as the high priest. Thou
sands of people In all ststlons of life
Joined the cult, and the man's wealth and
fame still further increased. He next ob
tained favor and more money by estab
lishing Masonic lodges for women.
Nor were these the greatt of Cagllos
tro's Impostures. He claimed to be of
semi-divine birth, said he had the power of
rendering himself Invisible, and added the
information that he oould not only make
diamonds and other precious stones, but
could transform all metals Into gold. The
wonder was less that he should make such
assertions thsn that nearly all Europe
should Utile v him. liy clever spiritualistic
Engraved Stationery
Wmdding Invitation Anrtoancmmmnt
Vititing Card
All correct forme in current social nana re engraved
in the beat manner end punctually delivered when
promised.
Embossed Monogram Stationery
and other work executed at price lower than usually
prevail elsewhere.
A. I. ROOT, Incorporated
1210-121 2 H ward St. Phona D. 1(104
seances he apparently raised the ghosts of
the great dead. He persuaded some of the
craftiest noblemen of the day that they had
actually seen him make diamonds and turn
iron bars 1 into gold nuggets. He was a
brilliant hypnotist, too, at an age when
hypnotism was thought to be a miraculous
power.
HO went to Paris. There 'his vast chari
ties made him popular. His boundless
wealth backed his assertion that he could
make gold. The neat, hand-made "mira
cles" that he performed astounded the
wisest Frenchmen. Prince Cardinal de
Rohan, grand Almoner of France, and
shrewdest of statesmen, was utterly hood
winked by him. In fact, Cagllostro' has
always been suspected of using the cardinal
as a dupe of the famous or Infamous af
fair of the Queen's Necklace. As a matter
of fact, some of the "miracles" performed
by the arch-faker still defy detection. He
foretold many great events that actually
occurred. He readily announced ln advance
the lucky numbers of the government lot
teries. When temporarily locked In the
Bastlle prison, In 1786, on suspicion of hav
ing shared Rohan's supposed guilt ln the
theft of the diamond necklace, he wrote
on his cell wall: "The Bastlle shall be
destroyed and the people shall dance on the
site."
In three years this prophecy was ful
filled. After a luxurious life In Paris, Cagllos
tro went to Rome.
demned him to life Imprisonment as an
enemy to the Christian religion. He died
in his cell August M, 1796, having for years
duped the whole world. New Tork World.
WIUInsT to Risk It.
Here the lecturer threw upon the sere?n
the portrait of a man well known ln the
financial world.
"This,' he said, "Is one of he great
captains of finance. I do not need . to
mention his name. His face is familiar to '
all bf you. Look at his corrugated bro'jv,
the furrows In his cheeks, the pouches
under his eyes, tha deep lines about his
mouth. That face, my mends, bears the
unmistakable and Ineffaceable stamp of
care. Anxiety has marked it indelibly. It
shows the traces of sleepless nigjits, weary
days, and bitterly fought campaigns, wath
millions of dollars at slake. Suceoss bring
to such a man no happiness. Look at him!
How many of you, my friends, would
change places with him? How many i,f
you would be willing to take his wealth
If compelled to assume the terrible burden
of responsibility that goes wrth It?"
His hearers rose en masse.
"I would!" they shouted In unison. Chi
cago Tribune.
I
The Father of Him.
Census Taker dive the ages of your five
children.
Father All right; Mary will be U In
September 13, yes, that must be right; and
John Is John ahem he's going on 11, I
guess; then Helen wait a minute, I never
could remember how old she Is but Fred
Is Fred Is let . r.'.r see and Archie
heavens, man, iny wife will be back ut
There the pope con- , Home companion.
KIDNEY, AND BLADDER MISERY GOES
AND YOUR LAME BACK FEELS FINE
Several doses will regulate your
out-of-order Kidneys, making
Backache vanish..
Hundreds of folks here are needlessly
miserable and worried because of out-of-order
kidneys, backache or bladder trouble.
If you will take several doses of Pane's
Diuretic all misery from a lanm back,
rheumatism, painful stitches, Inflamed or
twollen eyelids, nervous headache, Irrit
ability, dizziness, wornout, sick feeling and
other symptoms of overworked or deranged
kidneys will vanish.
Uncontrollable, smarting, frequent urina
tion (especially at night) and all bladder
misery nds. '
This unusual preparation goes at once to
the disordered kidneys, bladder and uri
nary system, and distributes its healing,
cleansing and vitalising influence directly
upon the organs and glands affected, and
completes tho cure before you realise It.
The moment you suspect any kidney or
urinary disorder, or feel rheumatism com
ing, begin taking this harmless medicine,
with the knowledge that there Is no other
romedy at any price, made anywhere else
In the world, which will effect so thorough
and prompt a cure as a fifty-cent treat
ment of Pape's Diuretic, which any drug
gist can supply.
Your physician, pharmacist, banker or
any mercantile agency will tell you that
Pape, Thompson & Pape, of Cincinnati, Is
a large and responsible medicine concern,
thoroughly worthy of your confidence.
Only curative results can come from tak
ing Pape's Oluretlc, and a few days' treat
ment means clean, active, healthy kidneys,
bladder and urinary organs and you feel
fine.
Accept only Pape's Dluretlo ftf ty-cent j
treatment from any drug itnra snjrwhsre
In tho world.
V