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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (April 12, 1908)
he Omaha - Sunday Bee PART VII i:isunA!iCE sectic:i PACES 1 TO 6. THE OMAHA DCO Best ..IT. West VOL. XXXVII NO. 43. OMAHA, SUNDAY MOl!NIN(, APK1L 12, 1D08. single copy five cents. A. J. LOVE. Irsiden FRANK J. HASKELL, Secretary Company JLL c Z7 Brennati ve CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION, STATE OF NEBRASKA. OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS, LINCOLN. Feb. 1, 10. IT IS HEREBT CERTIFIED, That the American Bonding Insurance Company of Baltimore In the 6tat of Maryland, has compiled with the Insurance law of this tat a, applicable to auoh companies, and la therefore authorised to continue the bualneas of Fidelity Surety Burglary In surance la thla atata for the current year ending January Slat, ItOf. Summary of Report Filed for the Tear Ending December Hat, 107; INCOMB Premiums $7(1. (?4 58 All other sources I6.22t.18 Total $ SIl.sM.TI DISBURSEMENTS Paid policy hold era I4l,035.47 All other pay ment 10.J21.7t Total l,01s.2S7.2 1 ADMITTED A6PETS 11.421.7(1.17 LIABILITIES Unpaid Claim and Kxpensea f 111.712.2 Unearned Prem iums 446.114 27 All other liabil ities 10,14. 21 $ 724,090.70 Capital stock paid up t0, 009.00 Surplus beyond Capital Stock and other llabll- Itles 202.t70.47 702.f70.47 Total II. 414, 741. 17 Wltneaa my hand and the seel of the Auditor of Publlo Accounta the day and year first above written. E. M. SEARLE, JR. (Seal.) Auditor of Publlo Accounta, JOHN L. PIERCE, Deputy. CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION STATE OF NEBRASKA. OFFICE OB AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. LINCOLN. Feb. 1. 10S. IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED. That the Calumet Insurance Company of Chicago, In the state of Illinois, haa complied with the Insurance law of this state applicable to auch companies and la therefore author ised to continue the buslneea of Fire, Lightning and Tornado Insurance In this state for the current year ending January list, 10. , Witness my hand and the aeal of the Auditor of Public Aocounts, tba day and year first above written. ' E. M. 8KARLE, JR. (Seat) Auditor of Public Accounts. JOHN L. PIERCE. Deputy. CERTIFICATE . OF PUBLICATION. STATE OF NEBRASKA. OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. LINCOLN, Feb, 1, 1908. IT IS HEREBT CERTIFIED, That the Spring Garden Insurance Company of Philadelphia. In the atata of Pennsylvania, ha compiled with the Insurance law of this state,-applicable to auch companlea nd Is therefore .authorised- to -oentuiue the business of Fire and Lightning Insur ance In thla state for the current year ending January list, 1(00. . Wllress my hand and the seal of tba Auditor of Public Accounta, the day aud year first above written. E. M. SEARLE, JR. (Seal.) Auditor " of Public Accounts. , JOHN L. PIERCE, Deputy. Every Known Kind of Insurance Room lt New York Life Building 'Phones Douglas 350. Independent 1350 INSURANCE is our business not a sideline. We employ expert help in every depart' & ment, and give our business our wn direct personal attention, Hot "Some of the time," BUT ALL THE TIME! Nebraska Staic Agents For the Following Companies AMERICAN BONDING COMPANY of Baltimore., Fidelity, Court, Contract Honda, Hank, Itesldi-nce and Burglary Insur ance of every description. TRAVELERS' INSURANCE CO., of Hartford. Employers' Liability and Automobile Insurance. NEW YORK PLATE GLASS INSURANCE CO., of New York. CALEDONIAN INSURANCE CO., of Scotland. NATIONAL FIRE INSURANCE CO., of Hartford. STATE INSURANCE CO., of Nebraska, If you are a, Banker, Real Estate Agent or Insurance Man and desire to represent company ies in any line of insurance, the facilities of our office are at your disposal. We desire agents in every city, town or hamlet in Nebraska where we are not already represented, We Represent Locally the Following Fire Companies in Addition to the Above CITIZENS INSURANCE CO., of St. Louis. CALUMET INSURANCE CO., of Chicago. NORTH BRITISH MERCANTILE INSURANCE CO., of England PHENIX INSURANCE CO., of Brooklyn. SPRING GARDEN INSURANCE CO., of Philadelphia. . SUN INSURANCE OFFICE, of England. : SHAWNEE FIRE INSURANCE Co., of Topeka, Kan. -J We Insure Aoyttliano Anywhere Stability Accuracy Promptness Courtesy CERTIFICATE OF PlTPXrCATION. STATH OF KimnAfOCA, OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS; LINCOLN. Feb. 1, HOt. IT 19 HEREBY CERTIFIED. That the Sun Inmnnot Office of London, Kngland, haa compiled with the Insurance law or this state. applicable to such companies nd ts thercfrtjkc authorised to continue the buslavV 'r ''ire and Lirtnlng In surance In tills state for the current year ending; January list. 1908. Witness my hand snd the seat of the Auditor of Publlo Accounts, the day and year first above will ten. B. M. SEARI.K, JR. (Seal.) Auditor of Publlo Accounts. JOHN L. FIERCE. Deputy. CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION. STATE OF NEBllABICA, OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. LINCOLN. Feb. 1. 190S. IT 18 IIEREBr CERTIFIED, That the Fhenlx Insurance Company of Brooklyn, In the state of New York, has complied with the Insurance liiw of this state, appli cable to such companies end In therefore authorized to continue Te business of Fire, Lightning ajid Tornado Insurance In this stHte for the current year ending January list, 1998 Witness my hand snd the seal of the Auditor of Publlo Accounts the day and year first above written. E. M. HIOArLF, JR. SeaL) ' Audlter of Publlo Account. JOHN I PIERCE. Deputy. CERTIFICATE OF PCRMCATION. STATIC OF NEBRASKA. OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. LINCOLN. Fob. 1. 1V08. IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED. That the Shawnee Fire Insurance Company " o Topeka, In the state of Kansas, has com plied with the Insurance law of this state, applicable to such companies and Is there fore authorized to continue the business of Fire, Lightning and Tornado Insuratice In this state for the current year ending January list, 190. Witness my hand and the seal of the Auditor of Fubllo Amounts, the day and year first above written. 10 M. SEARLE, JR. (Seal.) Auditor of Puhllo Auoounts. JOHN U PIKROE. Deputy. CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION. STATE OF NEBRASKA, OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF PURL1C ACCOUNTS. LINCOLN. Fob. I. 180J. IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED. That the North British and Mercantile Insurance Company of London and Edinburg. Eng land, has compiled with the Insurance law of this state, applicable to such com panies and Is therefore authorised to con tinue the buslneea of Flro and Lightning Insurance In lliix Ktate for the current year ending January 81st. 1909. Witness my hand and the seal of the Auditor of Public Accounts, the day and year first above written. i IE M. HEARLE, JR. (SoaL) Auditor of Publlo Accounta JOHN U PIERCE, Deputy. CERTIFICATE OF PUBLICATION. STATU OF NEBRASKA, OFFICE OF AUDITOR OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. LINCOLN. Feb. 1. 1988. IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED, That the Caledonian Insurance Company of Edin burgh. Scotland, has compiled with the Insurance law of this state, applicable to such Companies and la therefore auth ' or I red to continue the business of Fire and Lightning Insurance In this State for the current year ending January 81st. IMS. Witness my hand and the aeal of the Auditor of Public Accounts the day and .year first above written. - . E. M. 8BARLF JR. . (Seal.) Auditor of Publlo Accounts, JOHN L. PIERCE, Deputy. ft mi "I FIRE PREVENTION PROBLEMS Fully as Important at Means of Fight it After it Starts. MPR0VED CONSTRUCTION ONE Mechanical Devices for KxtlaKBlshlasf Them la laclpleaey All Tea to Decrease Insurance Hates. In the March number of the Business World It was stated that fire prevention roust be regarded not only from the stand- point of preventing a fire from originating, but also preventing the spread of a fire after It has once made headway. To pre vent the spread of a fire numerous devices ' are in use today, such as fire palls, private ' fire departments, standplpes, thermostats, automatic sprinklers and chemical 'extin guishers. ' The adoption of these devices In mercantile risks. It was shown, result In a - reduction In the building rate varying from 80 to 75 per cent a reduction so large that the saving In the annual premium will lu many cases pay for the fire extinguishing facilities In a few years. In addition to net ting a good return on the capital expended for such facilities. Their Introduction also gives to the property owner added security gainst the large loss in time, convenience snd business which follows In the wake of tvery large fire. The prevention of the spread of a fire, after it haa once obtained a good start, depends primarily upon the construction and planning of the building. From the standpoint of fire prevention, buildings may be grouped Into four main classes, viz.:' fireproof, seml-fveproof, slow burning and ordinary buildings. As regsrds each the greatest care should be exercised In plan ning the building. Available fire protec Ion, such as fire service tanks, pumps, hol ers, etc., should be considered when determin ing the height and depth of a building. Elevators and stairways should not bs located in Inaccessible places, and all com munications between floors should be so protected that fire may not seek these ave nues In spreading throughout the building. Special hasards, such as the heating plant, should be properly Isolated, and light and air should be secured without creating ex posure and draft conditions. If the nature of the business permits, the risk should also be subdivided Into several fire areas, snd the most dangerous processes In the business should be located where they will do the Uast harm to the rest of the plant. Thus In knitting mills, the card rooms, where fire most frequently occurs, are In too many cases situated above the finishing room, with lis large stocks of finished goods, although such a position for the card room Is entirely unnecessary for the economical operation of the mill. A fire occurring in the card room will naturally result In an unnecessary water damage to the slock below, the loss frequently ex ceeding several times the damage done by the fire Itself. - Fireproof Balldleas. A fireproof building may be charscterlxed as possessing four chief features. It should be of steel cage construction, and should have all of its structural members safely insulated against beat from within or with out the building, or lt may be of reinforced concrete construction with the reinforcing members similarly insulated. All commun ications between floors for freight or pas sengers, such as stairways and elevators, should be encssed in fireproof cut-off shafts, and all horlzpntal tiers of windows should be fitted with wire glass In fire proof frames. A fireproof building should be designed so as to constitute a stove, and if used for the storing of combustible ma terials should be so constructed that the contents on any floor may burn with the least danger to the building and with the least possibility of the fire spreading to other floors. If the horizontal tiers of win dows are not fitted with wire glass the chances are that a fire on a given floor, since It cannot go up or down, owing to the fireproof construction and the protecled floor communications, will be forced out through the windows, and will thus com municate to upper stories through the tier of windows Immediately above. It Is needless to say that a great many buildings called "fireproof" are not fire proof at all, and it Is Interesting to note how many well Informed people are wedded to the belief that noninflammuble things are fireproof, and tlisU a fireproof building gives this quality to its contents. On the contrary, it appears that goods In fireproof buildings will burn fiercely In fact, will. In many instances, burn more fiercely than when situated In other buildings. Because of this fact It is highly Important that the floors of a fireproof building should be carefully separated. This fart cannot be too strongly emphasised. Mr. F. C. Moore, In his "Fire Insurance and How to BuilJ," remarks: "Itls probable that few sub jects connected with construction are more generally misunderstood than the fireproof building. The average Individual regards lion and stone as fireproof. He, at the same time, overlooks the fact, stranguly enough, that glass windows are not fire resisting. Even underwriters In estimating rates on fireproof buildings and their don tents often overlook the fact that a build ing intended to be fireproof, but of filing nothing more -substantial as a fire shield against an outside fire than ordinary p'.ate glass In a wooden sash and frame If even more likely to have its contents thoroughly destroyed by an exposure to fire than an ordinary building of wooden Jointed con struction; for the fireproof structure, as already stated, holds its merchandise and the other contents suspended where they will be more effectually destroyed. The wooden Jointed building, on the other hand would probably collapse, and no small sal vage might be realised out of heaps of merchandise In the cellar so covered up that combustion would be retarded for went of air. on the same principle that a pile of wood shavings ts seldom Invaded by fire to a greater depth than ten or twelve inches. "A further reason why the contents of fireproof buildings are so thoroughly de stroyed when once ignited Is that ttu fire proof construction, like a reverberating fur nace or oven, confines the heat until ex tremely high temperatures are reached. Indeed, firemen who have had experience In fighting fires In fireproof buildings claim that It la almost Impossible to remain on a floor where merchandise Is on fire, so Intense Is the combustion. Everything ignitable Is shriveled up. The principal ad vantage, therefore, after all, of a fireproof building Is the separation of the various stories from eseh other, and this may be largely, if not entirely, lost if the building has well holes, or If staircases and ele vators are not cut off by fireproof hall ways." It should also be noted that the public Is altogether too apt to minimize the Im portance of exposure to fireproof build- 1 tngg. The danger of firo to contents within a fireproof building Is much greater be cause of the presence of a poor risk In the near neighborhood. On the other hand, a fireproof building radiates very little of its exposure to surrounding rinks. "Psobably no class," writes Mr. F C. Moore, "of risks is more inadequately treated In the matter of computing danger from exposure than fireproof buildings, be cause rating bureaus so frequently over look the obvious fact that plateglass and wooden window frames and sash are not fireproof, and that a so-called fireproof building offering nothing more, substantial to an outside fire than plateglass haa no greater fire resisting properties than an ordinary showcase would present. More than 75 per cent of the fireproof structures of the country have window openings to the extent of from 40 per cent to 75 per cent of the superficial area of each en closing wall which are not protected by fireproof shutters. Heat from a burning building across a wide street finds ready entrance through such openings, and the various fireproof floors serve only to hold, like a great gridiron, ignitable merchan dise In the most favorable form of distri bution for Ignition and combustion, to the full force of an outside fire. If (ire once secures entrance to a fireproof building through the windows of any store, the con tents of such a store, especially If at a great height from the floor, are almost certain to be destroyed, and the danger of Ignition is greater where the fireproof structure Is higher than the one which la burning." Fireproof Balldlnas la Hrcrst Fires. In the recent Baltimore and Snn Fran cisco conflagrations the fact was brough' out very strikingly that so-called "fire proof buildings after all are not fire proof, as generally supposed, apd that there were present many deficiencies In the construction of such buildings whk'h might easily have been averted. The statistics for the Baltimore conflagration, so far as "fireproof" structures are concerned, have been carefully compiled, and show that the Insurance loss on such buildings was in almost the same ratio as on the ordi nary buildings and combustible stock. This striking fact is to be attributed mainly to the large damage dune to auch buildings and the comparatively small amount of Insurance held as compared with the value of the structures. Of the seven so-called fireproof "skyscrspers," of steel cage con struction, it appears that 64 per cent, or nearly two-thirds, of the value of these buildings, was destroyed. This large pro portion becomes stilt more striking when It is remembered that these seven buildings wert,all used exclusively for offices, and contained but small amounts of combusti bles which could bavo caused a serious and prolonged fire. As a matter of fact, fire swept In and out of some of these big office buildings In the course of an hour, nd the opinion prevails ameng experts that had these buildings been filled with large quantities of combustibles the loss would certainly have been much greater, and ir. all probability might have been a total loss. These skyscrapers were prac tically without any form of fire protection. partly because there was no such apparent need for fire protection and partly because of the Impossibility of the fire department approaching them during the conflagration. In San Francisco likewise, the conflagra tion tested thoroughly the various typss . of fireproof steel structures and gave to the world a most valuable lesson as to the future construction of such buildings. Ter cotfa, so generally used In San Franlcsco. was shown to be wholly inadequate. Wher ever steel work was protected by terra cotta the covering was in nearly every case torn off and destroyed. As stated In one of the reports of the performance of different flreproofings in the San Fran cisco fire: "When terra cotta was used the partitions fell down, the fire proofing around tho columns came off, and a very large proportion of the floor arches either fell out of the bottom plates or the arches broke off and left the arches in a very bad shape." In most cases Ute flreprooflng of columns was of terra cotta. With the destruction of the column covering by the excessive heat, little protection was left, and the result was that very few build ings in Snn Francisco did not present the sight of badly bent or buckled columns. As contrasted with terra cotta, concrete stood the test of the conflagration well in nearly every Instance, little-or no dam age resulting to steel work which was flre proofed with this substance. Another form of column covering which withstood the fire, well consisted of two thicknesses of wire lath and plaster, with an air space between them. Whit In many oases the outside covering was torn off. It seems to have resisted the fire during the most In tense stage, thus enabling the Inner cover ing to protect the column. , Stone u. Brlrk la Wall Const met Inn. The best material for the construction if Walls is hard burned brick. Stone, contrary to common opinion. Is a very un desirable building material, and If used ex tensively, esiMH'lally for supporting heavy I welgbj, may serve as a means of wreck ing 4 he entire building. One of the most prominent fire preventing experts In the country. In speaking of t)Uajeclares that: "The best fire resisting material for walls, It may bo safely asserted, Is hard burned brick. It is also the best material for the floor a rclijs between the Iron beams of fireproof buildings. It is Incomparably better- than stone, because stone is utterly unreliable for resisting fire, especially the llnmstone, granites, maible, etc. In fart, stone U a .dangerous material wherever it is subjected to fire and water, and car ries a heavy super-imposed wtiglit. Alter the great Boston fire granite piers and columns were Bhoveled up like so much sand. Notwithstanding these facts, stone enters Into most ordinary structures to the extent of being Incorporated as Important members of piers and walls. In some cases piers or columns are built entirely of stone. Such architecture Is almost certain to re sult In disaster, especially where stone is a weight carrier, and is located in tho In terior of a building and subjected to fhe combustion of surrounding merchandise In the outer walls of a building It Is not o dangerous, although almost, certain to be defaced to the extent of requiring re placement. In Interior construction, even where bond atone and cap stones are used In brick piers. It rTlaywreck the build ing. . . The apathy of building depart ments, architects, masons and legislators, and of some undewriters, in this matter of the danger of stone as a building ma terial, is utterly incomprehensible to me. If columns of a building were constructed cf glass or of porcelain there would be an Immediate outcry, and yet well annealed glass, terra cotta or porcelain would ac-1 tually stand the effects of fire and water for a longer time probably than granite or marble columns." (H. C. Moore, in "Fire Insurance and How to Build," page 78.) Of all the materials used In the fronts of the buildings in San Francisco, stone showed by far the worst effects In the recent conflagration. In the Postal Tele graph building the granite columns In the first story almost entirely disappeared through the splitting and crumbling oC the stone. According to one report: "This Is true of every place where the flames or heat touched the stone; It spalled off and left the fronts In such a bad condi tion that they will probably have to be taken down." Terra cotta did not resist the effects of heat and fire much better than stone. From the above facts its is evident that the iron work of a fireproof building should be carefully insulated from heat, and that stone should not be used In vital portions of the building. An ideal fireproof building has been defined as "one consisting of sub stantial walla of brick, well burned brick being a better fire resistant than any rilrer material; wtthjall iron work protected by fireproof material; with all floors properly cut off from each other; the staircases and elevators In hallways; and all pssiages from one floor to another, whether In the shape of channels for plumbing, . gas or other pipes, electric wiring, or shafts for dumb waiters, in fireproof shafts; the floors them selves being fireproof, without floor boards, the surface being of concrete or asphalt, and Inclined, with scuppers through the side of yie walls so arranged as to drain off any water which might be thrown by a fire department, and piotect the floors or I merchandise beneath the one on fire." sruii-r ireprooi uaiiuiasis. Stml-fireproof buildings dater irom fire proof buildings In so far that, while con structed of non-inflammable material, they ate equipped with structural 5r tension metal members which have not been properly insulated against heat or have been left .entirely exposed. These buildings are constructed because of their greater cheapness as compared with fireproof build ings, and because the prevailing building code in many cities does not prevent their construction. They are elected very often to serve for offlctf purposes or as dwelling houses, or for other uses of a similar char acter, in which it is presumed that the limited amount of combustible stock which they contain will make it extremely unlikely that sufficient heat will be generated to impair the ironwork In the building. Mow Baralagr Balldlags. Blow burning or "mill construction" build ings are to be distinguished from seml-flre-proof buildings. The floors In slow burning buildings are without openings, and consist of heavy pUnk laid on heavy timbers paced from five to twelve feet apart, such timbers resting on stout wooden posts. It U also prescribed that there must be a tight top flooring, with waterproof paper between it aud the plank flooring below, which must never be less than three Inches in thickness. The aim of such requirements la to separate Iks different stories by a floor of considerable thickness. The Idea Is to construct the building In such a manner that, even though large stocks of combust ible material may be contained In the build ing, lt would require several hours under normal conditions for a fire to burn through the flooring. Before this Is accomplished It Is presumed that the fire department will be able to get the fire under control and prevent Its spread. Fire Doers aad Shatters. A number of special features must be noted In the construction of buildings, de signed to retard the rapid spread of fire. The first of these are the floors a,nd shut ters. The door now commonly used is made of wood covered with metal and provided with special lock Jointed tin plates. The Idea la to allow the wood to carbonize In case of great heat and to permit the gas resulting from the carbonising of the wood to escape through the lock joints instead of permitting it to accumulate and throw off the metal sheets. As the wood carbonizes the charcoal will drop to the bottom of the metal covering, but the metal will hold together, thus preventing the passage of the fire. Wire glass Is also of considerable Impor tance. It gives splendid protection when the sash Is fireproof and when the glass is double, with an air apace between. Wire glass In most cases serves a better purpose than shutters, because the latter must not only be closed to become effective, but will deteriorate if not properly cared for. More over, where there Is not an exposing risk to be guarded against, shutters are regarded by many underwriters a nuisance. It hould be remembered, however, that wire glass' radiates heat, so that in case of a I severe exposing fire lt may happen that j combustibles within the building and near the glass, cny Ignite. In this respect wire glass Is Inferior to well designed shutters. Rating of Fireproof Bulldlags. ! In applying the rating schedule to fire- proof buildings the most Important point to i bear In mind is that In no class of buildings Is It more necessary to know the amount of Insurance carried in order to determine the rate than in the case of fireproof build ings. According to the universal mercantile schedule, a certain percentage of the value of fireproof buildings (15 per cent) covers the wooden trimmings, window and door frames, fresco work, plate glass, and other features which are considered as destruct ible. It follow i;, then, that if a fireproof building is insured Vor only 15 per cent of its vslue, the rale should approximate that on tho ordinary brick building, because 16 per cent of the value of a fireproof building Is considered as destructible by fire. This percentage of 15 per cent Is, therefore, re garded In the universal mercantile schedule as one extreme of Insurance, and the full value of the building (100 per cent) la re garded as the other extreme. The rule adopted by the universal mercantile sched ule Is that, if tbe owner of a fireproof building Insures it only to the extent of 15 per cent of Its value, he must pay the flat rate, found In the schedule used. If, however, the building Is Insured for more than U per cent of Its value, a (reduction la granted In the rate because of the exist enue of the extra Insurance. The reasoning which underlies the reduc tion In the rale- In case the amount of in sursnce on a fireproof building exceeds 15 per cent of Its value Is as follows. Assume , a fireproof building to be worth ll,0w,oou and the rale of premium for minimum amount of Insurance (15 per cri of the value of the building, or 8150,000) I be 100 cents per 1100 of Insurance, or 1 jt cent. The premium for $150,000 of Insuram (or 15 per cent of the value) would, then fore, be 11,500. Now, If the owner of tl, property should agree to carry $LW,000 of li surance, or 20 per cent of the value of V building Instead of only 15 per cent, ti extra 100,000 of Insurance could be assum by an underwriter at a much smaller rn 'than the rate charged for the first $100, of Insurance. As the universal schedt committee says: "An underwriter, havi already $?00,000 on a fireproof bulldii offering an additional $100,000, would ha presented to him, In fixing the rate, pra tically the same consideration which dete mines the rate In the case of what known as 'excess Insurance.' He would l already liable for all partial losses (sir 15 per cent of the value of the bulldii is only considered destructible by flit nd his extra $100,000 could not be call upon until his $200,000 had been exhaust. In this view he could afford to write t extra $100,000 at a materially lower rs than his $JU0,X." The schedule table used In rating fir rtrnnf hullrftnirs fixes the rate for the fli $100,000 of Insurance above the first $200, of Insurance at 40 per rent of the rat charged for $200,000. "In like manner ea j subsequent $100,000 of additional lnsuran must be regarded in the nature of exc. t insurance, and would be written at a 5 cent less percentage of the rate than t! of the preceding $100,000." The reduction given for each $100,000 extra Insurance is exemplified by the 1 lowing table, which was computed upon t! hypothetical example of a milllon-dol building with a rate equal to 100 cent I $109 of insurance in case only 15 per ce insurance was taken out: 3 -1 : aa3 ( r I i ! i : : h : ? r ; lj "lirt t "luO.OOO '$1.00 Si". M ib am.OOO .K;3 1 30 40 8tt.Oll .I.H 2 40 3i 4n0,m0 .578 ' 2, 60 Ml .4117 2 W Jh WlO.miO .4.'!5 2. 70 'JO 7'l.(0 .Ml I 75 17. t 75.0"0 .i.4 2. 80 15 soo.iKiO .X 2. (Hi 10 .h .0 2 100 5 l.OuuA") m( t A brief explanation of this table may necessary. Thus, taking the first line of i table, lt appears that. If the owner of fireproof building worth $1,000,000 Insu only 15 per cent of its value, the amoi of Insurance will equal $150,000; the rate aasuined, as found by the schedule. Is cents per $luO of Insurance, or I per ce and the total premium paid ty the ow would be $l,5t0. Suppose now that property owner agrees to Insure 20 per t of the value of the building. According the table the universal mercantile scheo will permit the extra '.t,() to be taken rate equul to only 43 lr cent of the r on the preceding $!5o,0"u of Insurance. The problem now Is to compute the I on t-'K'" of Insurance. This may be fo In the following wuy: The- $!.,) of ln- ance we saw required a premium pay Oi (Continued on Page Two.)