4
E
Accepted
w-m t rm n,, may i i wni)r-nj ceniu
I rtes ago, arcording to the moat
Rome's foundation, Romulus, ion
of the rental Rhea Silvia and the
too Mara, built a city on the Palatine Mill.
The first Inhabitants of the city were shep
herds from Alba Longa,.who fled from the
threatening neighborhood of a yolrano until
they cam to a hill surrounded by perpen
dicular cliffs and protected by a circuit
of deep marshes.
Here they found springs of pure water
(jjfc a grotto, the Lupcrcal. whl h they dedl
4 ted to Faun, their god. "the driver away
of wolves" and the protector of their herds,
and here they settled and built a village,
or rather a huge aheepfnH. The hill on
the banks of the Tiber was named Pala-
V
IK
r .
IK- rU
HIS s4.SiSlSTA.fJT COUNT COZZX
XKsifi-IlNtSlG TH C 7J?t-rfOMU 1,1 A.N
MSC POVNT It Z9T TOtJ3 .
tlum, or Palatlnus Mons, from Pales, the
goddess of shepherds, pastorum dea, whose
feaHt fell on April 31.
The river then had no special name; It
wss simply called Rumon, meaning a
stream or river. Hence the new settlement
became known as Roma, or the town by
"the river. Rome was founded In the 754th
year before Christ.
It seems probablo that the original fol
lowers of Romulus did not exceed about
100 men. The Romulus city was confined
flhe western part of the Palatine, as la
liown by the circumstance that what re
tains of . monuments and memorials of
tomulus exist today are confined to this
llstrlct. ' ' ...
Round the base of the city a wall was
erected In a quadrangular, or lozengellka
form, whence the name of Rome Quadrata.
This wall, according to Tacitus, was built
with Etruscan rites. The nomoerium, or
sacred space around It, was marked out by
a furrow made with a plough drawn by a
cow and a bull; the clods were carefully
thrown Inward end the plough was lifted
over the profane spaces necessary for the
gates.
The city founded . with these religious
rues may o conmuerea as a sacred en
closure. The first defensive enclosure prob
ably consisted of a simple agger formed
with the earth and stones extracted from
a ditch which ran all around the brow
of the hill. No traces ot this agger are
left, but several remains of a second
more solid and regular fortification formed
by rectangular blocks of tufa of perfect
shape, disposed In horisontal rows, are to
be seen In the Palatine to' this very day.
The remains of -this defensive wall are
In the south and west parts of the Pala- the exact epoch to which they belonged ' tufa blocks and were made to support
tine, that Is, on trie sides that overlook could not be ascertained. Still thta dls- these while the earth underneath was care
the Murcla valley and the Velabrum. The covery was of the utmost Importance, Inas-
latter consists of six rows ot regular cut
blocks reaching to an even height of 4.60
meters and 1.40 meters thick. The lower
row reposes on a platform cut In the vlr-
gin sotL
It Is almost impossible to give an Idea
of the topography end of the monuments
of the Roma Quadrata on the Palatine,
as the successive transformations of tho
buildings of the Imperial era have com
pletely changed the configuration of the
Mil. The testimony of all antiquity that
the original Roman city stood on the Pala
tine has, however, been confirmed by mod
era excavations; the site of the Romullan
city Is known; the temple of Magna Mater,
the great mother of all the gods, Cybele,
has been Identified In the remains of the
cells and part of the pronaos. In numer-
ous fragments of the columns of the pedl-
ment and entablature and In the spacious
flight of steps, built of tufa blocks, whieh
gave access to It.
Besides this temple, a still more ancient
memorial of pre-Romullan times Is the
so-catted steps of Cueua, the ferocious
robber who stole several of the oxen of
Geryon. which HereuWs brought from
C liases
Dirt
Ocas
Windows
Enamel Tuba
Painted Walls
Glassware
Cutlery
Marble, etc.
Scrabt '
Wood Floors
Woodwork
Kitchen
Furniture, etc.
Old Dutch Cleanser works easier, quicker and better
than any other cleaning agent The Cleanser's porous,
flaky particles quickly absorb every speck of dirt and
carry it away, leaving everything scrupulously clean.
Large, Jtfting-top Can
(at all Grocers')
THE CUDAET PACKING CO, Sotk Omaha, Ntb.
Traditions of Rome's Early
Hesperia and conveyed to Arsos. The
spare overlooking the Velabrum which
'formed the ground made sacred by tra
dition," and was accordingly left free
and venerated by Roman emperors, exists
today, Its features and form, If not In
tact, yet not entirely blotted out, and
all the transformations of marshes and
low hills and primeval hollows Into founda
tions for superb structures have not yet
succeeded In obliterating the story of an
cient Rome.
Frof. I'als, who holds the chair of archae
ology In the University of Rome, explicitly
statea In his work On the early history of
Rome that the old boundary walls on the
Palatine were not butrt before the year
387 D. C, and that the city existed before
the time of Romulus, who was called Its
V
Costin ua.tiqj qT
founder from being the first - who gave It
strength and stability. In other trms,
according to the professor's theory, after
the Gallic conflagration (390 B. C). when
the city was burnt to the ground and the
Romans took shelter on the capltol, the
Roma Quadrata 'was fortified by the butld-
lng of a wall, the remains of which are
seen to this very day.
Count Cocza, an experienced excavator
In the employ of the government depart
ment of antiquities,. -wishing to test the
theory of Prof. Pals, began a tentative
exploration on the Palatine about (wo
months ago. On the summit of the hill
generally known as Cermalus he discovered
what appeared to have been a pre-Romul'an
necropolis. (See plan, space marked E.)
A few well shaped tombs of a distinctly
archalo type were found, but being empty
tnuch as It proved that sepulchres existed
,n P which was generally believed to
hve been w,thln the walls of the city and
where by tho laws of the Twelve Tables It
was not allowed to bury the dead.
Count Cossa encouraged by this first
successful find continued his exploration.
The excavations were attended with con
siderable difficulty and had to be limited
to a small space. ,
In many cases the soil was not removed,
but shifted from Its original place, care
fully examined and as carefully replaced.
Only three men were at work under Count
Cozza and this small party were under the
direct supervision of Prof. Vagllert, the
director of excavations on the Palatine.
After a short time a still more Important
discovery than the first one was made. A
wall consisting of two rows of rectangular
tura blocka evidently dating to the fifth or
,ixth centum B c wa. unearthed
Tho lower row of block, rMlted Q'n a be,
of ruj,hle mostly detrltal, but which on
clMer tmina,ion nrnvrA . v. , Mr,
composed of broken pieces of baked earth-
enware vases, an almost convincing Droof
l f tbA vl&tAnrA rf A nAfrinnHa nwt 1. .
pot oveT wnlch tne wa wa bu(U
This new cleanser is so much better than
ail old-fashioned cleaning agents that it is
rapidly supplanting soap, soap-powders,
scouring-bnclts and old-style metal-polishes,
in many thousands of homes all over the
United States. It does all the work which
formerly required several different old
fashioned cleaners.
Scours
Pots
Kettles
Pans
Boilers
Sinks
i latirons, etc.
Poliihss
Faucets
Door Knobs
Railings
lirass
Steel
Copper, etc.
lOc
SH0W' -:oevt
iA1 fALATINM HtLU.
ft
A . BTKWS opi CACUS.-H.GCMAIMS OW
TtMPLW or MATCH MAGNA .- C. WALL
APRIL CUT.t , V IHtlN OUIL, - r. TUFA BLOGHS ANU
ftUBBLS fWM WALL C - Q. IHHUM ATI O N TOMB
OSCOVCREO APfttL. 27
:i. .1--'
fw a-., 1
'1 'a'
A - -
3
i , .i-
.. cysi tios - jtAfiKiZc 23.Qjrjpis vr
This substance was evenly stratified over
the whole surface between the wall and
the space where the well shaped tombs were
discovered. (See plairC and B.)
This being removed the virgin soil was
reached. . Subsequently, on April 20, a well
shaped tomb was discovered to the light of
the wall (plan D) large enough to contain
a dollum of ordinary dimensions, but en
tirely empty.
As the whole space had now practically
been explored the excavations were con
tinued under the wall Itself. This was the
most hazardous undertaking of the kind
in modern archaeological art.
The wall could not be removed, much
less damaged; It could almost not even be
touched. Btrong wooden beams were ac
cordingly Introduced under the lower row
Progress
Electricity on Railroads.
NTIt, recently there does, not ap
pear to have been any suggestion
to conserve all the' water power
of a country to drive all the rail
roads of the same country. Yet
u
this Is
what It Is now proposed to do In
Switzerland
That thrifty little country possesses no
coal, but does contain many Alpine
atreams capable of direction so as to ren
der high heads available, for power cur-
foua- A number of these streams have
already been utilized both for local power
and lighting, and also for the operation
of mountain railways.
. however it I. .rt,.ui
W develop the hydraulic power of Switzer-
land as a whole, and bddIv It electrically
to the propulsion of trains on the existing
main line railways, thus avoiding . the
neoesslty for Importing any coal for rail
way transport purposes, and developing
the power resources of the land Itself.
Such an undertaking, says a writer tn
the Forum, necessarily demands most care
ful preliminary Investigation and planning,
and a portion of this work has already
been done by a government commission.
It seems that the mean requirement, taking
he average of the winter and summer
service, calls for a continuous development
of 100,000-horse power, while the maximum
,load may become five times this amount.
This latter estimate assumes the provi
sion of the best storage methods available,
such as the construction of reservoirs for
equalizing the supply ot water, and the In
stallation of electrlo storage batteries for
meeting the dally load fluctuations, so that
It will In) necessary, for the process of the
scheme, that 600,0u0-horse power of hy
draulic energy be developed. It does not
yet appear that ths water powers of
Switzerland are capable of meeting such a
demand, and the commission has this side
of the problem under investigation at the
present time.
far greater scheme than the above la
that laid before the American Institute of
Electrical engineers by Messrs. Stlllwelt
and Putnam, this being nothing less than
the conversion of the entire motive power
systnm of the railroads of the United
States from steam locomotives to electric
traction and stationary power houses. This
paper Includes a complete analysis of the
present operating coats of the railroads
under existing conditions, comparing these
THE OMAHA SUNDAY BEE: JUNE
PGONAOS QT THM
. -O. TOMB OfSCOVtfttd
, 7 .
-yet
fully removed.
More detritus was encountered here, and
under It was discovered a rectangular tomb
for Inhumation (plan F and. Q). The tomb
was covered by a tufa slal which showed
signs of having been removed from Its
original place, presumably by Gallic or
other depredators who wero In the habit of
violating sepulchers In order to steal the
valuable objects they were known to con
tain, but this tomb was not empty.
Besides the remains of human bones a
scyphus, or drinking cup of earthenware,
with traces of painted black stripes on a
dark ground, was discovered In the tomb.
This cup Is undoubtedly of Grecian manu
facture and dates from the fifth or sixth
century, U. C. Among all the external evi
dence of the authenticity and credibility
of the history of the Roman kings, such as '
annals, laws, treaties and other written
in the
with a careful estimate of the corresnond-
lng cost, for complete electric traction.
A. a consequence of this investigation it
appears that If the single phase system,
as adopted by the New Tork, New Haven
ft Hartford railroad, were Installed on all
the railroads of the United States, with
generating stations such as are now In
actual service, the aggregate cost of oper-
atlon, now about $1,400,000,000 a year, would
h v, .k,i fx ntri ak Tki. - -
- - -"""""
suit would require the Installation of
power plants delivering about 12,600,000,000
kilowatt hours a year; and assuming a
minus 01 transmission 01 idu miles, u ap-
pears that a maximum Output of about
2,800.000 kilowatts would be enough to
operate the entire railway service of the
united States as It existed In 1905.
Compared with this magnificent scheme
the proposition under consideration in
Switzerland appears trifling. The smaller
plan, however, may and probably will be
put Into execution first, and It may fur
nish experience by which the later and
greater undertaking will be guided.
Great Forlusri of tho Fatore.
There Is no question but that electricity
is the greatest power in the world and it Is
still in its Infancy. The engineering prob
lem of today Is how to develop this elec
trical current In the ' easiest and most
economical manner. It Is estimated that
throughout the world about 2,0u0,0u0 electri
cal horsepower Is being generated from
waterfalls and streams. One-quarter of
this great horsepower Is genersted In the
t'nlted States, with Canada second and
Switzerland third.
To generate 2,000,000 horsepower would re
quire some 2S.0uG.0Ca) tons of coal, and al
lowing ,45 a ton for the cost of the coal
this would represent a saving of $126,000,000.
Situated tn this country there are thou
sands of streams capable of producing
from 100 to 60,000 or more horsepower.
Others, like Niagara, and Victoria Falls in
South Africa, and the innumerable falls of
the Mississippi, the Colorado and the Mis
souri, have water powers that seem un
limited. If every pert of the mighty tor
rent of Niagara was harnessed It would
easily generate sufficient electrical power
to do all the work of this country.
The value of a stream for power pur
poses depends upon the amount of water
flowing and also upon Its head; that Is.
the height of the fall, whether in a sudden
drop or rushing down a slope. The small
' 1
; Rgo it; MntHifuFZ-
C.T.AH9C. Cr
1
9, 1007.
History Declared to
'"A''--- fTTT:
rJXSTiiv&i, uSh yz. o tomo viscoveireo.
documents, as well as other, monuments,
architectural and plastic, of the regal
period, which have prevented the history
from being a Vnere blank, nothing hitherto
discovered equals In Importance the find of
this earthenware vase.
Prof. Pals's theory has been fully cor
roborated by the excavations on the Pala
tine. The boundary walls were not built,
as generally believed, more than 700 years
Derore me oirin or i:nnst, but at least 300 summit. Evidently later republican build
years later. The Romullan city was not '"K had completely chansed the eon Amir a-
rectangular and only occupied a small space
on the Palatine, since on the spot where
the wall or the pomoerlum was supposed
to have existed tombs of the fifth century
B. C. wero discovered and mere conjectures
have been authenticated by positive 'facts.
The Importance .of these discoveries Is
therefore great.
It would be beyond the scope of this
article to attempt an explanation of the
bearing of the recent excavations on the
history and tonography of the Palatine Hill,
but a brief survey can be given of some
of the materials furnished toward the credi
bility of the early history of Rome.
mv. v-i it i ........
xnr: .r.)u.r.nH mnereni 10 ine palatine are
principally the following: 1, The shape of
the city; 2. Its extension, and S. the age of
its existing remains, and consequently the
Field of
mountain stream hinh ,,.v,i.
down the rock. 1. often worth more than
the broad, sluggish river flowing through
a low country. One cubic foot of water
a second may equal In power the total
stored energy of many tons of coal,
What Is even more wonderful, the water
my be used twice; first
for generating
electrical power; second, to Irrigate farm
lands In dry countries. With the electrical
Dumn the stream it.i ... v.. jt
- , , v. pumijeu
to levels where ordinary ditches could not
carry -It Electricity can be made to light
n1 heat the homes In the country as well
run iwa cuiiers,
"" no cream separators on the
farm well as the wheels of cars and
stories.
Telegraph circuit.
baMy the longest telegraph circuit in
tna world h" been ,n operation for over a
yesr on the lines of the Indo-European
Telegraph company, between London and
Teheran, Persia's capital. This circuit Is
4, Oil) miles In length, and In Its course It
traverses the North Sea for 300 miles and
passes through Belgium, Germany, Russia,
Turkey In Asia and Persia, The Wheat
stone automatic system of transmission and
reception Is employed on the circuit. By
this system messages are transmitted at
the rate of from eighty to 400 words a
minute, according to the nature of the
circuit, as against twenty-five tb thlrty-flve
words by manual Morse transmission. On
the London-Teheran circuit there are ten
automatic repeating stations, namely, at
Lowestoft, Einden, Berlin, Warsaw, Rouno,
Odessa. Kertch. Bukhum Kaleh. Tlflls and
Tauris. The business for and from Man
cheater and Liverpool is also handled di
rect from Teheran. It is understood that
automatic repeaters virtually take the
place of operators at the repeating stations.
In the esse of the circuit under considera
tion there are repeating Instruments and
batteries at each of the ten repeating sta
tions. ew Method of Telaatoarapbr.
The method of transmitting pictures by
telegrsph Invented by A. Korn has now
been adapted, by him to telautography, or
the transmitting of written communica
tions and Is described In a German tech
nical paper. The apparatus differs very
tittle from thst used In transmitting pic
tures, the chief range being In the method
of sending the Impulses from the original
copy. The picture-sending device utilises
O
' . Vv-t. ."
jiAkns.o c. on tpi. a siamo t&ms xk
,
origin and development of Roman civilisa
tion. Tacitus and Gelllus state that the
pomoerlum of the ancient Palatine city sur
rounded the hill down to Its base, whlla
Festus and Sollnus affirm that the Roma
Quadrata was only a small portion of the
crest; viz., that named Cermalus.
When the walls which tradition assigns
10 Komuius were discovered they
found not round the hill, but on Its very
tlon of the hill, and hence historians de
scribed Rome as It was In their own time
without taking Into account Its transforms
tlon and development.
There Is ancient evidence of the existence
or tombs on the slopes of the Palatine,
hence these slopes were uninhabited.
There Is every reason for believing there-
rore that the old city was limited to only
the top of the hill.
The city was supposed to bo rectangular
In shape, hence Its appellation of Roma
Quadrata. Ancient writers are. not In ac
cord about the shape of Rome, and the
expression "quadrata," square, may have
referred either to a amuli
front of the temple of Apollo or to an area
which from the Belva Palatlna extended to
the steps of Cacus; perhaps the expression
Electricity
. . .
of l.gh thrown . f '
of he n.cI" "V""
Ul " picture io ce transmitted. In the
telautograph Instrument this apparatus Is
eliminated and a cylinder substituted, upon
which the message to be transmitted is
placed. This Is written with .tvi,,. nn .
sheet of tinfoil so th th. .... ...
denre a .,,i 7.
tinfoil as the latter rotates with thV rvi
- .. 111 ine cyun-
uer. wnenever the brush passes over a An.
presslon the contact Is momentarllv broken
and this Interrupts the sending current
The receiving apparatus la similar to that
used for receiving
Pictures, excent that
there Is no need for delicate regulation nt
the Intensity of the recording beam of
light Light from a Nernst filament Is
focused by a lens so as to pass through
openings pierced in the pole pieces of a
magnet, thence passing Into the dark box
In which the sensitive surfaoe Is placed.
The latter rotates on a cylinder at a speed
synchronous to the sending cylinder. Be
tween the poles of the magnet Is placed a
small piece of aluminum foil carried on two
wires, through which the recording ourrent
passes. A thin piece of foil acts as, a shut
ter to Interrupt the beam of light except
when It la deflected by the passage of a
current through the supporting wires which
are In the magnetic Held. A local battery
placed In this circuit opposes the main
battery at the sending station, the effect
being adjustable by a shunt resistance.
mere Is then no current Dasslna throi.h
the recording device, except when the clr-
cuii is Droaen at the sending station. A
record Is made on the sensitive paper !n
the usual way.
A Harriman Story
E. If. Harriman th other day was dis
cussing ths recent drop In securities and
claimed that It was Inadvisable to legislate
too harshly against what are regarded as
vested Interests. The present situation re
minded him of a school teacher who sud
denly asked a boy: "What are yyu fum
bling wlthT" The boy'a ntxt seat neighbor
said Johnny had a pin. "Take It from him
and bring It to me.' ssld the teacher. This
was done, whereupon the schoolma'am or
dered Johnny to recite his lesson. The boy
grinned and sat still. "Stand up, I tell
you." comman.fd the teacher. Then ths
lad blurred out: "I can't, ma'am. That
there pin what you bave was holdln' up
my pants.
Be False
4
- -w.; f Th
referred to the fcaxum Quadratum, or tha
square stones composing the walls of the
city.
The topography of the Palatine Itself,
which Is composed of three hills, via: the
Cermalus, Palataur and Vella, excluded the
possibility of a square city. The walls
built by Romulus consisted very probably
only of an agger, I. e., an artificial mound
or rampart, or a large embankment of
earth strengthened by trunks of trees, sur
mounted by palisades, no trace of which
Is naturally left today.
Both Cicero and Llvy allude to a voice of
warning from the gods heard by a certain
Cedrlcus before the Gallic Invasion, sug
festlng that the walla of Rome should be
fortified. The Gauls rased the city to the
ground and burnt It, and Servlus Tulllus
afterward built the walls, remains ot which
are seen now.
These walls were built not before the
fourth century B. C, and consequently after
tho lime during which the locality was
UBed as a burial place. The Forum In all
probability was not Included In the original
city on the Palantlne, but was used as a
burial place, and' tho discovery by Prof.
Bonl of Romulus' tomb there corroborates
this theory.
Such are briefly the results obtained from
the discovery of a few tombs on the Pala
tine and the finding of an earthenware
vase.' The early topography of Rome has
practically been altered, traditions that
had survived for centuries and centuries
have been proven false,, and Rome, the
greatest city of tile world, did not rise on
virgin soil, but was built on the remains of
a necropolis, which shows that an earlier
civilization had preceded it.
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i:iiiib. wuiu aum, iwrer Busier
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