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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 27, 1907)
F Glimpse Behind the Scenes - ' ' ' ' - . . . . V; - ! v 14 4 ,.r. ; I ,:-) 'if 7 v; I J.J iK 1 (Coprrlght, 1907, tr Frank O. Carpenter.) AisuihiK, Morocco, Jan. 24. (Spe cial Correspondence of The Bee.) Come behind the scenes and take a look, at Mulal Abd-el- Ails, the sultan of Morocco. He Is the ruler of the best part of northwest ern Africa, and his empire la almost one twelfth the slse of the whole United States. More than 10.000,000 Berbers and Moors look upon him with reverence, and the great powers of Europe are courting him with a desire to get hold of bis country and trade. The latest photograph of the young mon- arch 'now lies before me. It represents a tall atbletlo young man, clad In a long white burnous, the garment worn by the gentlemen, of Morocco. By talks with his officials and some Europeans I can piece out the picture. The sultan la Just 2 years of age, and he has aU the strength of fMll.hlnnrfP vn.,h 7T ,. . mmirtv white complexion, and his face, which la slightly bloated, bears the marks of small- pox, which he bad years ago. He has a straight nose, a large mouth, a long upper lip and a chin which slightly recedes. Uke all his people, he never shaves his face, but his full Jeard of curly black Is so thin that it does not show much In the picture. He has rather a blase air, and in ordinary con- versatlon wears a bored look. He seems to have sucked the orange of power and luxury dry and to care more to take things easy and have a good time than to rule. Indeed, I 'understand that he would be glad to leave the throne and that he thinks the game of governing a country as turbu- lent as this la not worth the candle. He la fast losing prestige with his own people by consorting with foreigners, and were it rot for his position as regards the Mo- 1 hammedan religion he would have to step down and out. j- Ilelated to Mohammed. All the rest of the Mohammedans of the world acknowledge some kind of allegiance to the sultan of Turkey. ThJs Is so of our Moroe and of the fifty odd million Mussul- mans of India, and also of the lesser num- themselves up to rejoicing. The chiefs of ber In Turkey and Egypt. These Moors the various tribes are then supposed to will not let that sultan send a repreaenta- send presents to the sultan, and in the past tlve here. They acknowledge no alleglanoe 'vast sums have been so received. Some to him, and they consider that only the tribes bring money often running into the family of this young man has the right thousands of dollars, some horses and some to the title of commander and ruler of the slaves, a negreas being a common gift, faithful. During the present year the gifts were Indeed, Mulai Abd-er-Asl is about the few and the horses poor. This was the moat blue-blooded monarch on earth. He result of the recent rebellions and waa Is the thirty-sixth lineal descendant of Alt, brought about by the association of the the uncle and son-in-law of the prophet sultan with Europeans and the Jealousy Mohammed, and he is the fifteenth monarch and distrust with which his people regard In his own dynasty., His father waa the him. ' famed Mulal Hassan, who waa sultan for $ f twenty-one years, during which he ruled Smltaa and the Chrlstlaast with an iron hand. When about to die he Indeed, the sultan's tastes seem to be chose his son to be his successor, although christian rather than Mohammedan. He Is he had other and older brothers. Mulal's fond of western methods, and he would? If mother was a Circassian slave imported he could, introduce them into his empire, from Turkey. He has made some attempts to do so, but $ i his people object, and this Is one cause of RellKtoae Read. his unpopularity. He Is, notwithstanding. The sultan of Morocco is the high priest an Independent young man and persists In of the religion of this country aa well aa Its courting the favor of the foreigners. I am chief execuUve. He Is called the great told that he spends a part of every day Iman, and Is like the emperor of China In with Europeans, and that he Is not at all that he prays for all. He Is also somewhat exclusive ln his selection of them. One like the cxar of Russia, who Is head of both hlgh-claas Moor complains to me that his church and state. majesty allows common merchants and One of the sultan's chief elements of other tradesmen to come to the palace, and strength Is the power of conferring blCss- others tell me that he haa spent millions of Ings, which haa come down to him from dollars on all sorts of foreign nlcknacks Mohammed. He Is supposed to have this which some of his Christian friends have direct from God, and If any other man begged him to buy. of hla family could make the people be- One of his extravagances Is a camera of lleve that he had this power In greater solid sold, which cost him $10,000. At the degree, he could easily raise a rebellion and same time he bought $2,000 worth of print oust Mulal Abd-el-Amli from the (hrone. Ing paper and $33,000 worth of other sup- Thls was attempted by Bu Mamara, the Judge Slabaugh and His Lale Office Force IHB outgoing of Judge W. W. Slabaua-h and his assistants com- plctes an administration marked l'lvV by great achievements in the Ci y'f cjinty aiuarneVa wmoa. Two 1 ''ir- I v v I l JUDGE SLABAUGH AN HIS ASSISTANT WHILE IN THS COUNTT ATTORNET'S OFFICE OF DOUGLAS COUNTT. TANGIER FROM THSJ ROOFS. i ap - calied son of the She-Aaa. who falaely claimed to be an elder brother of the sul tan, and who, by sleight-of-hand tricks, made the people think he was performing miracles. He got up a revolution, and the soldiers broke out Into an Insurrection, notwithstanding their officers gave them a flogging and dusted out their mouths with red pepper vfor speaking against his majesty. This Bu Hammara wa event ually put down. I understand, however. that the rebellion was quelled by a oompro- mlae, and that the aon of the She-Ass has, like Ralsoull, been bribed with a fat office. and that he is now ruling a large section of country. This would seem to be a prem- turn on a second rebellion. Baerlfleea for Hla People. The emperor of China has a number of wh," he e" out ln Pekm to ,h Au"r 01 Heaven and performs sacrifices for the who,e C1'" '"" This young ,uItan aM the Bame k!nln a 8heeP on every BaJram- or Mohammed Baster. At "me a MOOnBn amiiy is uPPe offer up sacrifices and it is etlmte,l that aa many as J0.000 sheep ar kllled on that flay ,n the of Fe- ,neP ar brought ln from the sur- rounding country and mutton rises ln places to ucn n extent that a good fat ram or w w111 brln If were ,n Amer- ,c the roarket would surely be cornered, Tne 'beep killing la started by the sultan, aurrounded by a large concourse of people, ne of the holy preachers first slnga out a sermon, after which the sheep Is handed v" to his majesty. He cuts its throat a" the blood gushas forth, the bands P18 and the cannons thunder. The news Bnt out all over the city and thereupon the sacrificing begins, extending to all parts of Morocco. Bslram Is the great festal occasion of all the year. The Moors then come put in their good clothes, the soldiers have new uniforms and the . people, who, like good Mohammedans, have been fasting through- out Ramazan, which Is rthelr ' Lent, give- plies. lUm photographio outnt, in aaaiuon hundred and twenty-five convictions ln one term. Including fourteen muraer cases ana one case for unlawful restraint of trade, Is the high water mark for criminal prose- outlets In Douglas ceuuqr.' JourVeaa civil W J 1 ,1 1 '-rr v ! n i tite omaita to the camera, cost him all told $36,000, a large part of which went, aa a matter of course. Into the pockets of those who ordered It. Another extravagance Is a bedstead of crystal mirrors with pendants like a chande lier. I understand that he sees three Im ages of himself whenever he crawls Into bed, and that the pendants Jingle when he turns over. The sultan haa bicycles made of alum .lnum, and he delights in playing bicycle polo with his friends. He learns all sorts of games easily, and can do no end of bi cycle tricks. He will ride up a steep plank and down again, and In his polo games his ruined several fine wheels by crashing into the walls. The sultan has a number of automobiles, a London hansom and a coach of state. There are no roads In this country, and these things are practically useless. His gold coach, which cost many thousands of dollars, now lies outside the palace at the mercy' of the weather. ' Recent Progress in the Field N la Kara Falls Por. HE DECISION of Secretary of War Taft on the question of Im porting electrical power from the Canada side of Niagara falls and the diversion of water for m power purposes on the 'American side of the river Is in the nature of a compromise. He did not grant all the power companies afckedj and granted more than the scenic tlefenders of the great cataract considered the maximum for Its preservation. Permission was granted to Import 160,000 horse-power of electricity, divided among four companies. Definite limits were also fixed on the amount of water American companies and the Erie canal may divert from the river. In concluding a resume of the various In vestigations which have been made of the questions and the Intent of the Burton act Secretary Taft says: "I have reached the conclusion that with the diversion of 15,600 cubic feet on the American side and the transmission of 160,000 horse-power from the Canadian side the scenic grandeur of the falls will not be affected substantially or perceptible to the eye." The permits granted will be effective for three years. If at the end of six months from the time of actual operation under the permits no depreciation In the beauty of the falls Is shown the permits may extended. Another announcement In the decision Is that Secretary Taft will appoint a com mittee, consisting of Charles F. McKIm, the architect; Frederick L. Olmstead, Jr., of Boston, landscape gardener, and Frank D. Millet, the artist, to go to the falls and gather material for a report looking toward harmonizing commercial buildings there, particularly the power plants, with the natural beauties. On this subject Mr. Taft says: "I conceive It to be within my power to impose conditions upon the granting of these permits, compliance with which will remedy the unsightly appearance that Is given the American side of the canyon Just below the falls, where the tunnel of the Niagara Falls Power company discharges and where the works of the Hydraulic com pany are placed: "The representative of the American Civic association has properly described the effect upon the sightseer of the view toward the canyon to be that of looking cases were tried In the supreme court. among tnem Being tne aireci primary iaw, the sheriff's fee and the Inheritance tax case, which latter case was prosecuted by Judge BUbaugu in his own nuie. and upon f) sundat bee: januak? With the TUB SULTAN'S LATEST PHOTOGRAPH. In the meantime the sultan's foreign friends who have ordered these things for him are making fat fortunes, and they are working the young man for alj he is worth. Every foreign thing he subscribes to costs him ten times what it Is worth, and his ministers and foreign friends absorb the profits. They are already rolling ln luxury, and everyone about him steals both from him and his people. I am told that the whole Income of Mo rocco has gone Into extravagant expendi tures. The empire pays something like $5,000,000 a year and Is now several hun dred thousand dollars ln debt. In Debt on Million" a Year. One of the Europeans here tells me he thinks that the sultan haa salted down a pretty penny of this for a rainy day, and another courtier says that he Is, strange to say, almost mean In the expenditures which come out of his own Immediate treasury. - He will quibble about an outlay of $100 If the money la to be paid down on Into the backyard of. a house negligently, kept. For the purpose of aiding me In de termining what ought to be dona to remove ' this eyesore. Including the appearance of the buildings at the top, I shall appoint a committee consisting of Charles F. McKIm, Frank D. Millet and F. L. OlmRteod to ad vise me what changes, at an expense not out of proportion to the extent of the In vestment, can be made which will put the aide of the canyon at this point from bottom to top ln natural harmony with the falls and the other surroundings and will con ceal as far as possible the raw commercial aspect of the surroundings." Advances In Electrle. IJalitlna. It has long been known that for the de gree of illumination which It affords i the Incandescent lamp consumes more current than any other device for lighting with electricity. Many attempts have been made to remedy the fault without abandoning the principle of Incandescence. In some of these ventures, reports the New York Tribune, an entirely different substance has been employed ln th filament. With mag nesia and the rare metals, tantalum, os mium and tungsten, a fair degree of success baa been attained, though in one case the original simplicity of the mechanism has been sacrificed and in the others the ma terial of which the thread Is composed Is more costly than the one for which it is substituted, v Experiments have also been mode with the object of getting more light. If possible, out of carbon Itself. By depositing a coat of graphite on the filament a trifling gain ln this respect has already been effected and other Incidental advantages have been secured. The results thus attained, how ever, are apparently not comparable with those which Prof. Herschel C. Parker of Columbia university and Walter G. Clark say they have secured. By coating a flla-, ment with something which they call "hellon" a compound the nature of which has not been fully divulged these elec tricians report that they are able to ob tain as much light as the old Incandescent lamp gives with only about one-fourth as much current, and that the durability of the filament, on which the term of Its ubo fulneKS depends, Is sensibly Increased. If the expectations which have been ex cited ln the Columbia laboratory are borne out ln commercial practice a notable ad his own motion and won, whereby Douglas county alone haa profited by $S0,00O, and more to come ln the future, to be used for Improving the public highway and decreas ing the burden of tax upon the people This law had been upon the statutes of Ne braska for three years, auii never disturbed ln Its slumber. Lawyers said it was un constitutional and Judges concurred, but Judge Slabaugh convinced the supreme court his view was correct. A case in vxJving l-lpO-fl taxes was , prosecuted and won In the United States circuit court for Under luruier cuuuly attorneys the fee oihces of Dougloa couuty were permuted to Yun loose ana to collect or credit as taucy might UauUtiu to me otucUL Uy this ' lent Doulaa couuty has been depnveU oi the use of thousands uf dollars wtiiuh should have been puid Into the county treuuury. Judge Slabaugu's olllce lighted tills liagianl wrong and djrlnt the Usi year the county profiled by thousand of dollars from tun ten uRloea. Under direc tion of the oouuty boaid lie staned several suits ogaihsi former orncUla to collect un reported and earned fees, which cases are sow pending In the district court. The orbce did much to brliig about a good government fur lpuglaa .county, and all this was accomplished without extra cost to the county for counsel. Judge Slabaugh attributes his success in a large measure to his method of conducting the office. He marshalled his forces together ln one suite of rooms, and at great personal expense In the way of ofhee rent kept them in readi ness to answer the needs of the otTVe and to work for the people. By this system he and his deputies were always ln touch and ln council upon every Important case. Mooted questions were threshed out In tlte office and the views of all were considered and weighed before action was taken In a case. The force consisted of Arthur 11. Mur dock. Fred W. Fiuh. CtiarU-s E. Foster and Frauklln A. hhotwell, deputies; Lewis Grebe, messenger, and Blanche Zlmnian, SUnugraphar. 27, 1907. Young the nail and at the same tlnie will dash off, without thinking,., an order for one of his custom houses to pay a sum of $10,000 or more. Anyone who understands the Jealousy and hatred which these Moors have for Chris tians can easily see how unpopular such actions on the part of their sultan must be. The better classes are no fools, and It Is hard for them to respect even a sultan who does such foolish and Irreligious things. They are opposed on Mohammedan grounds to pictures and photographs and It Is almost Impossible to get them to pose before the camera. With this view the sultan's golden kodak is ln striking con trast, and the fact that he Is really a good photographer does not better the matter. They do not approve of his buying a yacht and having it carried Inland to Fes to be played with on the little river near there, and they are angry at the crown he or dered at a cost of $100,000 or so. It Is against the Mohammedan religion for the sultan to wear a crown, and his people as- of Electricity vance ln electric lighting will be witnessed. Whether the color of the "helion" light, which la said to be a pure white, will be as well liked as the orange- tint of the present lamp remains to be seen. As yet It Is impossible to tell much about the cost of the new device. Though it has been Intimated that the materials of which "lieilon" is composed are abundant and In expensive, the process of manufacturing It and applying It to the filament must be considered. There are other questions to be determined also by the test of use on an Important scale, but, on the whole, the public seems Justified In awaiting further information with a good deal of interest. Electricity on French Farms. The use of electric energy for the opera tions of the farmer is shown in La Nature, which describes the works, at Voyenne in the department of Alsne. A company was formed ln 1904 under the auspices of M. Gentlllles to take power from three Brrmll waterfall and to generate about 00-horse power by this means for distribution throughout the district. In addition to the hydraulic power, tho company have a steam engine of luo-horse power. By refer ence to a plan the main lines of transmis sion are described. The current Is gener ated ln three power stations and is sup plied to thirteen villages. Turbines are used to drive alternators which furnish trlphase current at 3,200 volts, with fifty periods per second. Current is employed both for light and power, and Its uses on the farms for grinding, threshing, cake crushing and other like purposes, are shown by means of photographs. A graphlo diagram Indicates the total consumption of electric energy in kilowatt hours for each month from the start In June, 1905, until August of the present year. The maximum delivery of energy waa Ln June last with 4H4.5 kilowatt hours, when a total of nineteen motors were in use with an aggregate power of 97. Ou kilowatts say, 133.6-horse power. The price charged for power was 0.60 franc per kilowatt hour, If the annual consumption reaches (00 kilo watt hours, beyond this total a reduction is made of 6 per cent. ' Many details are given of the cost of threshing, etc., by power thus supplied. All the wires are overhead, and the high-tension electricity is reduced at the points it Is used to, 110 volts by transformers placed ln boxes mounted on four poles. r Three Veterans of Iowa Stage Coach Days lOWA FALLS, la., Jan. It. (Spe cial.) Few cities or towns of the country have living within their confines three veterans of the old stage days ln Iowa. In this city. however, are found three men, well ad vanced In years, yet hale and hearty, who were associated with the stage service ln this part of the state before the advent of the railroads. These three men are Thomas I. McChes ney, William Burgess and George W. Payne. Mr. McChesney was probably the best known over the state, as he was In charge of various routes from time to time, and from Iowa City to Fort Dodge and from Cedar Falls and Dubuque to Des Moines he waa known by the traveling public. Many are the tales he tells of his experiences ln blazing new routes across the prairies of Iowa ln those early days. Mr. McChesney Is now living In retirement in this city and enjoying his latter days free from the turmall of business Ufa. After quitting the stage company he en gaged ln farming and for years was en gaged In tilling the soil and stock raising on the South Fork, in this county. William Burgess, who is well known to the traveling public of later days, as well aa in the earlier times, is conducting a feed stable In this city. "Billy" Burgess, as he Is familiarly and well known, seems as hale and hearty as twenty years ago. When the Central completed Its line to this city In 1S6 Billy decided to engage In the 'bus and transfer buslnest, and for years he handled passenger, freight and mail and express between the depots and town. All over Iowa are men and women who remember "Billy" Burgess and his brusque manner, large-hearted nature and jovial disposition. The third of this trio of pioneers of ths old stage days is George W. Payne, who probably holds the record of wielding the rax or longer than any other tonaorlaj avrtist In tha state. When tha railroads put frm fll Sultan of 'A A1 1 .4; V 15? f mm MOORISH DELEGATES OF THE SULTAN TO THIS ALGECIRA3 CONFERENCE. peclally objected to his coronation coach. ' A Moor's home life la not supposed to be known outside of his Immediate family, and no European has ever seen the sul tan's harem. I doubt whether any Mo hanfmedan man except his own eunlchs has ever crossed Its threshold, and It would be very Improper to ask his majesty as to the health of the multitudinous women of his household. Nevertheless, gossip gets out In one way or another and I am able to give you some pictures of Mulal's harem. By the Mohammedan religion he haa the right to four wives, and no end of concu bines. His palaces are large and the sultan ' himself lives on the first floor. In a suite of big rooms, at the four corners of which his twives &ve their apartments. Each wife has her own establishment, but all are subject to the rule of certain slave women, called a r if as, negro concubines who were especially favored by Mulal Hassan, this sultan's father. The sultan's real wives must be chosen from the different branches of the royal family, so "that the sultan Is forced to marry his cousins. This Is not so bad as la the case In Slam, where the king marries his sisters. Saltan's Secondary 'Wives. The customs of this country as regards the monarch are much the same as those of several principalities of the far east. The king of Slam can call any woman ln the country to serve In his palace, no mat ter If she be wife, mother or daughter; and the emperor of China selects his wives from the daughters of the Manchu nobles, who are sent Into the palace to be picked over. I was present In Peking when the present emperor married three wives, the old empress dowager making the selection. The sultan of Morocco Is frequently pre sented with secondary wives or concubines by his tribal chiefs. The girls are often sent up for his approval, and especially at Balram, and he can select such for his household establishment as may take bis fancy. In addition to this he has a large number of coal black negresses who have been purchased from time to time ln the local slave markets, and also other women imported from the orient. Inside tho Palace. The sultan has many palaces. He haa quarters ln nearly every town In hla do minion and the governor's establishment here ln Tangier belongs to him. He has three different capitals; one In southern Morocco, one in central Morocco and an other at Fez. The latter Is the largest, and everything there Is managed on a vast scale. The palace Is surrounded by walls. It Is ln the Dar-fel-Makhxen, where all tho government officials live. The buildings contain no end - of bed rooms) and living rooms, as well as a large kitchen and dairy. They swarm with servants, both male and female. The kitchens are managed by ne gro cooks and among the other men serv ants are the "men of the bath," "men of the tea" and "men of tho water." There are also "men of the bed' 'and "men of the mat. The bath men have to do with the Imperial chamber, the tea men make the Imperial tea, using the beat of the green leaves and scenting them with mint. The bed men have charge of the sultan's tent when he camps, and the mat men bring his prayer rug and spread it out for him when his times for prayer come. In addition to these there are negro men slaves who take charge of the sultan's horses and mules; there are others who walk behind him when he goes out for an airing to flick off the flies; and a third set who carry the Imperial parasol to shut out the rays of the sun. the stages out of business Mr. Payne de cided to return to the trade he had learned In his old home ln Saratoga Springs, N. T., before he came west to rough It on the brood expanse of Iowa's prairie land. Mr. Payne opened the first barber shop ln Iowa Falls and has been continuously at It ever since. He Is still active and each day finds him at work. Like his associates of the early days, he Is full of reminiscences of the good old times when they "staged It" from Cedar Falls to Fort Dodge. All three of these men have lived to see a veritable transformation ln Central Iowa, T. A. MrChen- Billy 711REE VETERAN 3 OF STAGE Morocco Trnrrnrrrrr " . " If f A ' ' 'in- if I! v. In the harem Itself, or rather la his owa private apartments, the sultan is attended by women only. His servants are ooncu bines and slaves. Like the men servants, they are organized Into clasoes, and each! slave has her special Job. He has "girls ot the wash basin," "girls of the soap" and! "girls of the towel." There la one set oC females who help him at his bath and an other whose business It Is to serve hla meals. His majesty now eats alone, al though, as long as his mother was alive, he took his meals with her. He eats with) his fingers, and I doubt not In so dolnc considers himself more cleanly than you or t. The Mohammedans have a saying that every one knows whether he has washed bis fingers, but no one can tell who has) washed the knives and forks Before eating the sultan laves his hands In scented water, and he repeats this custom at the close of his meal. His food Is so cooked that it can be easily broken, and much of his meat Is served In small bits. His chief meal Is at midday. He also takes something on rising and a light sup per In the evening. Hard Worked YoaaaT Man. As far as can be learned the sultan has soft snap. He works only In the morning and devotes the afternoon to bis foreign friends, to playing polo, billiards, blcyollng r ln any other amusement which may; suit him, while his evenings are spent with) his numerous family. He rises early, drinks a cup of ooffee and then says hla prayera in doing the latter he faced Meoca and goes through all tho motions, according to the most rigid Mohammad an rules. He has a mosque In his palace) grounds and goes to church every Friday, At the close of the morning devotions his majesty goes from his palace to tha great buildings where he holds his court, and where the various officials have their offices. Here he enters a small ' room which Is off by Itself and sends for such) of his ministers as he desires to see. Ho leaves his work largely to bis officials and does no more than ha can help. At noon he stops and has dinner, after which ha takes a smoke and a sleep, rising about o'clock. He frequently has muslo In hla pal ace 4 and Is said to play well on tha violin and guitar. Ha has more than 100 musicians and all sorts of Instruments. Ha has a piano and be drums upon this at times, his mother having taught him to Play. Tha sultan la well educated from a Moorish standpoint. He can recite a great part of the Koran and Is well up In Mo hammedan law. He gets papers from all parts of the world and haa a clipping bu reau, which furnishes him with extraota on, all matters relating to Morocco. -Fast Losing His Power. Tha sultan haa a cabinet, oonststfhg of a grand vtsler, a secretary of state, a secretary ot the Interior and a secretary) of war. He has also a chief chamberlain, a chief treasurer and a chief adminis trator of customs. Ha has bad an army af 10,000 or 16.000 men, and at times aa many aa 20,000 troops ln different parts ot Morooco. I understand that tha soldiers are armed with good weapons and It at they have a few batteries af field guns. Within tha last year the army seems to have grown weaker and weaker. The re bellion of Bu Hamara, tha capture ot Perdloarte and tha enforced ransom on the part of tha sultan by Ralsull. together with tha foreign complications, have made hla majesty so unpopular that his support Is drifting away from him, Hla power Is, in deed, on tha wane; and It remains to be seen whether In time he will not have a successor. FRANK Q. CARPENTER, and as the sun of life near tha western horizon majiy are the dreams of the past that come to them as they look back over tha last forty years and contrast the changes from the days when they drew reins over soma of the finest horseflesh that ever trotted euros e the state and transported passengers from outpost to out post of early Iowa civilization to these latter days of steam cars and Interurbans. The change Is a marked one and few are able to look back and view them ln tha light that Is vouchsafed the Ute oC tha good old stage days of long ago. Burgess. George W. Payne, COACH DAT 8 IN IOWA f V
