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THE OMAN A SUNDAY BEE: DECEMBER 1G. 1DOG.
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FUTON WORK REMEMBERED
Lu.lder of tbs Tint Staamloat to Have
littinc Memorial.
PIONEER IN OTHER MARITIME ACTIVITIES
Conatrartor of Canals, Inventor of
Submarine Bont and Advocate
of Much Now Indls
nenalble NEW YORK, Deo. 15. Headed by Cor
nelius Vnnderbllt, the Robert Fulton Me
morial association, a body comprising about
lii'j of the most Influential men In the
metropolis, has undertaken to raise $6u0,000
for tie purpose of erecting a suitable me
morial to the father of steam navigation
and Inland waterways. Curiously enough,
the prime mover in this undertaking is a
descendant of the famous Commodore Van-
derbllt, who, by means of his early adop
tion of the steamboat In connection with
his ferry from New York to New Bruns
wick, on the Jersey shore, laid the foun
dation of his colossal fortune.
Fulton lies burled in an almost unknown
grave In Trinity church yard, and his four
grandchildren now living have given the
association permission to remove his body
to whatever point may be decided upon a
the site of the proposed monument. The
association Is endeavoring to have a com
bined tomb and statue completed next year
In time for the 100th anniversary of the
launching of Fulton's first steamboat. It
has also been suggested that It would be
appropriate to place a statue of Fulton at
one end of the Hudson Memorial bridge,
over the Harlem, which will cost $3,000,000,
and which will be opened In 1909 during
the ter-centennlal celebration of the dis
covery of the Hudson river.
Builder of Canals.
Although Fulton la best known as the
Inventor of the first successful steamboat,
It was as an advocate of Inland naviga
tion that he first attracted public notice.
While In England, whither he went In
1786, at the age of 21. he made the ac-
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qualntance of the duke of Bridgewater,
who had constructed a profitable waterway
connecting the Trent and Mersey, and as
the result of this acquaintance, Fulton, in
1796, published a treatise on the Improve
ment of canal navigation in which he fore
casted the great development of American
waterways. Fulton sent a copy of this
treatise to President Washington, who
acknowledged Us receipt In a flattering
note.
The year 1807 was the greatest In all
Fulton's career. The launching of the
Clermont and its successful passage from
New York up the Hudson to Albany and
back was sufficient to make his name Im
mortal, but In addition to this achieve
ment he at this tlrrle proposed the building
of the big Erie canal. The proposition
was contained In a letter which Fulton
wrote to Albert Gallatin, then secretary
of the treasury, who had applied to the
Inyentor for Information intended as a sup
plement to a report to congress on the
matter of public roads and canals. Three
years later the New York legislature ap
pointed a commission to look into Fulton's
proposal and report upon Its feasibility.
The following year Fulton himself was
made a member- of the commission, and
In the course of his work he addrersed
a letter to the president of that body,
Governor Morris, in which he said:
"Had it pleased the Author of the Uni
verse to have drawn Hudson's river from'
Ijike Erie, a calm and gentle stream of
ten feet water, the reflecting mind would
contemplate with gratitude the divine mu
nificence; and he who feels that 160 miles
of navigation on Hudson's river would be
a blessing to this state, would compare
the succesful range of extended benefits,
and draw exact estimates of national
wealth from ICO miles of easy communica
tion to the western extremity of Lake Su
perior. For If Hudson's river, collecting
freight from Its surrounding country, and
an Interior not more distant than Cayuga
or Ontario, now bears on its waters nearly
100,000 tons per annum, where shall the
mind be arrested; on what number of tons
shall It dwell? when coming from the popu
lation of the next twenty years, and the
countries which surround Lake Superior,
Michigan, Huron and the canal of JO
miles through a fertile territory? Com
pared with the trade now on Hudson's
river. It cannot be less than 1,000,000 of tons
each year."
Commerce on the Erie Canal.
It Is interesting to compare this estimate
with the statistics of the present time,
when the volume of commerce annually
passing through the Erie canal amounts
to nearly 2,000,000 tons. Yet this Is only a
small fraction of the torrent of trade
moving through the chain of Great lakes,
whose commercial development Fulton was
one of the earliest to foresee. During
the present yeur, up to November 1, the
domestic shipments on the Great lakes ag
gregated 64.3.S0.763 tons, an Increase of
7,000,000 over the corresponding movement
last year, and of 22,000,000 over that of the
first ten montho of 1H0I. Of this mighty
volume of commerce a large percentage
si. 628,029 net tons passed through the De
troit river, and, further to emphasize the
fulfilling of Fulton's predictions regarding
the development of waterway trade, no
less than S9.1P0.377 tons of freight passed
through the "Soo" canal, between the open
ing of the lake season and the first of last
month.
Although Fulton was the originator of the
Erie canal project and the particular advo
cate of the plan to develop the commercial
possibilities of the Great lake region, at the
same time he gave his attention to Ameri
can waterways In general In much the
I same manner as the present National
Rivers and Harbors congress la doing. To
Show the extent of waterways development
in the United States during the last
century, the 110,000,000 which Fulton esti
mated would be the cost of the Erie canal
may be compared with the jno.000.000 which
the Rivers and Harbors congress and many
commercial organisations throughout the
country are urging the government to ap
propriate annually for the maintenance and
improvement of tho national waterways.
Fatber of the Steamboat.
Time has softened much of the criticism
which followed the building of the Cler
mont, and today Fulton Is universally ac
knowledged as the father of steam naviga
tion. Steamboats were heard of as far back
as the middle of the sixteenth century,
when a Spaniard, Blasco do Gary, is re
ported to have propelled a vessel by steam
In the harbor of Barcelona. Writers on
steam navigation, however, are Inclined to
give the honor of the first attempt at
steamboattng to Papln. who published his
Ideas In 1690, giving a rude plan of a paddle
steamer, and who In 1707 experimented with
a steamboat upon the river Fulda in Ger
many.
About thirty years later Jonathan Hull
built a steam towboat, equipped with a
single w heel at the stern, which , was ex
hibited at London, and in 1763 an American,
William Henry of Chester county, Pennsyl
vania, trlAl experiments with a steamboat
on the Conestoga. This happened Just two
years before Fulton was born at Little
Britain (now Fulton), In the neighboring
county of Ijincastcr, and perhaps in his
boyhood Robert was told of this expert
ment.
boats. ' He constructed the first steam
ferryboats double-enders or "twin boats"
which were used on the Hudson and
later on the East river and the Delaware.
He designed the first steam warship ever
put In commission, the Demalogoe, or Ful
ton the First, which was launched In 1814,
but which, because of the early ending of
the war of 1S12, was never used except
as a training ship. That same year, 18H,
the first steamboat built for use on the
Mississippi the Vesuvius was designed by
him and launched at Pittsburg; and he
also built the first of the Sound steamers,
the Fulton, which piled between New York
and New Haven.
Pioneer Submarine.
In these days when the use of submarine
vessels In warfare receives so much atten
tion, it Is worthy of note that more than a
century ago Fulton built and operated a
submarine war vessel, the Nautilus, with
which ho experimented at Brest, France, In
ISol, and which, to the surprise of the com
mission appointed by Napoleon to watch
the affair, maneuvered below the surface
of the harbor for several hours. It was
while engaged in planning submarine war
fare that Fulton gave the name "torpedo"
to the form of explosive which had previ
ously been called a submarine bomb.
Yet Fulton met the fate of most in
ventors, for at his death, February 24, 1815,
he was virtually penniless. The expenses
attending his many ventures, together with
the litigation over patents, had rultvcd him
The government owed him $100,000, uccord
ing to his chiim. In connection with the use
! of the Vesuvius as a transport during the
was equal to the amount of the Investment.
These were to be Issued to mature In
twenty, thirty or forty years, according to
the maturing periods of the stock or bonds.
Their method, the federal authorities as
sert, was to advertise extensively through
the mails and otherwise that capital could
he procured for enterprises .by any of the
respective concerns addressed and re
sponses were received from all parts of the
continent.
The malls were then used to Invite officers
of corporations who negotiated with them
to their offices, where alleged capitalists
or brokers were Introduced as prospective
purchasers of or Investors in the stocks
and bonds of that certain company. The
brokers would assert their willingness, It
is said, to float the company stock, pro
viding It was underwritten by a responsible
guaranty company, preferably, In every in
stance, the Central States Underwriting
company or the National Stock and Guar
antee company of San Francisco, said to
be identical.
The broker, according to the plan, agreed
to ask for no compensation for floating the
stocks or bonds until the entire Issue or de
sire amount was disposed of to Investors,
who, he said, would be Indemnified by him
with life policies In high-grade Insurance
companies, thus assuring ready sale of tht
paper. When his service was completed hia
fee was to be from V4 to 1 per cent of the
face value of Uie stock.
The underwriting concern. It Is charged,
then made arrangements whereby an appli
cation foe of 1 per cent of the stork's face
value was to be collected as an "applica
tion fee" and the guaranty papers would
Issue as the stock was sold. The stock
underwritten was In various amounts from
tlOO.OOO to $5,000,000, Postofflce Inspector W.
M. Ketcham avers.
It is contended by the authorities that In
not one Instance had the underwriting com
pany guaranteed a block of stock, as not a
single sale was made by the contracting
broker, and that the American Corporation
and Securities company or other brokers
never issued any life endowment policies to
Indemnify any Investor because no sale was
ever made of stock underwritten by the
companies In question.
Before the end of the eighteenth century J war wltn Kngland; and In 1S46, thlrty-ono
Count d' Auxiron and the Marquis de
Jouffroy conducted experiments In steam
navigation in France. The Ingenious Dr.
Franklin, who "drew the lightning from the
Bkies," also believed the steamboat practi
cable, but he ridiculed the wheels which
years later, serving as propellers, made
Fulton's steamboat a success. James
Rumsey, who experimented on the Potomac
in Washington's presence in 1784, and John
Fitch of Philadelphia, who designed a
steam craft in 1785, are worthy of mention,
though nothing came of their endeavors;
and th('Bame applies to Nathan Read, an
other American, who In 17S9, In a boat
equipped with paddles moved by steam.
achieved some success at Danvers, Mass.
Nevertheless Fulton claimed and now re
ceivesthe credit of Inventing the steam
boat for the simple reason that his was
the first useful and profitable vessel of Its
kind.
Revolution Wrought by t'lermout.
The Clermont took its nume from the
country seal of Chancellor Livingston, Ful
ton's partner in the enterprise. It was
Uxi feet long, 16V feet wide and of 160 tons
displacement; and it drew four feet of
water. The engine used in It was built by
the famous Inventor, Watt of Birming
ham, England, according to designs made
by Fulton. The Clermont was launched
In August, 1S07, and on Monday, August 11,
started on Its historic trip to Albany and
return, which was accomplished In four
days. Its speed, allowing for stops, was
five miles an hour. They used white pine
for fuel, and every schoolboy has read how
at night, with Sarks sky-rocketing out of
its smokestack, It made an appearance that
terrified the sailors on many a river craft.
Later this terror turned to envy, and sev
eral attempts were made to destroy the
revolutionary packet. The fare to Albany
from New York was $7. A $1 fare n
the cheapest, no matter how rtiort the dis
tance. In less than two yearn there was
a regular packet service up and down the
river. The Clermont and Its Immediate
successors costs between HO.inu and ',0u0
each.
Fulton's fame Is so Intimately connected
with the Clermont that It is not generally
known that he built man other stearn-
years after his death, the claim was set
tled by the payment of $76,300 to his heirs
FLEECERS CF EASY MARKS
Managers of Fraudulent Concerns in
Chicago Pulled hjr Po.totMce
Authorities.
Pushing promoters in Omaha snd the
west will take more than passing Interest
in the fate of a bunch of topnotch pro
moters pulled in by the fedeal authorities
at Chicago a few days ago on charges of
using the mails to defraud. According to
the Chicago Chronicle, their operations
netted them over tl.ooo.fjflO In three years
The alleged illegitimate action of their
business consisted In conspiring to defraud
corporations by pretending to give bona
fide guaranties of stock and bonds and to
make efforts to sell such stocks and bonds,
the authorities declare, when their sole
purpose was to dlvldo the underwriters'
application fee with the broker who prom
ised their sale. The plan was patterned
after a concern which was disorganized by
the authorities thirteen years ago.
The companies raided are:
Central States Underwriting Company
William J. Root, president; C. H. Welch,
vice president; J. D. llurlburt, secretary,
Hartford building.
Prudential Securities and Corporations
Company Charles Endlcott Brown, presi
dent. Hartford building.
American Corporation and Securities
Company Frank 8. Wlnslow, president.
Rector building.
National Stock and Guarantee Company
Eira C. Barnum, president, Rector build
ing. Bankers' Credit and Mercantile Company
-David C. Owings. president, Rector build
ing. W. H. Todd & Co'.-Fred H. Todd, presi
dent. Rector building.
The underwriters, it is rhirged. repre
sented that they could secure Immediate
investors for block underwritten by them,
such stock being indemnified by brokers
with paid up life eow merit policies in old
line companies, the face value of which
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