It
Fhe Omaha Sunday Bee
HALF TQ!!E SECTI3II
Pags 1 to 12.
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THE OMAHA DEE
Best ,'hn. West
VOL. XXXVI-NO. 22.
OMAIIA, SUNDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 18, 190G.
SINGLE COPY FIVE CENTS.
AROUND THE WORLD WITH WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
Governments of the Earth as Noted in a Globe-Girdling Tour and the Effect They Hare On the Peoples Who Make Up the Nation's Into Which the World's Population is Divided
)
INCOLN. Neb., Oct 18. (Special Correspond ence of The
Bee.)- Oae who travels Im foreign lands la likely to learn
but little of the government of the lands through which he
passes unless he makes a special effort to Inform himself, for
the lines of travel are laid through communities where law
and order are maintained and where the government Is bo Btable
that the casual observer' has no occasion to Investigate Its inner
workings. The mountains tower above him and he sees them;
the chasms yawn before him and he beholds them; and the various
forma of agriculture leave a panoramic effect uijon his memory.
He frequently meets the merchant In his store, sees the laborer
at his work quite often, and occasionally beholds a grandee In
his carriage, but not being able to speak the language of ,the
country, he learns little about the forms of government and lees
about the political aspirations of the people; and yet, the Bdence
of government la one of the most Important sciences, and the
"royal art," as It has been called, stands first among the arts.
Tolstoi has declared that the science which teaches us how to
live Is the most Important of sciences, and surely the science ot
government comes next. While It Is true that an Individual can
by misbehavior forfeit the blessings of good government,
or by good behavior minimize the evils of bad government
while it Is true that no government, however good, can save a
man from himself If his tendencies be evil, aad that no government,
however, bad, can entirely deprive aim of the rewards of virtue,
yet, governments may do much to encourage or to hinder the
development of the people.
Governments may retard or advance the material growth of a
country. For Instance, our government is In part, at least, respon
sible for the unparalleled development of the United States be
cause it has given the largest encouragement to the individual.
The Japanese government has in like manner stimulated education
by the establishment of a public school system, and has developed
a large number of public men by the organization of a parlia
mentary system. Turkey, on the other hand, has blighted some of
the. fairest portions of the earth by suppressing political Inde
pendence, by Ignoring education, and by leaving the industrious
citizen at the mercy or tne marauaer. mere nas oeen mue
political life in Turkey because few of the people have had the Wjr1
education necessary to take a bread survey of the country and It
needs, while great stretches of fertile country lie uncultivated be
cause the government is so Indifferent to the rights of the people
that the tiller of the soil has ne assurance that he will be allowed
to harvest the crop which he plants. Those who have Investigated
the subject contend that the valley t the Jordan would be a
fruitful region If protection were give to these who would cultivate
It, but because the Bedouin has been allowed to come down from
the hills and reap where he has not sown, the land Is neglected.
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Jlr. Bryan at Detroit. MY. Bryan en the PFch at Falrviw.
TWO PICTURES OF WILLIAM JBNMTKG3 BRTAN TAKEM SINCE HIS RETURN TO THE UNITED STATES.
Unlimited Monarchy ia Russia
In a trip around the globe ene tees In actual working every
ra the world. Three languages are spoken within her borders and
used In parliamentary proceedings. The people are part Protes
tant, part Catholic and part Jew, and yet, with the Initiative and
rofereadura la both federal government an the cantons, the govern
ment rests so securely upon the popular will that the people live
together in entire harmeny and could resist a much larger popnla-
form ot government known to nai. Ia Russia, an unlimited tlon attacking frem without.
monarchy, until recently, laid Us oppressive hand upon more than
hundred million of human beings. They held their lives, their
liberty and their property at the will ef the ruler. Any citizen
In the czar'a vast domains could be taken from his home and
exiled for life without he or his family knowing the cause of his
punishment. The royal family and the officeholders held " the
people In contempt and denied even the natural rights of men.
The people were taught to be thankful for any favors, however
pmall, that the "Little Father" saw fit to bestew, and they were
likewise taught that It was dangerous to complain when the
most fundamental right was Ignored. Now there Is a Douma,
and the Douma as an institution still lives. No one can predict
through what trials and tribulations the ceuntry may yet pass,
bnt constitutional government-will yet be hers. As In the winter
time we cannot foresee or foretell what days will be pleasant and
what days stormy, but do know that In a few months we shall
have summer, so without being able to determine through what
tumults er riots or revolutions Russia must pass, we know
that In a few years she will heve a stable government in which
her people will have a voice.
In Japan the, movement is semewhat mixed In its form. She
has . a Parliament, but the executive branch of the government is
not! as yet la the hands of the peeple. The tendency in Japan,
as everywhere, is toward further limitation of the power of the
sovereign and further enlargement of the power of the people.
The vital political question there now Is whether the emperor
shall select his advisors from among his personal friends or
from the member of the party which dominates the Parliament
There Is, of course, no doubt the ultimate triumph of the par
liamentary party. Denmark witnessed a similar struggle which
lasted for nearly a generation and terminated, as such struggles
always do. in the triumph of the Parliament.
i do colonial system aiso comes unaer one s Dservauon i
trip around the world. The Netherlands have Ijirge colonial
possessions in the Malay archipelago, but they have been compelled
to abandon the culture system a form of slaverjr aad th?re are
signs of a political development which will some day make it
necessary for Holland to consult the wishes of the people more
than she has in the past.
Colonialism and Canada
I have already spoken of hotlx India and Egypt In other articles,
and I only refer to the subject here in order to draw a contrast
oetween colonialism as applied, to Canada and colonialism as It
is seen In India. In Canada the people have as complete self
government as they have n England, the governor general being
as little likely to use the veto power as the king himself. In
India, on the other hand, the natives are not consulted in regard
to the general management of the country. Taxes are levied and
collected, armies are raised, fed and directed without regard to the
wishes of the native population. They have experienced all of
the evils that can come from a colonial system administered by
'a trading company, and they have had a chance to learn that a
colonial system, even when administered in such a way as to com
mand the admiration of those who believe in coloaiallsm, still falls
far short of self-government. ' I have already 6aid that we have
treated the Filipinos better than England has treated the people
of India, but that we have done so at an enormous expense to our
country. It would be better for the Filipinos and better for us
to recognize their right to self-government and independence.
After one has had a c dance to see monarchies, limited and un
limited, aristocracies based upon birth and aristocracies based upon
merit system; after one has had a chance to compare these systems
Norway as Seen by Weidensall
F
URNISHED with letters o introduo- westward t Palestine. Syria, Turkey, Greece, tower and four dials, one on each side of the
tlon to the national eosnmitteea of Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden and tower, lighted by electricity at night to in
Young Men's Christian association Norway. It seemed to be a long harvest time dlcate the time for the public. There Is only
im Kurnno hv the werld'a commit- from the trst tiart af AdMI to the first uart one other church building In the town, a
tee and with other helpful dlroc- of September. " small Catholic church.
Hons, I began th systematic visitation of the In my voyage southward from Hammer- vTromso, an island town of about 7,00 in
national committees in Europe and of th fet to Troadhjem we had much of the same habitants, C9 degrees and 38 minutes north
principal associations in their respective experience already mentioned, but we passed latitude, is a very busy trading place, ge
coun tries. As the summer season was far through larger stretches ot open ocean and erally the starting point of polar expeditions
advanced I determined to visit the northern stopped at larger .town. At Tromso I spent and the headquarters of the walrus and seal
nations first, while the weather was yet several days. We passed In sight of the Lo- hunters. It has a good harbor full of ves
warm. Accordingly I chose Norway for my foton Islands, the great Norwegian fishing gels ot various nations. Its streets are wide
first trip. The trip, with other previous vis- place. In this neighborhood the site of the and clean. Its business streets are crowded
itatloas outside of Norway I had to make, mythical maelstrom of geograpny was pointed with stores and much business is transacted,
used up the time from the 3d to the 30th of out to me. We passed by a remarkably Purs and dressed skins of the white bear and
Auguet, 1906. On my way to Norway I had shaped mountain close to the Arctic circle other animals are plentiful. The dwelling
to pans through Germany, Denmark and called Hestmando, because of Its close re- house are well built and convenient. There
Sweden, Mopping for a day or more In each semblance to a cloaked and hooded horse- U only one aloon In the place and this one is
of the cities ot Berlin, Copenhagen and man. closed on Sunday and darlag the late hours
Stockholm. Of these cities I will write in tu- Along the route fish ot various kinds, pre- of th night. Th Lutheran church, the
ture communications. At Stockholm I deflni- served In different ways, were taken on beard largest building, occupies a very fine loca
tlvely arranged my Norwegian trip by rail- the ship, particularly dried codfish, In great tion.
road and ocean steamers, which Included the quantities, baled like hay. We were sub- Trondhjem Is a city of 40,000 Inhabitants,
following towns and cities in the order In Jeeted to little rough sea and only when we jne iargest town at so high a latitude, 63 de- lea' and tnen tne stalk; when the grain appears upon the 6talk
which I visited them: Narvik, Hammerfest, passed through stretches of open ocean. At Erde3 25 minutes and 62 seconds. It was an1 "applies the bread necessary for the support of our bodies, w
m j L I nv.l...lAr,. J a A rr IV. I T 4 f. WAfln.n . I n sn - h.la. - ..... ..... . .. Irnnm , 1 n t 4VtA.A la KiiaI. a 1. A 1 4 I l.,l, .
sometime even sold at auction when th emperor needs money iromsv, uuuuujsm, vui iuo.ui auu oa- truuuujcw i wun a iaiv unu iv, v... rounaea in the year J7 oy tne nrst unrisuan - ubvq. v v" occu wi irremauuie ana con-
-ct .. . ,it the civil servant of China are selected by ex- fjord. My want of time did not allow nie to tiania and spent the night in the poorest, kins 0f Norway. Its period of most lmpor- atantly working. Aa Irresistible and as ceaseless In Its acUvlty
amlnatlon. Those systems, while so antiquated that they hav
Chiaa's Queer Mixture
1 In China they have a mixture of monarchy and aristocracy.
The monarch is unlimited la his power, but he Is so hdged about
by the aristocracy that he really has very little independence.
Like some of the native princes who rule under Dutch regents, the
Chinese ruler Is the servant rather than the master ef the officials.
Living in tb forbidden city and meeting personally, but few of
his people, he is quit dependent upon the mandarins. The aris
tocracy of China Is not an aristocracy ot birth r t wealth, but
civil senrlc aristocracy. While positions ar often bought
with the republican form or government, he Is ready to declare
that from every standpoint that government is best which rests
upon the consent of the governed. Some have Insisted that a mon
archy Is stronger because all the power of the government can
be concentrated quickly and made effective at once, but this ad
vantage Is small when compared with the advantages to be derived
from a government which the people support with enthusiasm. The
historian, Bancroft, rightly declares that a republic .ought to be
strongest of all governments because, discarding the implements
of terror. It dares to build its citadel In the hearts of men.
A republic which is not merely in theory but in fact a gov
ernment of the people, by the people and for the people is the
most enduring of governments. It Is strong because It Is loved, and
loved because It is good.
Advantage of Democracy
Aristocracies are defebded by their advocates on the ground
that the few are wiser than the many, but this Is not true whether
it is an aristocracy of birth or of learning, for as the whole Is
greater than any of its parts, so a democracy must be wiser than
an aristocracy, because It can draw upon the wisdom of all. The
old saying, that everybody knows more than anybody, Is founded
upon reason' and experience, but there Is another reason why a
democracy Is better than an aristocracy, namely that the interests
of the whole people are safer In the hands of the people them
selves than In the bands of any element which assumes to speak
for the people. The faults of free government have been found
to be, not In the people themselves, ut In those who, selected
to represent them, betray their trust. If the representatives of the
people whom the people themselves select, are sometimes unfaithful
to their trust, what must be expected of those who assume to act
without being selected by the people?
In aristocracies resting upon birth the very fact that the rulers
regard themselves superior to the masses makes It difficult for them
to view questions from the standpoint ef the people at large.
Whatever the form of the government, there will, as Jefferson
declared, always be two parties, one tending toward democracy
and the other tending toward aristocracy. Those who have faith
In the people are constantly trying te make the government more
and more responsive to the will of the people; those who distrust
the people are constantly endeavoring In Increase the distance
between the citizen and his representative. In a republic there are
some who emphasize the virtues of the people and others who
emphasize the virtue of the representative. Some Insist that the
people should think for themselves and elect representatives to
give expression to the public will; others Insist that the repre
sentatives should be so superior to the masses as to be able to
do the thinking for the people.
Between Jefferson and Hamilton
In the early history of this country Thomas Jefferson and
Alexander Hamilton represented these two ideas. Jefferson not only
believed that the people should think for themselves and should
elect their representatives, but he believed in short terms and
frecuent elections in order thai the citizens might more effectively
control their public servants. Hamilton, on the other hand, be
lieved in a strong centralised government In which the officials
should be removed as far as possible from the voter. His plan
of government, carefully prepared and presented at the time of
the formation of the constitution, provided for a president elected
for life or during good behavior, for senators elected for life or
during good behavior, or for governors of the several states ap
pointed b the president for life or during good behavior. No
oae would proposo such a plan at this time, so great has been the
advance toward democracy. This growth is indicated by the fact
that the national house of representatives has four tines declared
la favor of the election of the United States senators by direct
vote of the people and by the further fact that more than two
thirds of the states of the union have by legislative action declared
In favor of this change. The unpopularity ot the latter rart ot
Hamilton's plan, namely the appointment of governors by the
president, is shown by the fact that territorial government under
which the governors are appointed by the president, not for life
but for a few years, Is deemed unsatisfactory. The people of a
territory are always wanting statehood, and the main reason is
that they desire to elect their own officials.
The democratic Idea is growing the term Is not used in a
partisan sense, but in that broader sense in which it describes gov
ernment by the people. There is not a civilized nation in which
the Idea of popular government is not growing, and In all the seml
clvllized nations there are reformers who are urging an extension
of the lafliienoe of the people in government. So universal Is this
growth of democratic Ideas that there can be no doubt ot the
final triumph of these Ideas. Monarchies, at first unlimited, are
now limited, and limited monarchies are recognizing more and
more the right of the people to a voice In their own government.
Monarchies and aristocracies tend toward democracy, and republics
tend to become more and more democratic in their forms and
methods.
Irresistible and Ceaseless Force
When the seed, planted In the earth, sends forth the tender
been recently very materially modified, were intended to be fair
as between applicants. The course of study was not comprehensive,
rand th tests applied gav but little idea of one's fitness for office.
These men. enc In power, wore the ruler In all local affairs, and
the higher official were influential la all matters of state, and
yet, In spit of this system or because of it, whichever the reader
will hav It China slumbered while the nations around awakened.
Tb fact that the appointees to the civil service had to go through
certain routine examinations prescribed by those who had already
passed through th same routine, and as It was not necessary that
the appointees should be interested In anyone but themselves,
they shewed no concern about the peopla from whom they drew
their salaries. It was a system calculated to develop the selfishness
visit Bergen. From Stockholm I took the cramped-up sleeping berth I was ever In or tance beean under his successor. Klnn Olot. 18 tne orce behind political and moral truth. The advocates of
Lapland express, a splendid train, for Narvik, ever saw. The country through which I wjj0 Drmiy established Christianity and was tn American theory of government can, therefore, labor with th
the most northern station ot this railroad, a passed on this trip Is one of the best parts after his death In battle canonized by the confident assurance that the principles planted upon American
continuous journey of about forty hours of Norway, I am told. I missed most of It p0pe a8 gt. oiaf. His body was brought back Bo11 century and a quarter ago are destined to grow here aad
through a very Interesting country of moun- because of night travel. The north of Nor- t0 Trondhjem and placed in St. Clement verywhere until arbitrary power will nowhere be known, and the
tains and valleys, of rivers and lakes, of cul- way is called the land of the midnight sun, church, where It attracted pilgrims not only volc ot the people will be recognized, if not as the vole of God,
tlvated farms and forests. It resembles very the west the land of the fjords, and the south jrom tjj Scandinavian countries, but from all at lea8t- 88 Bancroft defines it, as the best expression of the Dlvln
much Minnesota and northern Wisconsin, the land of lakes. The Norwegians were all EuroDe and made Trondhiem the largest and w111 t0 De found upon the earth.'
richest town In Norway and resulted In the In republics, there will at times be disturbances, but these
erection of Its famous cathedral. Trondhjem como trom a 'allure to recognize and respect the current of public
was the cradle of the kingdom. Here the Pinion. If we stand by the side of a stream and watch it glide
kings were crowned. The new king of Nor- Pa8t UP we caQ safety listen to the song of the Waters, but if
way was crowned In this cathedral last sum- we attempt to dam the stream, we find the water rising above
mer a short time before I visited Trondhiem. the dam- ' we make the dam higher still, the water rises still
The birch and fir trees were abundant and very much taken up with their new king and
beautiful all along the route. At Narvik I left queen. Everywhere their pictures are dls
the railroad and boarded a steamer for the played and postcards Innumerable with their
remainder of my journey northward. The sea- pictures in many attitudes.
son bad so far advanced that travel by Narvik, a small but Important place. Is
steamer to North cape was discontinued for one of the most, If not the most, northern
which seemed an adherent part of Chinese life and philosophy. thi year; however. I went to Hammerfest, railroad towns ot Norway, which signifies also The HtreeU are wide, well paved and clean. mort and at ,aBt tD0 force ot the obstructed water Is so great that
Now that the school eaxtntnatlons have bee substituted for th
civil service examinations, an Improvement may be expected in
the service, bnt even the modified system will not keep the ser
vant In touch with those whom he serves.
Constitutional Monarchies of Europe
In Europe Una constitutional monarchy has undergone a con
stant development until In many countries the king Is but a figure
head. In England the sovereign would not thick of vetoing bill
passed by the legislative body, aad the House of Lords seldom
vetoes a bill passed by the House ot Commons. The prime min
ister is a much a or potent factor in government than the king
blniHclf. In Denmark the government Is brought even nearer to the
people by the substitution of one legislative body for two, that
body being elected by the people under universal suffrage. The
king ot Norway is even less likely to attempt to obstruct the will
the most northern town In the world. This of the world. Here the passengers change
long voyage of seventy-two hours was from be railroad to the steamers on their
through an endless chain of fjords, sounds way to more northern towns or the North
straits and stretches of pea ocean; by isl- cape.
ads f all dimensions, from single rocks to Hammerfest, near to the North cape, is
areas miles in extent; between mountains of the most northern town in the world. 70 de
all sizes and shapes, covered with evergreen green, 40 minutes and 11 seconds north latl
trees far up the sides of the highest ones, and tods, far Inside of the polar circle, In the land
perpetual snow on their summits, with her f the midnight sun. At midnight, August 15,
and there along the rout large glaciers, one 1906, I noted the time on my watch very dls
of them very large, reaching down to the tinctly by the natural light. It was too late
edge of th sea. in thd season to see the midnight sun. From
All along the base of these mountains the 14th of May until the 30th of July the
are farms and settlements, mads possible by sun remains above the horizon without la
the warmth of the gulf stream. The Inhab- terruptlon and disappears entirely from the
itants make their living by making butter JOth of November until the 31st of January,
The largest ones have promenades on both
sides between the sidewalks and the paved
center of the street. There are some large
and well built public buildings, particularly
the churches. The cathedral, however, Is the
chief attraction above all others aad Is daily
visited by many persons from all countries.
It was begun many centuries v ago as a tiny
chapel over the spot where the national saint,
St. Olot, had lain in his temporary grave.
The cathedral Is constructed chiefly ot a
bluish-gray boapstone. It is now undergoing
a complete restoration and when finibhed It
no dam made by human bands can longer stay It. Sometimes, when
the dam is washed away, damage Is done to those who live In the
valley below, but the fault Is not in the stream, but those who at
tempt to obstruct It. So in human society, there is a current of
public opinion which flows ever onward. If left to have its way. It
does not harm anyone, but If unobstructed, this current may be
come a menace. At last the obstruction must yield to the force
of the current. In monarchies aud urUtocracies the dam is some
times built so high that It must be removed by force that the
waters may have their way, but in republics the ballot can be
relied upon to keep the channel of the stream open, or, If obstruc
tion Is placed there, to remove It while yet It can be removed with
safety. The advantaKe of a republic is that tho people, through
will be one of tne most remarkable cathedrals luc" iiiuwiiw, mo nui iu sive puuim opinion iree piay, ana
In Europe. No picture I have seen of It does tne more democratic a republic is, the more nearly does It conform
it Justice. It is not now Catholic, but to ,ne wishes of the people.
... .... . . . X ...... .....J.. .W . . . .1.. i . . ...
Lutneran. ia mis ramarai is tne ceieDiatea ,w "lJ" """J lal3 6ui"'"m ui me oia woria wunout
and chee&e from cows' aad goats' milk, or durlne which time the town Is lighted by
oi raruamouv iu. u6.-uu. .u Dy nsmlgi or Dy Doul. tar up , ttdt pftrt electricity. Hamnuriest Is a century old. has marbie Btatue of Christ, by Thorwaldsen. In filing of gratitude that iu the new world the science ot self-
nrchy to a minimum aad placed the government In the hands of of Norway the farmers were harvesting what a population ot 2.000 Inhabitant, a good tbe ianEuage of another allow me to say a government has been carried to Its highest point, aud that the
the voters to do with it as they please. little amounts of small grains they had. Ia harbor, comfortable houses, broad and well few word lbout thlg churcu. .It wa9 DuUt people enjoy the privilege, and bear the responsibility, ot leading
In Swiuertand th republican form of government has stood this connection let roe say I saw the small kept street. Its largest and most prominent and rebullt, altered and added to. rlun- the world In recognizing the right of the people to devise and to
the test of experiment.. In the absence of pomp and ceremony and grain harvests first during my world tour in building Is the Lutheran church, a fine build- dered ancl robbed. burned five times aud as direct the government under which they are to work out their
eur- Egrpt in early Apul. The small grain bar- Ing with a high and graceful tower. There destiny. . v J bpvam
official extravagance, the government of Switzerland la not
passed, it tuaulcd, by the govcicuieut of auy similar lopuhitiou vtbtios followed me as I wtut nonh and are two large bells and a town clovk in th
(Continued on Fas Two.),
ICopyrte&ted. 1906.1