THE OMAHA ILLUSTRATED BEE.
FcbrtMry Cfi, IMS.
Bankruptcy Court as a Cure for Financial Ailments of Unfortunates
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CHARLES B. CUAPP. HBFERBH IT BANKRtTTCT.
TT. R. IIERDMAN. OKE OF .THE FT RST REFEREES IN BANKRUPTCY.
mm
HIS law will enable ur to pick up
and clear away all tha dead and
down timber in the business
world. It will let the , lame
brother get up on his feet ugain
and be of somn real assistance to himself
and family and to the community at large.
It Is not only mini, It Is unwise, to say to a
man who Is down, "You must stay down." "
Bo spoke United States Senator Nelson,:
father of the national bankruptcy law, In
explaining tha act of his constituents after
Its passage In 1898. That the senator was
right seems to have been quite conclusively
proven by the operation of the law to date.
All attempts to amend It have met with
failure, except the few curative and pro
tective amendments made In 1908,
Before the passage of this law debtors
could be relieved of many. If not all, of
their liabilities under the state assignment
and bankruptcy laws. The national law
has enforced a uniformity and fairness in
the treatment of creditors which was not
possible under the varying laws of the dif
ferent states. It has enabled thousands
of men to get onto their feet again com
mercially and has made It possible for
them to once more become live assets in
the world.
Nebraska Has Benefited.
Nebraska, equally with other states, has
benefited directly and Indirectly through
tha operations of the United States bank
ruptcy law. But neither this state nor
Douglas county has been as prolific of
proceedings In bankruptcy as many older
states and cities. For the year ended
Beptember 30, 1904, thcro were only eighty
eight voluntary petitions filed In the whole
state of Nebraska, and twenty-one In
voluntary proceedings. The total for the
state since tho passage of the act Is 1,085.
Discharges granted last year number
seventy-six. one voluntary applicant was
refused discharge and one Involuntary com
position was confirmed.
A summary of the reports of Nebraska
referees for the year 1904 of cases closed
shows there were cighty-slx. Of these
forty-three cases had assets, tho total
amount pelng $47,663.73, and forty-three
cases had no assets. In twenty-six cases
. the .debts were less than SS00. The total
liabilities involved amounted to 587."9.94.
. ' t
Referees . for District.
When the law went Into effect there" were
two referees appointed for the district com
posed of Douglas, Burt. Cass, Sarpy and
Washington counties. These were Charles
E. Clapp and WJll H. Herdman. The latter
served as referee until last August, when
John A. Rlne was named to succeed him,
taking up only new case, however, as
Mr. Herdman was directed by Judge
Munger to close up all cases then' pending
before him. Referee Clapp has served con
tinuously. Because of the Just receding boom days
It was expected when tha law waa put In
operation that there would be a great rush,
at least In Omaha, to take advantage of Its
provisions. One referee said at first thought
he figured there might be 100 cases a month
for a while. This estimate of the probabili
ties fell short nearly 100; it was over ninety
to wrong side, anyway. Referee Clapp's
books show that up to date he has handled
147 cases from Douglas county, two from
Burt, two from Cass and one each from
Sarpy and Washington. At tho outset
Judge Munger made a rule, at the request
of the referees, that the cases should be as
, signed to them alternately, and the total
number of bankruptcy proceedings In these
five counties is. consequently, but slightly
over iOO., Borne few cases have been re
ferred in to the Omaha referees for the
reason that most of the creditors were
located here.
Thonaands of Salts Avoided..
The number of possible lawsuits that
Messrs. Clapp, Herdman and Rlne have
handled and are handling In the 800 and odd
JOHN A. RINE. APPOINTED REFER
HERDMAN.
proceedings In bankruptcy would run far
Into the thousands. The claim of each
creditor would represent a lawsuit In the
ordinary method of collecting debt by a
court process. The "Nelson cure," as It Is
sometimes Ironically designated, has proved
to be exceedingly cheap medicine for the
financially sick. It has effected cures with
a certainty and a cheapness that has been
the wonder of the nations. By and by, per
haps, there will be no further need for It,
but as a drastic remedy for an emergency
It has certainly filled the bill. It Is a refuge
which never sends a half-cured patient out.
I.Ike the instruction to the apostles on
EE IN BANKRUPTCY TO SUCCEED
which the Catholic confessional' Is based
Uncle flam has said to his referees, "Whose
debts ye shall loose, they ore loosed."
A discharge from a bankruptcy court Is
final. It does not say to a man that he
must not pay his just debts if he desires to
do so. It does say that he is to have a free
hand with which to work In the endeavor to
recover his lost wealth and standing. Then
if he pay up, so much the better for him
self and his creditors. If he does not dis
charge the legally chloroformed obliga
tions he is at least put In position to be
come a free agent for progress again. It In
not too much to say, from the verified ex
perience of the referees, that many debts
have been discharged and much money
realised for creditors through Its operation
which would not otherwise have been dnne,
because of hampering Judgments and tha
continual-hovering over devoted heads of
the smothering shadow of old mistakes.
' tiettlng lato and Onl Acala.
When a rerson desires to get within thn
provisions of the bankruptcy law he must
deposit with the referee $., of which $15
Is for the referee, $10 for the clerk and $5
for the trustee. After that his expense. Is
larcely governed by the size of his availa
ble estate, the cost of counsel and soma
other small details. The average cost of
a discharge Is not to xceed $o. It Is tha
cheapest kind of litigation, and It releases
many a cltiien from what would other
wise l.e a ccstly predicament.
The fees of the referees sre not an
Indefinite quantity except In the esse of
largi estates, nor are they as fat as many
people might suppose. Kor each esse a
referee Is allowed $15 after the closo of
the proceeding. The fee Is, however, de
posited In advance with the clerk of tha
court at the time the proceeding Is begun.'
Beyond this Initial fee a referee Is allowed
25 cents for every proof of claim filed
for allowance, to bo paid from the estate.
If any, as a part of the cost of administra
tion, and from estates which have been ad
ministered before them 1 per centum com
missions on all moneys disbursed to cred
itors by tho trustee, or one-half of 1 per
centum on the amount to be paid to cred
itors upon the confirmation of a composi
tion. The only debts not affected by a dis
charge In bankruptcy are taxes due tha
United States, the state, county, district
or municipality, liabilities for obtaining
property by false pretenses, or for wilful
nd malicious Injuries to the person or
property of another; alimony duo or to
become due, or for maintenance of or'
support of wife or child, or for seduction
of an unmarried female, or for criminal
conversion; debts that have not been
duly scheduled, and debts that have been
created hy his fraud, embezzlement or other
criminal action while acting as an officer
or in any fiduciary capacity.
Tha first two or Uiree yearr after tha
law went Into effect In ISPS there were
many cases where men had become finan
cially Involved and were heavily loaded
down with debts and wished to get all
these debts paid throuRh the bankruptcy
court. For the last two years, or perhaps
last three years, there has been a great
falling off In the number of cases and It
appears that nearly all of the persons who
wished a clean up of their obligations have
taken advantage of the law. The cases
now are the failures which take place In
the ordinary course of business, or are
cases where a man has an old judgment
against him which ho has been endeavor
ing to settle but cannot settle, and It Is
either revived or execution has been Issued
or sonic active measure taken to enforce
the obligation.
Breeding Corn to Add Billion Dollars Yearly to Our Wealth
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(Copyrighted. 1905, by Frank O. Carpenter.)
IASHINOTON, D. C, Feb. 23.-Spe-
clal Correspondence of The Bee.)
If a gold field could be dlsoov-
5VXj1 ered which In one year would turn
Iv!"' out ten times the value of all the
gold and sliver now annually mined In the
United States It would set our nation crazy
and excite the world. Such a gold field has
been discovered, within the past four years,
in the great corn belt of the United States.
Our corn crop now amounts In round num
bers to more than 2,000,000,000 bushels and Is
annually worth In the neighborhood of
$1,000,000,000. All the gold and silver mined
In this country amounts to but little more
than $100,000,000, so that the corn crop Is
worth ten times as much.
Now, the discoveries of the last four
years have shown that this great crop can
be doubled, without adding one acre to the
land cultivated or 1 cent to the cost of cul
tivation. This means In time a possible in
crease of $1,000,000,000 annually in our na
tional wealth, which, on a 6 per cent basis,
means the addition of $2,000,000,000 to our na
tional assets. , ,
These are big figures, but corn la mighty.
Notable Feats of Strength
o
F all the nerve-straining feats of
strength the greatest 1b per
formed by John Y. Smith, a mem
ber of the Boston Young Men's
Christian union, aitd he claims
i""- else has ever been able to do It.
Smiths specialty Is lifting heavy weights.
Years ago he distanced ail other members
of tha class and , established amateur
records that have never been approached.
In this particular test, however, somothing
more Is required than ordinary weight lift
ing. The strain comes on tho fingers and
finger nails to such an extent aa to make
the - successful performance of the feat
seem almost Inconceivable.
A barrel with enough weight Inside to
mak the total about 310 pounds Is placed
on end, then Smith, standing over it, places
his finger nails under the hoops, and with
pnly this hold lifts the entire weight sev
eral laches from the ground. The trick
brings into play ail the muscles of the arm,
and In Smith they the developed In a most
exceptional manner. .
Ambitious to attain distinction aa a lifter
of heavy weights, his development has beet)
with, this In view. The result Is formid
able masses of knotty muscle, with few
graceful curves of the well proportioned ath-
I lete. Bmlth's experiences
since entering' the arena
of heavy weight lifting
, have been In many re- .
( spects remarkable, and
; he , has been for year
the most Interesting
I rrwmber of the . gymna
sium class in the union.
At one time he was en
couraged to go on the
stage and traveled over
a good part of the United
States and Cuba giving
exhibitions, but the life
did not appeal to him and
he returned to Boston,
where he is employed as
a teamster for a hotel "
supply company.
His work is of a labori
ous character, but for
even years he has been
supplementing It with
even harder work In the
gymnasium. The amount
of axerclaa he did during
the first two years he was
a member of the Chris
tian union alarmed bis
friends, and prediction
were freely made that he
would not be able to stand
tha strain. He has kept
up the strenuous life ha
. began to lead at that time
and tha result baa been
entirely satisfactory to
him.
Hera are some things ha
doss besides lifting
269
heavy barrels with his finger nails.
He can put up with his right arm
pounds and with his left 2X: pounds.
He can take a barrel weighing 36 pounds
from the ground and lift It to straight arm
overhead.
Lying on his back, he can take from the
floor with both hands a weight of 350
pounds and ralso It up until hi arms are
at light angles with the body.
He can swing a dumb-bell weighing 186
pounds from the ground to straight arm
overhead three times in succession.
One of his greatest feats, but which ha
seldom does now, is most spectacular and
attained a high degree of popularity among
audiences when he was giving exhibitions.
Smith had aa a stage partner a man who
weighed 183 pound and waa something of
an athlete. Smith got 0own on the stage
on both hands and feet, with face upward,
In the position known to school boys as
"bending the crab." The partner stood
with one foot on Smith' chin and the other
on his forehead, then threw a back somer
sault. Tha strain occasioned by this waa
tremendous, but Smith remained In this
position while his partner threw Innumer
able somersaults.
.X;.xr . '
MRU. J. BENSON, X TJCCBearUL. OMAHA BUSINESS
WOMAN, WHO RBCENTliY DIED.
It I Unce Sam' biggest crop. It la the
greatest crop of the world, and we have the
monopoly of It. How great It Is few people
realise. The flg'ures are so vast one's mind
cannot grasp them. In 1902 we raised more
than 2,600,000,000 bushels of corn, and In 1903
the - product was - more than 2,300,000,000
bushels. Let m put those figures into con- .
crete shape. Suppose all the corn raised ,
last year could be gathered Into one pile
and loaded on. two-horse wagons. Let each
wagon, with Its team and driver, take up
thirty feet of roadway and start the proces
sion eastward, loading, wagon after wagon,
aa the corn crop move on. Put the noses
of the horses at the tailboards of the
wagons In front, and how far away do you
think the first wagon won Id be when the
last wagon waa loaded? Suppose them to
tart at the Mississippi river, would it be
down In Ohio? No. In New York? No.
Out In the Atlantic? Over In Europe? Away
off In Asia? In the middle of the Pacific
ocean? No. It would be thousands upon
thousands of miles farther on. It would
reach not once, but twelve time around the
world, a distance of more than 300,000 miles.
One year's corn crop at forty bushels of
shelled corn to the wagon would make
eighty-eight continuous line of wagonloads
from Boston to San Francisco. If you could
bridge the skies and start It toward the
moon It would make a solid wagon train
which would reach to that dead planet and
go on for 60,000 miles beyond. If you could
load It on cars In 600-bushel lots at forty
feet to the car. Including platforms, and '
start them on a double track the two first
ears would have gone from the Mississippi
to New York,, across the Atlantic, across
Europe and almost across Asia before the
last two care were loaded.
And this mighty crop can be doubled, as
I have said before, without adding 1
cent to the cost of production or one acre
to the area now used. It not only can be
done, but la being done. The discovery was
made about four years ago that the right
kind of seed has everything to do with the
yield of the corn crop, that there Is fine
blooded corn as there 1 fine blooded stock,
and that -corn can be bred up like a high
atraln of Jersey cattle or a pedigreed trot
ter. Pioneer Corn Breeders.
It was to give you the story of this move
ment that I called at the Agricultural de
partment today and had a talk with Archi
bald Dixon Shamel, who waa one of the
originators of the discovery. He Is today
scarcely more than a boy, but he Is one of
the chief corn authorities of the United
State. I first asked him how he became
Interested In corn. He replied:
"I wa raised on a farm and when I got
old enough my father gave me a corn patch
to cultivate for myself, I had to buy the
seed, do all the work and I had all the
profits. My patch contained fourteen acres,
and, as I lived In a corn-growing region,
I wa ambitious to raise the best snd
most corn. I then thought that the secret
of success was In fertilisation and cultiva
tion. -I used plenty of barnyard manure,
kept the field well worked, and as a result,
my first crop amounted to 1,600 bushels,
or 114 bushels to the acre, which waa
far above the yield of the rest of ths farm.
That started me to studying the subject,
and I kept up my studies when I went to
the Illinois Agricultural college at Ur
bana a year or so later. There we had an
experimental corn patch and we tried every
way we could to Increase the yield. One
means was by choosing good seed. We
found that certain seed corn produced
double as many ears as other seed corn,
and by investigating where the corn came
from we found that ths best was furnished
by two farmers, one In Indiana and one in
Illinois. We wrote and asked as to how the
seed was produced and found that each
man had for twenty-five years been selecting-
his best seed for planting, judging the
same by the sise, stalk and yield. The In
diana man waa raising white corn and had
been breeding up that variety. The Illinois
man had been doing the same thing with
yellow, and his seed waa such that It pro
duced about seventy-six bushel per acre.
"This led us to believe that com could be
greatly Improved by tha selection of seed
and by using tha best specimens of the best
, " , xy
Xv ft,, li r-.y.f .As. " s
varieties to breed from. We began to do
that at the Agricultural college in 1899, and
from that time on tho movement has spread
until there are corn breeding associations
in all the great corn raising centers."
Boy- Corn Raisers.
"Do you have trouble In getting the farm
ers to Improve their seed?"
"No," replied Mr. Shamel. "When one
farmer of a community has the right seed
his big crop Is an object lesson to all his
neighbors, and they are ready to follow his
example next year and do likewise. The
matter has become so important In the
west that the state fairs offer premiums for
the best com. The states have special corn
exhibits at which from 2,000 to 10,000 sam
ples of corn ars shown. Schools of corn
judging have been established throughout
Illinois and other states, and I might say
that there are hundreds of thousands of
boys, each of whom has a little patch of
corn and who Is studying how to raise corn
for himself. There were 8,000 samples of
corn sent by 8,000 different boy to the St.
Louis . :po8itloiv to form a part of the Illi
nois corn exhibit there. The same thing Is
going on In Iowa, Kansas, Nebrasku, Mis
souri and Ohio."
"Where do the boys get their land on
which to raise this corn?"
"It Is given them by their fathers. In
stead of letting each boy have a cow, a
horse or something of that kind, the father
gives his son a few acres to put Into corn
to raise premium seed. All the boys of a
farming community will be so treated, and
at a certain time of the year each will
bring ten of the best ears of his crop to the
corn-Judging association. It will be there
passed upon by the corn judges and the
best corn will receive premiums of money
or machinery. Thero will often be three
premiums for each cluss of corn shown,
ranging from $15 to $3 cr lexx. The hoys
thus learn what constitutes good corn, the
principal kinds of corn and huw It fehuuld
be raised."
Hlar t'orn-HreedloB Farms,
"It Is odd to think of a corn-breeding
farm," . continued Mr. Shamel, "but we
have farms whore corn Is as carefully bred
In respect to seed as horses and cattle
are bred on any stock farm In the coun
try. The heads of thene farms know the
pedigree, of the ears of corn they plant,
and they take the best uf the corn produced
from these pedigreed corn ears to use for
Ui next year' planting. One ear of corn
SCENE IN A NEBRASKA CORN FIELD.
Is used for one row, an Ideal ear being se
lected, and the beat stalks of that row are
used for the next year's crop, so that
there Is a continual breeding upward. A
good grain of corn being planted may have
1,000 or more children. I have often counted
more than 1,000 grains of corn on one ear,
and some of these children may be better
breeders than others. The grains In the
middle of the ear usually produce better
corn than the little ones at the butts end
tips, and the very best producer are used
for seed growing."
"Are these corn farm large?"
"There la one near Bloomlngton, 111.,
which has 27,000 acres, and there are others
almost as large, I know of one of 23,000
acres and many of 100 acres and upward.
All of these seed-corn breeding farms are
doing well. They sell their seed corn at
from $2 to $5 per bushel, asd as yet have
not been able to raise enough to supply
the demand. It requires no special capital
to breed seed corn above that needed for
ordinary farming; the only Increase Is In
tho original cost of the seed. When you
renumber that there are 30.000 corn grow
ers In Illinois alone and that they need
about 1,000,000 bushels of seed corn every
year you can see that the demand for good
seed Is enormous."
Breeding; Associations.
"Tell me something about the corn-breeding
association, Mr. Shamel."
"These ore now found In all of the chief
corn-growing states. The Illinois Corn
Breeders' association was organized In
June, 1900, and It has been so successful
that the leglHlature of that state has ap
propriated $10,000 per annum to experiment
with corn along the lines laid down by It.
Indiana, Iowa and Kansas have since
formed such associations, and the move
ment Is spreading to every corn district
of the union."
"You speak of pedigreed corn, Mr.
Shamel. Do you mean to say that there
are varieties of corn which have their
genealogical trees?"
"Yes. I do. The Illinois Corn Breeders'
ssMocJatlon now recognises eight special
breeds of Indian corn, five yellow and
three white. The yellow corn breeds are
the Learning. Rel'.s, Yellow Dent, Oolden
Kaglo and Klley's Favorlie. The three
while are Boone County White, Silver
White and White Superior. These breeds
are the result of careful selection of seeds
from the common white or yellow corn of
a certain community. The farmer ha
picked out seed noted for Its deep kernels,
small cob and well-filled tips' or butts for
a number of years, always planting corn
from the best ears until an Ideal seed corn
has been obtained."
"But can you be sure that tha corn from
the best ears of these breeds will always
result In an Increased crop over the or
dinary seed?" I asked.
"As I have told you. we have example
of it light along. We know It to be a
fixed fact. One farmer In southern Illinois,
for Instance, In order to test the matter
planted 300 acres of Improved seed. The
average yield of the rest of his farm and
of the other corn fields of his vicinity
yielded about thirty bushels per acre, while
the average on the 300 acres was more
than sixty bushels per acre. It was the
same soil, but the Improved seed gave
him a total gain of 9,000 bushels, which
netttd him $4,000 of clean profit from the
choice of need alone. Another farmer
planted eighty acrea and his Increase on
that tract waa more than twenty-five
bushels per acre above that of his fields
planted with the ordinary seed. This man
now plants over 7,000 acres of Improved
corn annually, and he has also thirty
breeding fields to Improve his seed corn
stock."
Osr Best Corn States.
"What Is an average yield of corn to the
acre?" I asked.
"If you take the whole United States,"
said Mr. Shamel, "the average yield lust
year was 26.6 bushels. Nevertheless, we
have thousands of acres which produce
seventy-five bushels per acre, and some
produce li)0 Uishels and more. Tho high
est yield ever known was 189 bushels to the
acre."
"The banner corn states are Illinois, lows,
Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Ohio and
Pennsylvania. Texas ai d Indiana also rank
hlgn. Last year Michigan and Indiana each
produced on the average over thirty-three
buuhels per acre, Illinois a little more than
thirty-two bushels, Pennsylvania thlrty-ono
bushels and Idaho thirty-four bushels. The
Illinois crop amounted to !.i4,0lO,000 bushels,
that of Iowa to .'9,000,000 bushels, MlHsouri
2O2.OuO.0iX), Kansas and Nebraska each about
172.000.000 and Indiana and Texas 142.000,000
and 140.000.0iio bushels, respectively. Ohl
raises In the neighborhood of Wi.Oyo.uuO bush
els of corn per year. Kentucky alxjiit, SO,
OjO.OOO bushels and Indian Territory 42,000,-
OCO bushels. Our poorest corn fields are In
the south. Last year the average of Flor
ida was less than ten bushels per acre,
while that of Alabama and South Carolina
was less than fifteen bushels per acre. Last
year we had 88,000,000 acres of corn under
. cultivation, and the average yield was good
in comparison with the past. In 1901 tha'
average was less than seventeen bushel
per acre, and the range for the past gen
eration has been from sixteen to thirty
btiBhels, the ordinary average being twenty
five or twenty-six bushels per acre tha
United States over."
Oar t'orn-Rlslnnr Competitors.
"Is much corn raised outside the United
States?"
"Comparatively little. The South Ameri
can continent seldom produces as much a
100,000,000 bushels annually, and Europe
often has less than 500,000,000. Tho chief
corn countries of Europe are Italy, Russia
and the states at the southeastern end of
the continent, such as Roumanla, Bulgaria
and Servla. There nre about 32.000,000 bush
els raised In Africa, of which 2,000,000 bush
els come from Cape Colony and the rest
from the valley of the Nile. Indeed, we
are now shipping Illinois " seed corn to
South Africa. Australia yields from 8,000.
000 to 10,000,000 buuhels of corn and Mexico
often has as much as 100,000,000 bushels per
annum. The total corn crop of the world
In 1902 was a little. more than 3,ooo,0fl0,0no
bushels, of which more than 2,500,000,000
were raised In the United States."
Results of Corn Breeding?.
"What have the Agricultural department
and the corn breeders so far accomplished
In Improving our corn and cornstalks?"
"A great deal," said Mr. Shamel. "To
show you what la possible I would say that
by selecting ears having long shanks, that
Is, the branch which connects the ear with
the stalk, we have Increased the length of
the shank nearly two foet In five years'
breeding. By selecting ears with tall stalks .
we have increased the height of the stalk
almost three feet. By selecting cars from
plants with wide leaves we have Increased
the average width of the leaf, and by the
product of stalks with narrow leaves we
have decreased the width of leaves. By
selecting ears high on the stalk we have
beoi able to raise the average height of all
the ears In a field, and by selecting low
ears we have been able to lower all tha
ears. By taking ears high In feeding value
wo have Increased the value of the crop a
a feed, and by taking ears from healthy,
vigorous stalks, planting them separately
and preserving the seed borne by the most
productive types we have enormously In
creased the yield per aore. In ordinary
corn growing there Is a large percentage of
barren stalks and also a largo percentage
of stalks which produce nubbins and dwarf
ears. These barren stalks produce pollen,
as well as the stalks bearing ears, snd the
product of the union of the pollen from
the barren stalks with the productive stalk
Is like to produce a grain which, when
planted, will yield a large percentago of
barren stalks. In this way the barren
stalks reproduce themselves. What the
corn breeder wants Is as few barren stalks
as possible. He wants every stalk to pro
duce Its ear of corn, and the corn-breeder
gets rid of the danger of fertilization
through a barren stalk by cutting off th
tassels of such stalks before the pollen
falls In the breeding llelds.
Tosslble t orn Yields.
If the hills of an ordinary cornfield hava
one stalk with a well-developed ear they
will yield fifty-five bushels of corn to tha
acre. If each hill has twp stalks bearing
such ears the yield would lie more than 100
(
In other words, two-thirds of all the stalks 1
are weak or unproductive. What we want
Is to eliminate the barren stalks and to
make every stalk produce a good ear oX
corn.
FRANK O. CARPNTR .