Ancient
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AZTFC OPERATTNO BKT.TIWS AND
MINING li.lllBlT AT THE WOIUjD- a
I Artec Indians of Old Mexico have
doslgnlnp, manufacture and color
ing of copper ware by a secret
process which no other people have boen
able to Imitate. The World's fair, an tho
great educator of the century, searched far
and near for attractions, and the ancient
copper emoltlntr of the Aztecs was not over
looked. A complete Aztec smelter with
bellows, forges, hammers and all of tha
tools and appliances necessary to reduco
the oro to metal and pound the motal Into
many kinds of articles, has been estab
lished In the Mining Gulch at the fair un
der the management of an expert Mexican
mine operator, Kent E, Keller of the Car
rlzo Copper company, Mexico.
No detail has been overlooked, but every
thing necessary for tho completeness of tho
Aztco village has been brought to St. Louts.
Crude forges, furnaces and hammers from
Mexico, such as have been In use among
the Aitecs for a thousand years, were
loaded onto burros and packed to the rail
roads for shipment to tha St. Louis expo
sition. Even the cane huts of the Aztecs have
been reproduced at the fair with all of
their primitive features. It is as If a part
of the remote mining region of old Mexico
bad been transplanted to St. Louts and put
on exhibition.
Plenty of rich copper ore from the Car
rlzo mines of Mexico la kept on hand and
the supply Is replenished In thirty-ton lots'
as soon as the ore pile runs low. The oro
Is crushed by hand, the Mexicans using
largo stones for that purpose. Tho "Jack"
Is then put Into a crude wooden trough set
tn a slanting position and water Is poured
Into one end of It, In such a way as to
wash away most of the rock and dirt. The
Slimea are washed to one side, leaving the
rich copper deposits in another part of the
trough. These concentrates are then put
Increase in Millionaires
(Continued from Page Tour.)
comparative wealth of the really rich,
for the art of hiding othr wealth than
that In real estate u not by any means
new on
One chronicler, who was apparently a
patient If not an accurate investigator,
estimated five or six years ago that In New
Tork City there were 1.400 millionaires,
and 1,600 in the rest of the country, making
In all a total of 4.600, with an aggregate
wealth of 5,600.0OO,0O0. This man was
urely too conservative.
I took his estimate In January of this
year to the chief of one of the very largest
fiduciary Institutions In tho country, and
he said that the list should be Increased
by 60 per cont. He said there were at least
4,000 persona In the United States worth
$1,OCO,000, and 2,000 more worth more tiam
11,000,000, while there were some ten or
twelve so enormously rich that there was
no way way for an outsider to get at their
wealth, even In an approximate way. A
man In active business whose own capital
Is not sufficient to finance his ventures
nccda to tell those who are rolled upon
to lend him money what his resource
are; but these enormously rich men axe
lenders always and borrowers never.
Thla fiduciary authority I have quoted
nrrrovod of this tabulation of the wealth
of the millionaires of New York:
tl(VineO(K'0 and over. 4 $ Kno.00rt.000
76('X'.'0) and over, 2 ixo.ooo.ooo
HUK'UHH) anil over, 4 S.'O.f.OO.OOO
O.lxiO.tHX) and over, 6 IJO.OflO. NX
3H.0o0.ikK and over, 6 2iM).VVPf
ro.(Vk).M)0 and over, 10 2l!0,OnO,0K
J5.0tO.co0 and over. 10 IrtO.MO.OnO
lO.O'Hl.Out) and over. 10 110.0n0.t0O
6.noo.Ckl and over, 20 I 1O.iHp0.0m
4,00.0i0 and over, 20 SH'0.H0
1 000, 000 JiJ over, 50 IfiO.ooo.ftn)
t,OW.04 and over, 15 16O,Vo0,0uO
Method of
m
VALP -
OLD MEXICAN COrPEB
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CRUDE FURNACE AT WHICH THE AZTECS WORK TO SMELT THEIR COP
PER ORE.
Into a crude oven or roaster and the sul
phur escapes from the ore In fumes, leav
ing only the metal and a little of the reck.
This Is then put Into a very primitive fur
nace made of rock and dirt and bellows of
a peculiar construction keep the Are In the
forges going. The fuel used Is charcoal,
which the Mexicans make themselves.
With the ore in the turnace Is thrown
a UtUo limestone, to aid in taking tho
Iron out of the ore. The molten mass
at the bottom of the furnaco passes
through a funnel. Much of th Iron and
slag adheres to tho sides, but tho copper,
1. 500,000 and over, 100..
l.OOO.OOO about, 2.000..
, lfiO.000.POO
2,000,000,000
Total 2,316 $4.520,000,COO
This makes the average wealth, of a
metropolitan millionaire in round numbers
$1,934,000. That surely seemed to me pretty
steep, but the authority I am quoting said
that It surprised him only by its lowncss.
He would not, however, agree that the
average wealth of the other 3,684 million
aires outside of New York could be so
hlfrh. "lut them down," he said, "at
$1,250,000 each and you will not be far out
of the way."
No sooner said than done, for, to tell
the truth, It was Just as easy for me to do
this as to select any othr arbitrary
figures representing wealth which thero
was no human means to estimate ac
curately. So I at once in:u3e the com
putation and found that the aggregate
wealth of the millionaires outside of the
metropolis was $4,606,000,000, and that the
aggregate wealth of all the millionaires
In. tho country was $!,1X,000,000.
This la an enormous proportion of the
total value or the property In tho wholo
country to be In a few hands. It means
that ono-flf teen thousandth of the popula
tion own one-twelfth of the wealth. That
etatoment. however, may not bo exactly
fair, for It may solely be presumed that
each of theso millionaires Is at the head
of a family of five, and that this aggregate
wealth really belongs to 30,000 persons.
Even then the proportion Is exceedingly
great, for here we fiud that ono-throe-thousandth
of the population owns one
twelfth of the wealtlk.
Moot of this wealth Is undoubtedly c'.onn
money and has been mado honestly and
decently, the principals sharing their pros
perity with the men who helped, and bene
fiting the publio at the same time. 12ut
most of this huge aggregate U tho giua.
Copper Smelting
MEXTCAJI3 AND AZTECS 1JEATINO
FAIR.
which is heavier, runs to the bottom where
It can be skimmed and then dipped out
and cooled.
The copper, which often contains con
siderable gold and silver, is ready to be
lkammercd Into shape. Modern methods
of mining separate the copper from the
more precious metals, and the gold and
silver byproducts of western copper mines
more than pay all operating expenses,
loavlng the copper a nt profit. The
Aztecs have no way of separating these
ores, therefore lose the gold and silver
contained therein.
of comparatively small fortunes of $1,000,000
or a little In excess thereof. Of the enor
mous fortunes not made by the rlso in
real estate values, volumes would have
to be written to give anywhere near the
Idoa of the ways that have been employed.
JOHN GILMER SPEED.
Care of Foreigners
(Continued from Page Five.)
Now York with little or no money, expect
ing to find at some bonk or postofflce, re
mitted by their frlohds, the sum necessary
to take them where they want to go. Some
times they have forgotten the name of the
bank: sometimes the money Is not there,
connections having been missed. To such
persons as these the immigration relief so
cieties aro invaluable. The loan ot a few
dollars, tho giving of a few words of ad
vice at such a critical time may make all
the difference to a man's success or failure
In life. Without a little holp he Is likely
to drift about the city until he becomes
hopelessly destitute.
New York has become the central mar
ket of tho country for Italian labor. Im
migrants who land at Boaton and other
ports usually come on to New York at
onco, while those who go to distant parts
of tho country In search of work and fall
to find It, promptly return to Use metrop
olis. Tho newcomers seldom have more
than ubout $10 by tho time they have set
tled dowu in New York, and unless they
find work nt once they are rretty sure to
need the aid of the Italian, Uenovolent in
stitute or of ono or other of the hundred
and llfty Italian societies in the metropolis.
Italians of the lower clasa are the most
provincial peoplo la tho world. They are
wonderfully generous to their townspeople.
A ISaoleUao will help a Napoletano, but
COPPER INTO SHAPE AT THE WORLD'S
The copper Is placed on an anvil and
six stalwart fellows with big elcdga
hammers form a circle around It. One
Indian holds on end of the copper In
large tonga and skillfully turns it while
the six Indiana with sledge hammers keep
UP a constant pounding, every hammer.
Striking with force and precision.
With theee hammers and a pair "of
shears these primitive mechanics beat the
copper Into various shapes and turn it
Into utensils of different patterns, making
everything from an lmmenso copper kettle
for boiling and refining sugar to a tiny,
eopper cup or souvenir plate. They can
hammer out this copper to the thinness of
paper and can shape the various articles!
as perfectly as If they were molded. They
are soon to make a largo jardiniere of
pnrre copper three and one-half feet high,
twenty-eight Inches across the shoulders,
fourteen inohes across the base and drawn
to a mouth not exceeding six Inches across.
They are also preparing to make copper
water bottles, shaped like the ordinary
glass bottles, using no pattern, but ham
mering them out of copper which they have
beaten into sheets, only one piece of
copper being used for a bottle.
More Interesting even than the Azteo
method of smelting and reflnmg ore Is
their manner of staining copper, a secret
process known only to these Indians and
which no others have been able to dis
cover. They take a copper vessel, the In
side of which la packed with wheat straw,
and put It Into a blazing fire. After a
minute or two the vessels are removed,
cooled by an application of dirt and then
appear fn beautiful colors of red, purple
blue, green and various other shades.
Thus, these Indians from the distant In
terior of old Mexico, using only tho crude
appliances of their own make, such as they
have been using for many centuries, turn
out articles of various kinds which are
models of beauty and artistic skjll.
FRANK EBERLE.
)
feels no special coll to assist a Venezlan
or a Siciliano. Thus there are societies in
America representing every nook and cor
ner of Italy, and a man from any part ot
the old peninsula con obtain relief at tho
hands of men from his own town or dis
trict. "The Italian does not lack the Instinct of
charity or mutual helpfulness, but at pres
ent he lacks the instinct In a broad sense,1
said Antonio Mangano, who Is an author
ity on the life of the Italians In America,
"He would tako the bread from his own
mouth in order to help his fellow towns
men; there is nothing he would not do for
Ida 'paesano,' but It must not be expected
Hint he will manifest such an attitude
toward all Italians. But were it not for
t!i' strong feeling, even though limited to
wtU groups, we should have many more
cxJN upon public charity on the part ot
tft Italians than we now do."
Thla is generally true of all classes of
Himlgrants. The Italians h'ave been dealt
with particularly because at the present
time they contribute most of the volume of
Immigration. But all the national socie
ties are saving large sums of money to
Americans money which would otherwise
bo paid out In the form of public or pri
vate charity. That, however, Is not the
most important feature of their work.
They take the raw material, the Immigrant
Just out of the steerage, and begin to trans
form him Into a good American citizen
from the moment he sets foot on the soU
In the United States.
BASSETT STAINES. ;
Live 13eavcrs at Fair
Live beavers from Canada may be Been
at work In the Palace of Forestry
Gauit at the World's faic.