i
Feitrunry 24, 1001.
THE ILLUSTRATED 15EG.
Wonder Worker of
The Coming Years
transmitted many miles to furnish light
nnd power for a great city.
In California shafts and tunnels have
liocii driven In a granite, mnuntulfiHldc and
In them a charge of "1,000 pounds of nltro-
proposed hrldgo across the English channel ( ' I . Ui... i . , I Rixiniv
only needs political and financial autlinrlr.
tlon to he posslhle. The second largest
and much the grandest hrldgo In (ho world
la well under way to connect the hor-
A
(Copyright, 19)1, liy F. W. Skinner.)
Civil engineering, three generations ago,
was summed up In surveying, road making,
masonry hiilldlng and designing heavy ma
chlnery, and Its masters could he conver
sant with the whole recorded horizon of the
profession. Now It Is divided Into rocog
nlzcd llelds, each of which requires a llie
tlmo of study and concentration. There Is
mochanleal, electilcal, mining, naval, rail
road, geodetlcal, hydraulic, structural, mu
nicipal and sanitary engineering. The
scope of the first four Is too elahorate nnd
technical for present
consideration. (' e o
detlcnt engineering in
cludes the most ac
curate, anil extensive
surveys. Structural
engineering may here
h o considered n s
chlelly the building of
steel, masonry and
tlmhcr bridges, build
ings, and foundations,
thus Including the es
sentials Of IllOlll I'll
architecture, and the
other great branches
ileal with the hpni illc
works their mums
Imply, the dirieroiit
onon overlapping on- h
other on nil sides
The gtodetlrnl engi
necr measures on t lie
Atlantic ooa.it u In'.,,
lino a few thoiibiiid
feet long will) an n
curaey of tine-tl o
mllllouih pait cf i
length. Fioin It In
triangulates moic ihaii
2,000 miles to the
I'aclllc cuisl nl
measures the total li s
tnnco with an ei . r
less than 100 loot. 11. s
lines are corrected for
the earth's cunauue
and for the rcfini ti u
of the iitinespheic
Ills levels are cat I i i
over m o u ii t a I ii s
chasms nnd deseiis s,
perfectly that the ilil
forenccs between the
tides of tho Atlantic
nnd Pacific oceans are
accurately measured
and long canals aie
planned and built witli
a perfect control of
tho water Icvi 1 and
How. He extends his
maps to delineate the
deep bottoms of rivers.
lakes and seas Hy his
plats and charts,
curved, crooked and sloping tunnels ,u
driven under land nnd sea so accurately thiu
they can be started simultaneously from
U'UIiy Ulll'l Illl'dlillU 1IUII11B UUII 1UIJUI MIIUUSl
s perfectly as the tubes of a telescope. In
Is field of engineering a perfection sulll-
nt for present requirements liuS been
lined, and few radical changes may be
Iclpated.
The railroad engineer has already brought
his train speeds up to a possible rate of 100
miles an hour for short distances. Ileyond
this tho limit of safe endurance of his
materials Is not far distant. The dangers
to llfo and property nre so much multi
plied and the expense so disproportionate
for further Increase that the maximum
speed will hardly become notably higher.
A great advance will he made In tho ordi
nary speeds, tho perfection of service and
the safety of trains. There will bo far less
proportionate construction of new railroads
In tho United States and far inure In
Africn, Asia, South Anieiica and In some
parts of Europe Asia will be uo -sril by
tho thousands of miles of the grin- S bennn
railroad, now being built The Soudan is
already reached by a military railroad that
may he tho entering wedge for the develop
ment of the Sahara and the Intercontinental
railroad across the Andes has already been
surveyed. Wherever commerce or travel
Justify It the tallest mountains and the
widest waters will he crossed by railroads.
In many places the steam locomotive will
give way to cheaper, more agreeable and
more eilkieiit motors. The terminals la tho
great cities will be combined in great union
depots.
In hydraulic engineering, the development
glyeerlno was II red to shatter the rock for oughs of Manhattan and llrooklyn. It will
the building of n great dam. In the con- havo a river span of LfSOO foot, a width of
tor. like a gigantic sheet of paper, Is n US feel, twice as great as an onllnar
diaphragm of riveted thin stool plates street, will carry six linos of railroad track
bodde.l In a narrow concrete Jacket nnd set and Imve a total weight of more than 100.-
1 ii a groove cut In tho sides and bottom of 000.000 pounds.
the rock valley. On both sides are heaped
enormous slopes of loose stone. Tho steel
gives tightness, the stone solidity nnd the
dam thus formed wilt Impound the waters
of the valley and furnish a great power,
llvilraulio consi ructions like these may not
lii'Mcase greatly In size, but they will he
built In more and more remole wilder
nesses as the transportation of the pinvr
Steel buildings are the modlllcni Ions of
bridge work nud their sudden appe.irtnoe.
giants at birth, Is the most teni.iiKiiblo
example of a whole class of great sirue
turon coming to perfection wlih'iut a Mow
development. The height of the ihlri -one-story
Park How building In Ni w Yoik t'liy,
which Is -t'JI feet, will hardly imnln be
equaled, unless for mem noioilely, because
if. ' ' 1 .V' '
mm
wwam
l!lVtfMiKMr. LuH2 t2Wi.llll'i-BfcJWT'liflSTL''jPlff
iHllaK-!IflB3iij'7
Hp
El
aSBaVABBv 1
SHEEP FEUDING STATION AT KEARNEY, Nob.
iif water powers, construction of Irrigation
works, canal, river and harbor Improve
ment and the water supplies of cities in
clude the principal clashes of work. Until
within a half score of yea is the develop
ment of water powers has been limited by
tho wants of adjacent manufacturers and
the ditllculty of handling, so that many of
tho best power sites were unavailable
Now power can be transformed to elec
tricity and can bo so advantageously ap
plied and transferred that numerous largo
wator powers aro being utilized. Tho moat
notnblo Instance of this Is at Niagara Falls.
.Millions of dollars havo been spent to
convert less than tho fiftieth part of tho
potential energy of tho falls Into com
mercial horso power. Water from nbovo
tho cataract Is taken down deop shafts and
through an immense tunnel blasted nut of
tho living rock nnd discharged 200 feet
down at tho surfaco of tho river, a mllo
below tho falls. (Jrcat turbines aro floated
by electricity becomes cheaper and Us
accumulation and preservation la storage
batteries is perfected, Eventually no
great stream will be allowed to waste Its
energies. Its forces will bo transmuted by
turbines to power, heat, light and motion
for factories, cities and railroads hundreds
of miles away.
ViinI Artillclal Wat ei tvn h.
Costly dams and conduits to store rain
and Hood waters for tho Irrigation of arid
plains and transform them into fertile
gardens have reclaimed millions of dol
lars' worth of laud la tho United Stutes.
Nearly $0,000,000 Is now being spent on
fauch constructions to regulutu tho Nile and
Irrigate Egypt. Careful surveys Indicate
that a channel could bo cut to admit tho
sea to tho Desert of Sahara, transforming
It to an Inland ocean and creating there a
now t limine, as well us a new geography.
Within fifty years canal building has been
wholly revolutionized by the use of high
in the water at tho bottoms of tho shafts explosives, steam shovels and dredges, mo-
and drive huge dvnamos in tho power house clmnlcal systems of handling tliu excavated
nbovo, from which the elect He current la
It Is unnecessary and undesirable, but the
greatest existing roof span will doubtless
bo much exceeded nnd can oven bo multi
plied almost tenfold If any reason should
Justify such vast expense. Structural
freaks, like tho 1,000-foot high 101 If el tower
and tho Ferris wheel, 2!i0 feet in diameter,
will be limited only hy the range of
Ingenuity and the strength of materials.
Tho construction of massive foundations
under water for bridge piers and in treach
erous soils for tall buildings has developed
special designs of Bteel and concrete nnd
Ingenious scientific methods of pile-driving,
pneumatic caisson work, etc., which have
reached a high degree of perfection, hut
new forms of substructures will probably,
and new methods and appliances will
surely, bo Invented.
Work of .Mil ti l-1 pill lOnuiiiiM-r.
In two or three years Manhattan Island's
present dally supply of 200,000,000 gallons
of water will bo Increased by the storage or
.12,000,000,000 gallons of water in n reservoir
fifteen miles long nnd Hi" feet deep. Tins
will bo formed by tho building of Hie win Id's
Lady lloatrlee lluller Is the eldest of the
two beautiful daughters of the marquis of
Ormonde of Kilkenny castle, County Kil
kenny, the head of the famous Irish house
of llutlor She was born on December 2S,
lSTli, her mother being l.ady Kll.iihot h
Harriot liicsxenor. oldest daughter of t tt -late
duke of WcHtmlnxti r. Uidy lleatrloe's
sister. Lady t'ottslumc Mary llutlor, was
born on Mntvh I'll. IS7o.
lli.ih daughters have inhctltcil the beauty
for which tho Ituilcr nnd the (irosvotior
lamll) nre famed Lady lloiiliioo roenlllng
her giaiiduuither. the r.rst dueli'ss of West-mitii-tor.
while Lady Constunce bus the fair
bo.iuly wiiii h box bccunio the birthright of
the IttillcH liuiloi. Lady Ileal rice and Lady
('oiiHiniii'o have spcui mm b of their youth
at Kl'l,. tiny ctiMtlc, hut
iih t minion uioy wore
alio oi iiNtuntly ai
i:,iiim hall, nnd even
a quite y ung giiin
i lie ai i iiiup nl.'d tho.r
p.neuis to Cowos.
. In re racli year Lord
hi tn who Is a
i nun mi nl member of
In lt nl Ynchl squad-
I'Ui Ii.ih always taken
ii I. a interest In
,i ti 'ii':
n o r ii I I' ii I u -
i w i. In ido oloet is
"in of the Tow Irish
i. 1 1 w tin Iiiim' had the
1 ' i I' of oflcli
0 1 ! i lie (iermaii
i o ii i-, in, , empress
Hi i in , H i mi majesty
Hill- l ..i.il lo have
t ' i I i hat Lady
Hi i ' Ilin lor was a
I " ii" ' n " of the
lii b i i n English "
ii" I 'I' h e t w o
ii liu i n of I .otil mid
I ad) (ii'imindc aio
iMiMii .fii. rry popular
n K iki tun, i In more
n ill. ii 1 1 1 1 - aro bulb
1. et n Hp t .Huumeii a
fin i i Inn naturally on
d u i h tin in to their
in ghbi'i's Lady llea
nlie has often helped
Ik r inotlii r to enter
tain loyalty, one of the
IiihI occasions being
Hint or the visit or tho
duke and duchess of
oi k to Kilkenny ens
ile, the duchess having
In i n specially do
iigbii d w Ith lite lovely
util place
ii Is hoped in Ireland
illii tlie wedding will
i.ilve place from Kil
kenny, but it Is far
mi re likely I ha I the
cii'iiinny. which is
ci rin in to be ouo or
tlie most brilliant luur
spring season, will be
celebrated In London, where Lord and Lady
Ormonde possess u very charming house lit
Upper llrook street.
Hons ol the early
Walking
until the
woman's
VjHBViL a HH-Jfc-JM'W''WiiMIMlMHHilfBBJWy' iFBJmBJmBJI
(Continued on Eighth I'tige )
Detroit Journal; It was not
baby cried by night that tho
disillusionment was complete.
I' or it was thereupon that she bade her
husband walk lite precious angel, ami ho
confessed I hut ho did not know how.
"This Is what comes of marrying a walk
ing eiieyolnpeilin!" she cried, chagrined.
After Unit she directed a ceilnln ludllfcr
enco, but it was plain I lint the Iron had
entered Iter soul.
Needed No Help
Wingsiin Toilers-Dafs a funny sign yor
got up dote, boss.
Mr. IIousImcji What? "Look mil for
di g""
WiagMin Tat ins Yi h. Dat dog's
.enough an' ugly i tiiuili lor look out
hishclf
I lie
big
fur
CONDUIT KOU THE WATER SUPPLY OF
MICHIGAN.
CHICAGO CONSTRUCTED UNDEH LAKE
materials, null, notably, by niiKhinury for
chiseling the vertical Hick sides as smooth
as a plastered wall. New types of powerful
miuhiuery will be peifeetod, and the work
will be done so much more cheaply that
gi enter and greuler enterprises will ho
umlf i t a L i. n and ships will sail across con
Hnenlfc .itbtead of around them. Work has
illicitly boon commenced on a ship canal
nnobs Central Amerlcn, which will change
iwo continents to Islnnds. Able engineers
and cnritallbts propose to rcorgnnlzo the
III fated Panamn Canal company and com
plete its great enterprise. Instead of
tedious and wasteful lockages, largo boats
will bo lilted, in soino enses fifty or 100
feet In steel tanks hy hydraulic pressure.
lllKlil-t Mi'iii'turt'M or Sli'i'l.
In structural engineering thu application
of timber In this country has reached a
maximum, and Is fast going out of uso for
linportnnt structures, other than those con
ti.nntly saturated with water, steel being
Hibslitutcd for It. The general features of
hrldgo design nnd tho methods of construe
tlon will not bo greatly chnnged henceforth.
Tho dimensions of tho bridges will bo In
creased, even multiplied; materials will bo
Improvod nnd strained much higher than
Is now allowed. Steel truss hrldgo spnus
mny reach, but will hardly exceed, 3,000
feet. Suspension bridges can bo built
longer. Fifty years ago Iron had a strength
of barely fiO.OOO pounds per squnro Inch. The
latest Btool specifications call for 200,000
pounds, and this will ho exceeded by motals
of still greater strength. Whllo limits may
nnn. f . . .K ? 8I,nnS' th0y '"SVILLB ItESERVOIIt, LARGEST COVERED RESERVOIR EVER HUM T FOR
cannot for bridges ns a whole. Tho long FILTERED WATER. Hunnuvuiu i, i,u hum i on
: