THE OfAITA DAIXT BEE: STODAT, DECEMBER 9, 1000.
13
EXPLORING THE SACRED CITY1
P&Ucfl of Ohineso Monarchs a Disappoint
ment to Foreigners.
ctlAonv crTTlURC:
MlrtbtJY or-HINUS
SOME BEAUTIES IN
Trrrurtirm of Orli-ntnl Art I'lnnkril
with Modern I'' urn It lire Details of
i m. I'nlqiif .liiurnry ThrotiKli
, the rnrlilUden City.
Tlio sacre.l or forbidden city, tho rcsldcnco
cf Chlneso rulers within tho city of Pekln,
proved a distinct disappointment to tho
Americans who had tho good fortuno of
exploring It. For centurlea paHt this home
cf tho monarchs of China has been tho
most exclusive of royul tenements, and
enly In recent years have thu representa
tives of foreign powers been favored with
an audlonco within Its walls. Its exciu-
Ivcnuss Invested it with mystery, nnd
Imaginative writers luvo pictured It as tho
srentest of Oriental wonders. When tho
Kiti.,.i .. .n v rind thft rnrrn-
apoi.dcnts penetrated the snored city and
realously rubbered about, tho wonders am
Bit como up to expectations. Enough was
observed, however, to form an Interesting
chapter of Oriental history.
Halph I). I'altie, correspondent cf tho Chi
cago Hecord, describes his Journey through
the sacred city as follows: When It bo
camo known that General J. II. Wilson
os to escort tho Japnneso generals on this
pllgrlmago of rarest prlvllego thoro was n
rush of applications by American ofllcors
for temporary stnff duty. Hut General Wil
son was allowed only ono personal aid.
Lieutenant Itccves of his staff, and only
two other American ofllcors wero per
mlttcd to nccbrapany the party Major
Webb Hayes nnd Lieutenant Colonel
Coolldgo of tho Ninth Infantry. Tho Japa
nis generals, on tho other hand, wero ac
companied by a stari of thirty officers and
a small guard of Infantrymen
It goes without saying thnt no cards of
invitation were sent to correspondents, and
the expedition wns enshrouded lu a tiotnblo
air of secrecy, it happened, however, that
two American correspondent wero wnltlng
at tho north gato of tho forbidden city nt
thu hour appointed for tho ontranca of tho
ofllclul cavalcade. When General Wilson
rtdo through, with Generals Osaka and
Yamagulchl, followed by their train of ofll
cors, the corrospondentH fell In line, passed
within tho sacred and mystery-ladon In
closuro and woll, they stayed there and
accompanied tho generals through a fore
noon's lour of unlquo sight-seeing, General
Wilson observing; "Hcmember, I did not
grant you permission, but now you aro In
licro I won't put you out."
l'lrnt Imprranloui,
In many warn tho forbidden city Is a
distinct and lmprasslvo disappointment,
This Bhould bo recorded at tho outset. Ex
pected grandeur, gorgeousnoss. vast achl
toctural mngntficenco, wcto wnntlng, as a
rule, while dilapidation and long-continued
neglect marred many Impressive, structures
( hlncso palaces, oven In tha sncrcd city,
tho throno rooms of tho emperor and om
press, nrn of only ono story, nllko In out-
llno as pcaa In tha uimo pod, so that there
Is small variety of archltecifttro. After all
Is said, Imagination has been worked over
tlmo In picturing tho glories of tho sacrod
city. Yet thoro Is much to wonder nt,
much thnt Is beautiful, grotesque and of In
calculable, value,
Across tho city, from north to south, tho
distance Is more than a mile. It Is a sue
cession of buildings, marble terraces, huge
murblu stairways, ulong tho wholo route,
with inntitnerablo labyrlnths-of courts, gar
dons nnd edifices stretching nway to either
Bide, no thut without a guldo. tho stranger
would bo lost at nn avorago ratu of onco
per minute
Thoro Hccmeil to bo only a handful of tho
Imperial servants nnd eunuchs left behind
to guard the patneca and temples, nlthough
thousands of them could hnvo been tucked
way In tho mazes of tho sacred city ond
tho vlultors would havo been nono tho
wiser. A dozen of tho eunuchs met tho
party at tho entrance to tho llrst throno
room, tho llrst building Inaldo tho north
gnto. Theso servants wore exceedingly po
ITto, ,wlth Kow-tows nnd offerings or tea,
their bland races Impasstvo ns a templo
Catarrh lias become sticli a common
disease that a person entirely free from
this disgusting complaint is seldom met
wtu. It is customary to speak oi Latnrrli
as tiotuiiitr tuorc serious than a bad cold.
a simple inflammation of the nose and
.throat. It Is, in fact, a complicated and
very dangerous disease ; if not at first, it
iTery soon becomes so.
llic Mood is quickly contaminated bv
the foul secretions, and the poison through
the general circulation is carried to all
parts or the system.
Salves, washes and sprays arc unsatis
factory and disappointing, because they do
not reacii tne scat ot tnc troutue.
does. It cleanses the blood of the poison
mid eliminates from tne system an catar
rhal secretions, and thus cures thoroughly
nnd permanently the worst cases.
Mr. T. A. WlUUtnf, a leading dry-goodi i
chnutof fipiutanburg, S. C. write: " I'or years
l nan a etverc cute oi
a Cttarrh, with nil
the dlucrerablc effect!
wlilch belong to that
diene, and which
like life naluful anil
unendurable. I used
tnedlcinea preacriWd by
lending physician and
ugne ted by number
of fiienda, but without
Betting any better. I
then licKantotuke A. 8
. It l ad the dealrei
d tvs,
effect, a ti d cured me Jitat,
boitlea. In my opinion B, S. is the only medi
cine now in use that will effect a permanent cure
oi (jaiarrn. '
is the only purely veg
etable blood purifier
Known, and tue ureal-
' est of all bluod medi
cines nnd tonics.
If you have Cntatrli don't wait until it
becomes uccp-scntcd nnd ciiromc, but De-
Kin ntoncc the uc of S. ti. S., and send
for our book on Blood nnd Skin Diseases
nud write our physicians about your case.
THE SWIFT SPECIFIC CO.. ATLANTA. CA.
THE UGST
PERSONALLY CONDUCTED
TOURIST EXCURSIONS
Run via the
GREAT
ROCK ISLAND
ROUTE
Leave Omaha
l Scenic Route through Coloiadoatnd
uiun
WEDNESDAYS, FRIDAYS AND
SATUKDAYS.
I'or Informntlon und "Tourist Dictionary"
adre. city I tcket twice, 1 33 3 l arnam St.
uniana, nco.
email
full of Idols, but what was In thctr own
thouRhtR woulil not be fit for publication, as
a conservative guess.
Approncli to the Tlirtwir Itoonm.
The first really Impressive feature of ths
. i, ihn (.t
approach to the throne rooms, which are all
set on artificial terraced hills In a long
line. Marble steps lead up these Blopcs and
h monouths or slabs of
marbln set Into tho stairways nnd flush
with them. These noblo stones aro from
twelve to twenty feet long, covered with
tho sprawling Imperial dragons, but In
high relief. This amazingly grotesque nnd
acred monster Is sculptured everywhere
on stairways, terraces and pavomcnts or
grins In bronze from every nook and
corner of the throne rooms.
These buildings, live In all, were curi
ously dirty and neglected. Everything
movablo or of any valuo had been carried
away, leaving tho great gilt and silk-
canopied chairs In solitary and melancholy
grandour. Flocks of pigeons had been
roosting on thu arms of these symbols of
sovereignty of heaven nnd earth. Tho won
derful carpets wero covered with rcfuso
and dust. Tho rooms suggested tawdry
and fantastic poultry sheds. It seemed as
If nil tho Imperial pigeons had mado new
hc""artorf. of tUo Imperial throne rooms.
Iletwoon tho llrst and second of these
buildings thero Is a largo courtyard. Tho
grass-growu enclosure Is planted thickly, In
regular towb, with fan-shaped bronzo tnb-
loU. This was tho audlonco place of tho
princes and mandarins when recelvod by
tho emperor or empress dowager In these
latter days. Each suppliant had his par
ticular tablet bcsldn which ha knolt nnd his
relative position In the assemblage was
thus marked according to his rank. The
Interpreter pointed out the tablet of LI
Hung Chang, whore that aged Btatcsmnn
was wont to kneel until Ills old bones
ached and then to tottor away, grumbling
and halt dead with fatlguo, according to
1'ckln stories.
Tho Hmpcror'a Own Home.
It wns not until tho emperor's templo
and prlvato houso of worship was reached
that tho effect of bnro walls and dllnplda
Hon wns counteracted. Tho templo was
crammed with wonderful gods, with mag-
nlflcuntly ornnto allnrs nnd pricoloss art
treasures lu Judo and cloisonne. In tho
deep shadows beyond tho heavy silken
hangings a great gold Iluddha sat and
looked at tha Impious, scolllng foreigners.
Thero was a throne room In tho temple.
With so many thrones tho luckless em.
pcror, Kwang Hsu, could not keep a hold
on oven ono.
Near this temple throno stood a hugo
bronzo caldron filled with water. This was
uted In tho Holomn ceremonies when tho
omporor prayed for rnln In time of drouth.
Ono of tho treasures of this room was a
bronzo water clock towering to the roof.
Ono would bo afraid to say how many cen
turlcs ago this ponderous mcohanlsm was
fashioned by cunning Chinese workmen.
rieyond tho lost throno room of tho em
poror was tho Btato apartinout of tho em
press, whon thoro was a real empresa of
China. This was resplendent In gilt work,
nut sadly obscured in dust nnd mold. A
half dozen of tho vases In this room would
bring revenue sufficient to enable tho aver-
ago man to live In comfort for the rest of
his days.
.Nervnntn Are- Shocked
Tho visitors wero led through long
stretches of arbors, summer houses, shaded
wants and gardens, whero the eunuchs
brought moro tea, fruit and cakes, slck
lshly sweet. Thoy seemed to think tho
pilgcimage ended, but General Wilson hold
otherwise. He had been shown no moro
of Interest than If ho had marched through
tue forbidden city with tho allied armies.
savo in tho' matter of quantity. Ho do
manned tnrougn his Interpreter to bo
shown tho prlvato or living apartments of
urn tin i.v-1 ui uuu uuipreas uownger. Tno
ounuchs turned a palo green nnd chattered
shrill, protest and alarm. No foreigner had
over entered theso most sacred of all
buildings. They foresaw certain decanlta-
,iu" niuir unci. inero was n
prodigious scurrying nbout, while Oonernl
wiison grow tho more emphatic and In
niniLui. ai last mo CUnucllS appeared to
lUUSCni.
Hero IS Wfcorc a reaSOnablO dOUbt mnnt
bo inserted. It seems probablo that thn
uur wero snown inrougn tho residences
i i"o emperor aim empress dowager, but
u mo eunuchs should hnvo palmed off a
counterfeit, who of tho visitors would hnvo
ut.cn uio wiser.' ino writer bclioves, and
win maintain, that ho was privileged to
enter tno imperial bedchamber and sitting
room, yet It ennnot bo donlod that tho
ounuchs hold all tho cards. Certain It Is
' lu--y wer uiorougniy ingntcned, par-
ucumny wncn incy nad to break the seals
on me doors wnicli had not been violated
since me iiigut or tno Imperial household.
AVenlth of Art Treasure.
In tho emperor's apartments nono of the
ornaments or bric-a-brac had henn taken
away. Tho rooms worn cnmnlntr.W fur.
nlshed and fitted for oeeunnnev wl.lin in .11
tho buildings previously visited them had
been a wholesale sweep of everything re-
movable. As a matter of fact, It la bo
Hoved that Emperor Kwang Hsu had been
for two years a prisoner, exiled to another
and distant part of tho sacred city, but It
may bo that these npnrtmena were kept
as "ho left them, or against a posslblo re
occupation.
Thero was ono spacious salon furnished
with masslvo carved tables and chairs after
Kuropean fashion, and many wonderful old
cabinets In lacquer and carving. Elaborately
bound Chlneso books, writing materials,
fans and smoking outfits wero strewn about
as If tho placo bad wholly escaped tho
cyclono of flight and panic which must havo
surged through tho forbidden city when tho
guns of tho allies wero booming along tho
road to rekln.
It began to bn noticed tint French
American and ICngllsh-mndo clocks wero
conspicuously In rvtdcnco around tho walls
Thero woro nt least n dozen ot them, nil
exceedingly costly, and somo of grcnt art
vnlue. Tho foreigners' clock has niado a
peaceful conquest of Chlnn, nnd later It was
found In tho rooms of the empress dowagor
that her Imposing array of clocks would
BUirico to stock a Broadway Jeweler's shop.
The Kmiieror'N lli-ilcliiuulii'r.
It was In tho bedchamber ot the em
peror that tho ciock or an royal ciocks
was found. It was n superb exhibit In It-
pelf. Tho loot fever, hold sternly In check,
burned fiercely In the breast of every be
holder. The article was a gold chariot
standing nearly three feet high, to which
worn harnessed two gold elephants. Upon
tho wheels nnd body of the chariot or cart
stood the rlock. Tho faco of it was set
around with n ring of rubles nnd the cas
tellated top was thickly studded with Jew
cH. Tho harness of tho elephants waa
Jeweled. Tho whole fabric looked like n
wonderful plaything, ns by pressing a
spring or winding a koy tho elephant would
pnee solemnly across tho floor, dragging
the chariot nnd the rciplendent clock.
Whether this treasure was overlooked In
tho hasty packing of tho agitated Imperial
family or whether all was uot gold that
glittered ao dazzllngly could not bo de
cided offhand. Tho treasures which ono
was suro of aa being genuine were the great
stores ot Jado ornaments and porcelains.
The wntchful euuuchs let no man Hock by
himself. Their vlgllauco was painful.
Thoro was nothing at nil to do In the
souvenir line nnd the American otUcers
were themselves as anxious thnt nothing
Bhould bo token away. Hut It seemed u
pity when one's pockets would hold so
many pieces of almost priceless Jade The
loot fever Is both contagious and demoraliz
ing, and so long as. ro.'n!"n"T!": iuiid-ihUy
tales of loot In Pekln It Is bard for the
layman to keep bis moral vision clear.
AVhefi the IJmprrs DiMTABjrr I.lveil.
It was when General Wilson demanded, as
his final order, that the rooms of the em
press downncr bo opened for bis Inspection
ht the eunuchs showed ymptonu of col-
lapse. They could not find the keysj there
was great confusion. Incessant argument
for ten minutes before tho gates of the
enclosure wero reluctantly swung open.
There was first a courtyard, some flower
beds and a long tree-shaded walk. The
placo seemed to bo a separato compound
surrrounded by a masslvo wall fifteen feet
high.
Tho two main buildings were connected
by a covered bridge. Thoy wore of one
story, with tho unvarying long nnd sloping
tiled roof curving upward nt tho lower
edges. One building was the throno room of
tho empress dowager, nnd hers was a
throne worth soelng. No pigeons circulated
lu this august apartment, which had been
kept In perfect order. Tho elaborate glldod
throno glittered as If It wero rubbed and
polished dally. The visitors folt a vaguo
uneasiness, as If perchance that Imperious
nnd masterful old bcldamo, tbo bugbear and
phenomenon of modern nffalrs, might sud
denly appear and rcsont tho Invasion of her
Bnnctura sanctorum.
Her living rooms were In a building
whoso exterior suggostnl an American Jew
elry or art Btoro. It wa3 a sort of pavilion,
whoso walls wero of French plato glass,
hugo panes set in around thrco sides, a
llttlo Crystal palace. Thoro wero so many
beautiful and elaborately ornamented for
eign clockii ranged around tho Insldo walls,
cabinets nnd tables, such a profusion of
Jade, porcelain, bronze nnd Ivory brlc-a
orac, mat ims nrt-storo effect became a
seeming Imitation of what LI Hung Chang
may have seen In his globo trotting through
llurllngton arcado In London or along
upper Ilroadway In New York. Yet while
this living In a glass houso Bcemcd to lack
any qualities of privacy, tho Impression was
not well founded. For tho building was In
a walled lnclosuro. which none might enter
without permission or nuthorlty, nnd you
may bo suro thoro was no Idle curiosity or
unwelcorao Intrusion circulating within tho
Imperial compound of tho empress dowager
whon eho was ruling China from tho for
bidden city.
t'licomfortnlilo Chinese llriln
Tho room which tho eunuchs declared
was her sleeping chamber opened from tho
glittering pinto glass pavilion. Tho bed
Btead of tho foreigner Is unknown anions
tho Chinese, and In tho rooms both of tho
oniporor nnd empress dowager tho royal
coucheti wero no moro than richly canopied
bunks. Tho wovon-wlre cots of a field
hospital would bo moro comfortablo for the
pleasures of slumbor than the sprlngless
boxes on which royalty stretched Itself In
tho palaces of tho emperor of China.
Tho word "palaco" Is a misnomer, from
European standards, In any reference to tho
buildings of tho sacred city. Tho Imperial
buildings aro so many squat pavilions of
from ono to throo rooms each. Tho prlvato
apartraentu wero not oven Imposing In tho
area of thom. They woro no larger than
a small cottngo bungalow or two adjoining
rooms of a falr-slzcd country house. Tho
nstonlshlng number of theso pavilions and
connecting courts, square miles of them In
tho aggregate. Is a colossal ptcturo of tho
Cblnosn wny of building and living. The
series of throne rooms nnd tho other build
ings explored by General Wilson and party
wero chosen because of Interesting nssocla
tlon. Yet tho extent of them, although t
nillo from north to south, was as only t
corner of the sacrod city. By far tho
greater part of It Is laid out In parks and
grotcsquo examples of Chlneso Inndscapo
gardening and dotted with temples and
pagodas.
llrldse of White Mnrlilr
Tho whlto marblo brldgo which spans the
lotus-covered lako In tho grounds of the
wcrci city Is famed
In song and story.
From a dlstanco It has been admired for
centuries, and from tho overhanging hills
whero profano eyes wero wont to seek birds
eyo views Its length strotched liko n whlto
ribbon of lacework laid across tho vivid
green of tho lotus-carpeted lake. General
Wilson and party crossed this brldgo In
leaving tho homo of tho son of heaven, but
nt mieh plnsn rnnim thn irenoral nnd lm
naolt.. nfTnn wnn trial n I Hi nil I'll (Vm
umwlurfnl .1llinr.v nnil Intrlrnrv nf tlm
tnurliln rnrvlnr- nf (hn linlllRf rnrinn rnilltl tin
examined In detail.
Tho forbidden city Is nbout six centuries
old. its buildings, gardens nnd temples
Liato from tho tlmo of tho Mongols, and
Buffered small chango when thoy camo lilt
possession of tho Ming and Munchu cm
perora, nor docs It seem likely that much
money has been expended In repairs and
maintenance through this trifling handful
0f centuries. Tho unlvcrsnl air of dllnplda
tIon and decay was astonishing. Crumbling
waiiB in tho shadow of tho Imperial rest
dences. Brass and weed-grown pavomcnts
and courts, rotting woodwork, the dirt and
du8t ot aKc3 "oomed with melancholy cm
phasls to typify tho rato or cnina ns
nation and a government. After all, th
towor of this walled nnd moated sacrod
city was vastly impressive, not for wha
It was as a spectacle, but for what It rep
resented. Tho scat of a ruling power which
has In Its own strango fashion held sway
over 400.000.000 subjects, whoso fato Is
now trembling in the balance nnd whos
capital is in possession of tho nrmles o
tho nowor nnd moro vigorous civilization
gathered from nil around tho world, nnd
nlso becauso tho forbidden city had been
perhaps tho greatest mystery of modem
tlmo, It wns a day mado mcmorabio ror
tho Hecord correspondent when ho passed
within Us gates
soai to sum; on.
Toiis JlcqolrMl 10 (irrnsc n "Wurshlp
Into Wilier.
Thn launching of a llttlo torpedo boat I
comparatively onuy, nnd tho cost Is not
nver a few hundred dol nrs. Including flow
era and souvenirs and oven tho bott'.o of
chiunpngno used In tho christening. Hut
when It cornea to 11 big armored cruiser or
11 flrst-oiass uatiiosnii). says mo .-New ur
l.miw Times, tbo lu'timl i-xncnso seldom
fallH below tl.010 or Jo.noo. Tho building of
tho wnvs for tlm biw to siki down over 11
tha him In Item, and then comt-s the ereas,
lng. Kvery men 01 iimoer over wnien 1111
vessel slides m ist be covered with n lubrl
cant. Different firms use different mib
stances, but Fnnn mid tallow form tno main
lnredlents of them nil. Cramps' ubh n
layer of beef tnl ow und a layer of roft
noap, nnd taken nltogetner, notween 0110
and ono nnd a half tonn of thn stuff was
reriulred to nut a move on thn average
bnttlefdllp. Tho tallow Is spread on first,
to the depth of about thrco fingers, und
tno woritmon use oik iihi irnwen 10 man
tlm Hiirfnro nil smooth as DOSIblo. Thei
they pour over tho soft soap, wh'eh Is Jus
thick enounh to run. or about th" connlst
piipv nf Inr. As n ceneral thine this doubh
rnntlnir niiswrrrt the nurposo nilmlrnblv
and tho ship glides Into the water ns if It
waa sailing on nir. 11 n mickm, as nan nap
iwneil In 11 few rnses. It is llkolv to Bnrlnt
somo nf its plates, and nccldents of that
Kind nre o c-osiiy iimi nuinintr is spare
to avert them. .Moreover, snllors aro very
sunerstltloUH nnoui 'aunrnings, nnu, ir nny
thine roes wromr. the shin ! reenrded n
unlucky, something greatly dreaded by nil
ofllcors. Several years mo a (.'mcnuo pack
lug House s-5l up n Bprcmi prepnrnuon ro
greasing Biups wnvs nnu sni n nunntlt:
rf It to n firm In Mnlnc to demonstrnto It
merits. It was mnde from tho nfup nf
tho rendering linuso nnd had an odor that
repined strops enough to lift n mnn-of-wnr
clear off Its brarlnir''. Tho firm trhM It nn
a mnall merchant htp which It hnd ready
tn launch, uut instead or snowing nny o
tho qualities nf n lubricant It acted mor
llko a clue. Tho vespel stuck fast on tin
wayp and bad to bo pulled off with Jacks
That was the laut ever penni or tne prep
ration, nnu tno Liucago in-Ks ciroppeu u
ho
pchi'ini, What is loft nf tho pnnn and tal
low nfter n Inunchlng I rarefullv scraped
off and sola, it is used in making nxlo
grease,
A merle 11 11 Miiltluur ('iimpmi y.
NEW YOniv. Deo S.-TI10 directors of
the Amerlcnn Maltm? cmnnanv havn nr
I'anlzed by electlmr th folulwlne otlleerH
President. Charles Stadler: vice president
f'harles W. Ooodyenr of Jluff.ilo: treasurer
ijewis Ij. Stanton; .vijciiri', ueorte r
CLOUDS AND AIR CURRENTS
ictt Developed by Sjitem&tio Study and
Trained Obsamtlon.
CURIOSITIES OF UPPER AIR MOVEMENTS
rlorltlrw, llrlfflito nnd Direction nf
Atmospheric Curre-nlai Over the
United Stntrn HIkii nud Low
Treasures.
Meteorologists havo long been convinced,
says tho New York Tribune, that a syste
matic study of tho clouds would a fiord In
formation regarding tho movements of the
upper air which would possess great prac
tical on well as theoretical value. Dalloons
nd kites havo rendered moro or less scrv-
Ico of this kind. Ilu. balloons are costly
nd likely to bo lost. If unaccompanied, and
It Is almost out ot the question for man to
ascend higher than Uvo or bIx miles, be
cause of lack of air to breathe. And thus
far It has been Impracticable to send a kite
up moro than two or thrco mites. Yet ctrni
louda report on tho conditions at an ele
vation of from six to ten mltrs. Influenced
by thnt fact and other considerations tho In
ternational conference of meteorology in
1S91 npproved a schemo for co-operatlvo
observations of clouds for a wholo year In
scvoral of tho countries of tho northorn
hemisphere. Tho plan was not carried Into
execution until 1800-97, and tho roport of
tho American observations, with an clnbo
rato discussion by I'rof. Prank II. Dlgclow,
haB Just been Issued by tbo Weather bureau.
The task was committed to good hands nnd
has been ndmlrably performed. Meteorolo
gists cannot rend tho document without
feeling satisfaction over tho results se
cured and tho broad, progressive way In
which tho facts aro handled.
A uniform classification of clouds wan
agreed upon by tho International conference.
Ten typos were adopted as tho baste of ob
servation. Tho observers wero carefully In
structed now to distinguish them and n
month's preliminary practlco was under
taken before ofllclnl records wero made.
Tho work was carried on nt flftoen stations
lu tho United States, nil but ono of which
wero east of tho Heckles. At each station
nn Instrument called a nephescopo was
used. This Is a round mirror fixed In a
horizontal position and having tho degrees
ot a circle and points of tho compass In
scribed on Its edge. Through a suitably
adjusted peephole tho obsorver noted tho
direction ot tho cloud movement, and with
chronometer ascertained tho apparent
peed. Tho real velocity, though, was de
termined only after supplementary observa
tions hnd been made with a pair ot surveying
Instruments, to Hnd tho height ot tho cloud
under scrutiny. Observations were mado
soveral times a day when tho weather per
mlttefl.
ItrlRliln nf Clouds.
Tho rccults of this work, having bcon
tabulated and digested, It appears that In
this country, east of tho Itocky mountains,
tho lowermost typo of cloud, the stratus
floats nt an average nclght of 2,700 feet
In winter and 3, COO foot In summer. Both
In winter nnd summer the basis of cumulus
clouds kcop at a mean elevation of 3,900
feet, but tho domes oomotlmcs roach 1
height of 9,000 or 10,000 feet. Tho ntra
bus, or storm cloud, varies from G.900 to
6,200 foot. Tho average height of tho cir
rus In summer Is 33,000 frot nnd In winter
31,000, But this Is occasionally exceeded by
thrco or four miles. In Septembor, 1896.
cirrus clouds wero Been at nn elevation of
66,000 feot, or over ten miles. Nearly
every class of clouds attain a loftlor nt
uiuuu ueiwocn ino nours or 4 and 8 p. m.
than at any other part of tho day, whereus
between noon nnd I o'clock they fall
trlflo be,Iow tho avcrago.
in veioc.-iy conspicuous variations aro
attributable to a chango of season. Stratus
ror lnstanco, floats along nt a moan of
thirteen miles an hour In warm weather.
but accelerates Its speed to twenty-four
miles nn hour In cold. Tho top3 of cumuli
travel thirty-four miles and hour In sum
mor nnd forty-seven miles nn hour in win
ter. Tho average for cirrus in tho former
Benson Is slxty-soven miles nnd in tho lat
ter seventy-eight, lint In March. 1897, tho
maximum velocity observed wan 187 miles
while in tho previous December cirrus was
Been moving nt a rato of over 200 miles an
hour. Mco weather to got caught In with
n nying machine. Prof. Hlgelow remarks
that from this one year's dnta It looks as If
tho greatest speeds were realized at nn elo
vatlon of seven or seven and n hnlf miles
and that from that level up to ten miles
thero was a slight falling off. But further
observation la required to vorlfy that In
forenco before It can bo nccopted as final
A fact that has been brought out moro
cieariy Dy ineso ciouo studios than ever
before Is that tho movement of the air above
the nimbus level, say, 6,000 feet, Is praetl
cany independent of tho lower strata. In
tho region covered by those records thero
was a steady eastward motion nt all times
of tho day and year, tho velocity varying
conBldorably (as nlready Indicated) with
tho nJtltijdo and Benson. Tho gvratory wind
systems peculiar to areas of high and low
barometer gradually disappear with ele
vatlon, nnd then mergo with the general
flow. Thero nro at times trifling southerly
nnn norinoriy elements in tho direction, but
theso nearly balnnco each othor, and keep
1110 nverago motion almost due eastward
I'reciso calculations, limited to observations
over only n part of tho United States, leavo
a very email excess of northward movement
but, of course, this Is compensated for In
somo other part of tbo globe.
HlKli find I.ovr l'remnrit,
No part of Prof. BIgclow's report will at
tract wider attention than his consideration
of tho causes of areas of high and low ba
romctrlo pressure I'spy, Loomls, Abbo,
rerroii and other moteorologlsts havo ar
guod with forco that local heating from
Bunshlne, nnd tho liberation of hat In th
center of a depression by tho condensation
of vapor Into rnln, caused tho uprising of
atmosphere In a storm, and tho consoqurn
lowering of tho pressure. Tho overflow of
tho ascending nir wns thought to bo largely
Instrumental in producing tho higher pres
Biiro through a slmplo heaping up process.
Hann, Davis nnd somo other modern mo
teorologlsts havo lately como to discredit
this theory, or at least to limit Its applica
tion to ocean born tropical cyclones. Blgo
low, too, now rejects tho notion. He holds
that mechanical forces, and not thermal,
nre mainly responsible for tho formation of
depressions. He Bays thnt thero Is a moro
or less regular succession of nir currents
sweeping ovpr this country, altornatoly from
tho southwest and from tho northwest! nnd
ho believes that friction d-velopes pddles bo.
tween them. Tho lato William l-'orrell hold
that tho poleward flow of hot air from the
equatorial region occurred mostly nt a con
siderable elovatlon. Blgelow thinks that It
Is now proved that Very llttlo air moves
northward at any great height. Most of It
keeps down close to the ground. Tho other
current, the ono from tho northwest, Is
recognized by Terrell, who Is everywhere re
garded ns ono of the highest authorities on
atmospheric circulation that this or any
other country has produced, But for his
disagreement with other meteorologists
Prof. Blgelow gives forclblo reasons, nnd ox
perts cannot fall to seo that he has made
out a strong caso for tho dynamical theory
of storms. Some of hlfl findings nre scarcely
less than revolutionary.
Not merely fpr tho purposo of completing
the study of tho conditions existing perma
nently In tho upper air, but also for their
value In forecasting the weather from day
to day, Prof, Blgelow urges that cloud ob-
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When Prof. Munyon BayH what hts Cold
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servatlon3 )xs continued. Ho points out that
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CIiIcmko Puller Nc-midul.
CHICAGO, Dec. S. Mayor Harrison to
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Ice Commissioner John W. Iudwlg and up
nointed Josenh l'owull to succeed htm. Ho
cently tho Kcnndal over tho civil service
examination of police lieutenants, tho de
velopments showing tho Influence money
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Commissioner Ludwlg's defenso of tho
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responsibility for the enforcement of the
merit law upon the commission.
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I tried all kinds ot remedies without getting
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OMAHA, Neb., Aug. 10. 1889."
CRAMKlt CHKMICAL CO.:
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H
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