20 THTJ OSrATTA ] DAIL SITNDAT , , TANtTATTT 21 , 1000.
PROGRESS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
and Valuable Development in the the
of Microscopic Leni ,
NEGATIVES ENLARGED BY NEW PROCESS
< iinlrnil llrMirrn tlic Snv nml ( lir
DM Mi'tlmiln ItrMrr .MnunlflriKlon
ivi'iiiTil i\miiiili- : * of I'ro-
Jrcllvc riiolouriiplij.
The mlrroscopo has become almo\t \ India-
r"nsnblp in many branches of mniUrn sri-
< n e nnd microscopic photography Is of _
( trnat value In making scientific nscords.
'in the mlHtakcB made by mlcroflcoplsts
jind the falno Impressions produced by ml-
orrxiTipic photographs have been very nn-
innrous There nre two main reasons for
thi-
rtir first is that the lines and markings
fhonn hv the microscope are often CN-
trnmply Indistinct nnd uncertain. On more
linn one occasion Iho lack of exact defini
tion under the glass has led the observer
i- cxc'irlno his Imagination with results
Hint wore little short of absurd. The sec-
< > nd reason Is furnished by the "llatness"
of the nili rohcopliImage. . Thla defect Is
augmented In something akin to geometric
vnilo n the magnification Is Increased.
When a lens of a higher power IB used
the object appears to have neither depth nor
thickness , only fiat expanse , no matter
what Its true shape. The shortcomings of
the high-power lens arc bad enough In the
mirri'srope ' proper In microscopic photo-
K'aphs they are worse , especially when It
Is sought to reproduce such photographs for
purpnips of nowspapcr or tmig.ulne lllus-
i ration Only the faintest and most uusatlH-
fartorv notions of the objects pictured can
bo prrsnnted There IH no suggestion of
soli'litv ' of perspective , of rounded form.
In smh i Ircumslunrcs scientists wishing
to publi'h Illustrations showing the results
of m ! < rospoplc Investigation hnvo sometimes
resrirtoi ] to line drawings from the plates ,
Hut even these have been unsatisfactory ,
boraiise lines Indicate altogether too much
sharpness of outline.
Recently , however , a scientific photog
rapher In New York has succeeded In mak
ing enlarged photographs of microscopic
objects , In which many of the faults shown
in microscopic photographs are avoided , A
certain degree of sharpness has been lost ,
1 ut rounded and other Irregular surfaces are
made to appear as they really are , and not
Hat as the unuio surfaces would appear In
photographs taken with a microscopic lens.
lie calls his work "projectlvo photography. "
Thr > principles ho utlll/cs have long been
known and taken advantage of , but he scoais
to be the first to use them for making large
pictures of diminutive things , such as small
sections of animal tissue , mlnuto Insects
nnd the like And , ns It is Impossible to
patent his plan , It Is likely that It will he
t'seil , extensively In the future In preparing
Illustrations for scientific publications of
xarlous sorts , works cm entomology and the
like
Professional photographers and many
amateurs will understand his method when
it Is explained that "projectlve photog
raphy" Is a modification of the methods used
In u reducing and enlarging camera. To
these not conversant with photography It
may bo explained thnt the same principle
Is employed In the imaglc lantern. Magic
lantern tflldcs are never more than two or
three Inches In size , yet the Image thrown
upon the screen covers many square feet.
Its slzo depends upon the distance between
the light and the slldo and between the
lantern lens nml the screen. The rays of
light passing through the lens spread as
they extend outward , showing larger on the
bcreon In exact relation to the space sepa-
intlng It from the lantern. Were the light.
strong enough , and the Image on the slldo
of snlllclcnt dcilnlteness , there would virtu
ally ho no limit to the possible magnifying
power of the lantern. Were the screen a gi
gantic sensltlvo plato the result would bo
nn enormous photographic negative. All
photographic enlargements are made by the
ntlll/ntion of this principle.
MimiilfltNlli I.inv 1'oner LCIIH.
From thin explanation It will bo plain to
all poiwuisslng oven slight knowledge of
lihotoginphy that pictures showing high
magnification of mlnuto objects can bo
jpadlly taken with a lens of comparatively
Jovv power. The chief difference between
' projectlvo photography" nnd prdlnnry en
largement work Is this. In the latter the
cnla-ed | ; negative or print Is produced by
passing the light rays through u glass posi
tive or negative exactly as they nro pahsed
through the slldu in a magic lantern and
"thrown up" on u sensitive plato or sen
sitized paper , vvhllo In "projectlvo photog-
rnphy" the Imago of the object to be photo
graphed Is Itself "thrown up. "
If the object bo transparent , as a section
of the pla mater the covering of the brain
-or other transparent tissue , the light maybe
bo passed through It to show Ha structure.
Qf the object ho opaque , as an insect , the
light Is allowed to fall upon It exactly as
In ordinary photography. The form of cam
era used virtually differs from the ordinary
iiimern .only In being draper , so that the
rlRto may bo farther removed from the lens.
A fair Idea of Urn different results , ob
tained by microscopic and "projectlvo" pho
tography may bo obtained from the cnn-
tuisUel representations of lung tl , uo nc-
lompanylng this article The larger plc-
turo Is taken from a "piojectlvo photo-
Kiaph , " the smaller from a mlcioscopic pho-
JIIfROSCOPIf PI10TOORAPH OF LUNO
Tiasm
tograph Botli are made from the uamo
pert Ion of tissue. Not only IH the "pro-
Jed ive photograph" laiger , but the detail
and depth revealed are far more satisfactory.
It should ho added , though , that a micro-
H'-OIP ] | uhotogruph of as great magnification
n.s the other Is quite | > osslhlo. Hut such a
photograph would bo almost worthless. It
would bo oven Hatter nml dhow less defini
tion than appears In the picture. Qu the
other hand , thu magnification In the "pro-
Joitlve photograph" might bo Increased ma
terially without porlous effect
Objects of much greater size may be mag-
nilled photographically by "projectlve" than
by mlcroscoplu photography. A "projectlvo"
photograh magnlflnK 300 times has been
taken of tbo toea of a mouse , In which
twery detail , even to the htructuro of each
li.ilr. IH clearly shown. The field of the
lens with which the mouse's toc were taken
la almost a square inch , at the close range
inquired , and the toes might luve been en
larged COO 11 mi'8 as readily as 300. Hut a
microscopic lens mngnlf > lng only twenty-
llvo diameters rovers n field only one-fifth
of a nquaro Inch In extent , vvhlln a lens
that will magnify 1,000 times covuu only
about l.liOOth of a square Inch.
lllttli ami I.im I'ovrrr Lru r ,
The accompanying diagrams will make
the dlfferenro between the hlgh-powor and
the low-power leun clear , Flguie 1 ludl-
eaten thf passag * of the rays from an object
photographed bv low-power lens to the
plutr. Figure 2 shows the path of the rays
wh n A lcn of high power Is used. The
size of the object nnd of the Imago Is n.s-
mimed to be the samp In both cases. The
Image produced by the low-power glass will
( how Irss detailed definition , but much
grefttpr penetration or depth of focus , while
the Imnge thrown by the li > ns of high power
\lll present moro details , moro definition ,
but less depth of focus. The magnifying
lens getn the details nt tbo expense of depth
or porspoctlvo , while the other lens , flttod
In a deeper camera , allowing greater dis
tance between lens and plate , will pioduco
rqunl magnification , while the Image will
possess the "plastic" quality , so-called , in
much greater degree and therefore will rc-
eemble the object far more closely.
To explain n little further : Stippo o n
round body , a pearl , for Instance , Is to be
photographed. Figure .1 shows how the light
rays would pass from the object to the
plate through a low power lens Onlv a
him. The tlmo of exposure need not
necessarily be great. On n gond bright day
thirty seconds Is generally sulllclent for ex
cellent results , but , of course , individual
experiment Is the best teacher. Tcachei.s
may find in projectlvo photography a long
dcjslro'l ' aid in the teaching of natural his
tory , physiology nnd chemistry.
Till : Ol.n-TMIKUS.
Itutus Lurcnrn nnd wile of LJoverly , Mass ,
celebrated tholr golden wedding on Wednes
day. December 27 Mr Larcom conies of
u loiiB-llveil f.tmllv. Two of his brothers
and one sister celebrated their golden vved-
Tbe 100th anniversary of HIP birth of Dr
Cons-tantln llenng was coinmemoraled In
Philadelphia rncuntly by the dedication of
thu Constantin Ilerlng bUlldliiB. He was
onof the founders of ilahnemnnn college.
Philadelphia.
Verdi was said to , have entirely given up
work owing to MB great age 53. The torn-
l > o't > r has lateb been working hard at anew
now onern entitled "King1 Li'ar. " An ex
cellent libretto was long ago furnished him
by Arljo Hollo.
f ouHe Michael , who has just entered her
7Jnd yeai , has returned to Paris. She Is
halo and hearty and full of energy. On ono
day she delivered two lectures at the Bod-
Inii're on "Concord Between Nations" and
"The Tralllc in White SlaveH. " Her voice
was as resonant as.over.
Pi of Park of Andover. who wa ° 81 years
old on Dec-ember 29. Is In fairly good health
nnd takes the liveliest Inteiest In all nf-
l.i is of the day , national and Interna
tional Ho was much touched by the death
of Mr Moody , whose course he has always
watched with special Interes' .
General LoiifrbLreet , almost the only tnir-
vivcr in 1he llrst rank of southern Ben-
c-ial > ot Ifril-rai. celebrated his 79'lli hlrthdav
rc.-cntly In Washington. Colonel Ochlltreo
ff.ivi1 a dinner In his honor , which was ai-
tcnopri bv prominent men from all sections
south and north.
Thorn is Kite , the ohl parish cleilc of
Shakenpeaio'8 church nt SltatTord-oii-Avon ,
who died recently was. 91 > cars of asre and
HiieiM > pdiNl his fatiher and grnndfaitlicir half
a century ago. Among those , whom be con-
dueled tu Shakespeare's tomb were Sir Wal
ter Scott , \\.iehlng-ton Irving. Dlckems. IJm-
orton , Uooth. KUJ.II nud Nathaniel Haw
thorne
Sir Charles Nlohol.son , tlie solp surviving
menibor of tluHist Australian Parllampiit ,
has just unU'ivd on his ! )2nd ) year HP was
giadu.itfHl as an M D. from the University
of ICclinburgh wlien Queen Victorl.i was a
little irirl In shoit frocks and went to Aus
tralia , in jiractlre In 1S31. Oxford 'has ' madp
him .1 D f1. L 111 ipcngnltlon of his gifts , to
Wio Unlve.rj.lty of Sidney
Hi\V \ NEW PLANTS ABROAD i
Foreign Countries H\ve Little to Offer
America in That Line.
IMPORTSDiClEASEANDEXPORTSlNCREASE
I'l-olnnucd THnlN of Si-riti Initiiirlril
1'roMTinin Infi-rlor to tin.Vi -
tltirllrlr VI M w < if IJiint-
t-rn IJiiK-r ) * .
The return of Prof. Swingle fioin his mis
sion In Asia nnd northern Africa nml the
publication In Iho niniunl tcport of the U.-
parimmt of Agriculture of the results of hla
r\peitltloii In collecting ilcsltnhlo plants for
neriimatl/ntlon In this country Imvo nt-
PHOJEOTIVE PHOTOGRAPH OP LVNO TISSl E.
small portion of the pearl would bp shown
In the figure about -16 degrees but It
would appear us a curved surface , though
with comparatively few details. Figure 1
shown the path of thp light rays through u
high power lens. In the figure about 100
degrees arc taken In , but only a very small
part of the pearl would be photographed ,
though every minutest speck ami Haw would
OBJECT
FiC.2.
IMACC OBJECT
EXPLANATORY DIAGRAM.
be clearly apparent , and the picture would
apparently be of n perfectly flat surface. If
this lens were focnssed on the "nxlal point"
of the pearl's surface a small clrelo would
show sharply ; If foeussed on a point fur
ther away , n ring would bo defined , elncp
all the nearer and farther parts of the pearl
* euld bo elthor before or behind th < focal
piano , and hinre no burled n not to bo
rccoRnlnbln An\ono leaking at n plcturo
of a pearl taken b > magnification would Blip-
pose ho was looking nt the picture of a
ring , and the true appearance * of the object
wtuld bo Mitlrolv lost.
The microscopical photograph Is of use
only In Btudylng surfaces , the porcn of the
skin , for liistanoe , or nny obje"l that has no
tilcluifs ! This will be plain from the stale-
Hunt lhat a lens magnifying 1,000 times 1ms
a "depth of Iwus" of only l-,500ths ! ! of nn
Inch. It will therefore show nn almost un-
fipprci-lablo amount of perspective. This Is
VPV Irsccts. wl'en viewed under n mlftro-
soopo , look like Bllhoile tw. Insects fchoilld
no be HUidleil microscopically , If n proper
pmeptlon of their true appearnnco U de
sired. My procuring n camera of extra depth
nnd ollghilv stronger len Ihnn Is commonly
i txl. the comparutlvnlv unskilled anmteur
niiiv produce magnified photographs of In
sects and other small objects that will Bur
tracte 1 much attention In the seed and plant
I trade. How Important this trnde Is In the
j I lilted States , says the New York Tribune ,
I fiw who are not connectcc1 with It arc likely
, to be nware. It Is not generally known , for
Instance , that ono New York firm sends
eucalyptus plants not only to various Euro
pean countries , where they are In great de
mand for planting In swampy places , but
even to Australia , where the trees nre In
digenous. The reason for this Is that the
eucalyptus seeds better In certain parts of
this country than It does anywhere else. The
same firm annually exports considerable
qunntltli s of tree seeds to the order of the
Jupa.cse government.
"The importation of foreign plants Into
this cnuntry , " said an expert , "and the mak
ing of experiments to tee which varieties
will thrive hero and which will not have
really been going on much longer than Is
generally supposed. As an example of that ,
take the European chestnut , the nut of
which , as you know. Is much larger than the
native American , though the American Is
sweeter. Hetween the Increased Importa- ,
lion and the Increased cultivation of the
foreign variety of late It has come to bo re
garded as something comparatively now In
this country. As a matter of fact , the Euio-
pcnn chestnut was brought to A'mcrlcn and
planted at Bergen Point lu 17(11 by Dupont ,
who had a mission here from the Fiench
Academy of Sciences , anj remained here to
found a very welll known Delaware family. "
The trade does not aspire to the reputation
of purely patriotic motives In this work of
Introducing new , useful and ornamental
plants. The manager of a famous and long
established llrm put the case frankly HKo
this : "Tho inducement to spend time and
money in collecting valuable and little known
plants from all over the world Is advertise
ment. Hero Is a plant from which wo have
just taken scuds and Introduced ItIn our
catalogue for this year. The direct profit
from the sale of those seeds wll hardly pay
us for the expense of that colored plate of
it. Hut the advertising wo get from the
coupling of our name with this new plant
Is worth all our outlay from first to last ,
la that way the competition between differ
ent firms in the United Slates and the com-
pollllon belwcen American and European
firms , too , keeps us alive to every chance
of a now variety.
"In this matclr of Introducing novelties , "
ho continued. "I don't sec how nn > one -
whether n prlvato flrm or n representative
of the Department of Agrlrultiire--rnn post
slhly Introduce n new species wllh any sur-
ross at this late d.ite. The mint that oin
b < < done Is to Import newly developed \ntte-
tlr * of species already known.Vheneer
a supposed now thing Is brought hero from
abroad It turns out that either the species
IB tnisulled to our conditions or else It has
been already cultivated here for some tt'iie
past under another nnd more familiar name.
( Inn Important thing to bo remembered In
that connection Is I hut n twdman hardly
ever puts ix new seed on the market Just as
he Imports It. Not to mention that that
would , ns a rule , leave him a minll margin
for profit , It Is necoj-sary for his trade repu
tation llrst to makn < | iilto sure that the new
thing will do well In American soil.
MflllltllN Of ClllllMIIIOII.
"The Hist seeds to arrive are planted out
and carefully cultivated nnd watched , an I
the first seeds to be sold are the produce of
plnnttt grown In the sctvlsman's own ground
Now , It often happens that u good deal of
selection , perhaps hybrldl/atlon , Is neces
sary before a seed suitable for American
cultivation is oblnlncd , nnd then the result
Is put upon the market under n different
name from what It had when It fit at ar
rived.
"Many of the now varieties , however , are
themselves the result of cultivation. Heie ,
for Instance , Is a lettuce which one of our
agents found growing In a Kre'nch garden ,
he told us that the variety had no name of
Its own over there , and so we have given it
our own name. Here Is a vegetable which
was produced by cultivation In the gardens
of a customer of oura In Australia. The
Japanese pear , 1 believe , we Introduced Into
this cnuntiy , ns well as the Caxtanca sinen-
Bls , commonly called Iho Japanese ihostnut ,
though that Is also cultivated In Europe ,
nut many of the varieties brought hero from
countries where horticulture * Is not In nn ad
vanced stale have blnce been so Improved
and dlffeienlialed that It Is hard to recognUo
new specimens when they arc brought heio
as the poor relations of the sup < rlor planla
that have long been well known In tlii3
country. That may very well huvo been
the cnso with the melons which a govern
ment agent brought from Armenia some
lime ago , after he had been scouring all that
part of Asia for now fruits to acclimatize ;
the new melon proved Inferior to our own ,
but very likely some of our own varieties
had been developed from the same original
stock. "
The members of the trade are not nt all
ready lo mcnllon definllely any particular
foreign fruit which has been Introduced to
American soil by one of Ihemselves. This
facl Is amply accounted for not only by the
reasons Indicated In the conversation just
quoted , but also by the assertion that ac
climatization of foreign plants has been
going on so long In this country that where
there are many possible claimants for the
honor of Introducing this or that vailety it
Is not easy to decide who really was Its
original sponsor. As many varieties have
been Introduced Independently by several
different growers. It is hardly worth while
trying to decide the question nt all. Hut the
general opinion In the trade evidently Is that
nny new species which can bo brought to
Ameilca now is pretty sure to prove not
worth cultivating , like the Saghallen forage
plant , successfully acclimatized some time
ago , which American stock refused to eat.
|
Tlip HoMt roufi" .Mc-dlolne for Children J
In the winter of 189S , F. I. Russell's little
boy contracted a severe cough and cold and
was treated by several physicians , who failed
to do him nny good. Mr. D. A Fisher of
the same place , Miles Point , Vt. , said to
him. "You get a bottle of Chamberlain's
Cough Remedy. It will cure him. " He
bought a 25 cent bottle and then a HO cent
bottle , which effectually cured both the
cough and cold. Ho now says "I am '
Judge and Jury and the verdict is , 'Use |
Chamberlain's Cough Remedy and live. ' " I
iloil l-'ldcllly.
From the Tien-Tsln club , In the city of
Heaven's Gate , In far off China , conies u
pleasant anecdote of Colonel How man of
Kentucky , who was formerly consul at that
post. He was very domestic and in the
evenings entertained his many friends with
quiet whist parties , the prizes In which , ac
cording to English custom , are devote 1 to
charity. The colonel had a model Chinese
servant who had been charmed by his ur
banity and had como to regard his master as
a superior being. Ono afternoon the Chinese
boy seemed anxious and nervous.
"What's the matter , John ? " asked the con
sul with real curiosity.
"Your excellency , " he replied , " may I
talk with ) ou and say to you some things ? "
"Certainly. "
"Well , your excellency , you play those
cards too mucheo bad. You let me I teacheo
you how to play too mucheo good and in
flvo months you win all of the money of
all the foreign devils In Tlen-Tsin. "
It Is needless to say that John's offer was
declined.
PN v. PS v
No lying about . . 1I 1I I
s the merit of CASf-AUBTS Millions use them nntl loll their
! * ' friends how irootl Iliov nro Wo want to R'VO ' ImoU tlio purchase I
& prii-o to utivono who falls to pet satisfaction from the use of I
Now thnt sounds like n lihornl offer , hut those slnple lOc sales alone
don t count for success It's your cure nntl your good word for
Tasrarets thnt will make them famous in the fntnre as in the
past. Star ? \vith u box today lOc , S.V , BOo , all druppists. Fruo
sample nnd booklet. Address Sterling Homedy Co. , Ohgo. or N.Y.
X Best the Bowels
iff
410
ONE
TRIAL
BOTTLE
This Offer Almost Surpasses Belief.
An External Tonic Applied to the Skin
Beautifies it as by Magic.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE AGE
A Woman Was the inventor.
Thousands have tried from time Imme
morial to discover some efficacious remedy
for wrinkles and other Imperfections of the
complexion , but none had yet succeeded un
til the Misses Heir , the now famous Com
plexion Specialists , of 78 Fifth avenue , New
York City , offered the public their wonder
ful Complexion Tonic. The reason so many
failed to make this discovery before la plain ,
because they hnve not followed the right
principle. Balms , Creams , Lotions , etc. ,
never have n tonic effect upon the skin ,
bence the failure.
The MISSES BELL'S COMPLEXION
TONIC has a moBt exhlllaratliiK effect upon
the cuticle , absorbing and carrying off all
Impurities which the blood by Its natural
ictlon IB constantry torclnc to the surface of
the skin. It is to the skin what a vitaliz
ing tonic Is to the blood nnd nerves , a kind
H new life that Immediately exhilarates and
itrencthcns wherever applied. Its tonic ef-
tect Is felt almost Immediately and It speed
ily banishes forever from the skin freckles ,
pimples , blackheads , moth patches , wrinkles ,
liver spots , roughness , olllness , eruptions and
iiscolorations of nny kind.
In order that all may be benefited by their
Great Discovery the Misses Beir will , dur-
toj ( the present month , rive to all callers nt
tholr parlors one trial bottle of their Com
plexlon Tonic absolutely free , nnd In order
that those who cannot call or llvo away
from New York may be benefited they wilt
send one bottle to nny address , all charges
prepaid , on receipt ot 25 cents ( stamps or
silver ) to cover cost of packing and deliver
ing. The price of thin wonderful tonlo IB
$1 00 per bottle and this liberal offer should
be embraced by all.
The Misses Bell have Just puUUhod their
NK\V BOOIC , "SECHETS OF BEAUTY. "
Thla valuable work Is free to all deslrlnu It.
The book treats exhaustively of the Import
ance of a Rood comolexlon ; tells bow 4
woman may acquire beauty nnd keep It.
Special chapters on the care of the hair ;
how to have hixuriant growth ; harmless
methods of making the hair preserve Its
natural beauty and color , even to advanced
ag - Also instructions how to banlih
superfluous hair from the face , neck and
arms without injury to the skin. This book
will be mailed to any address on request
FREE Trial Bottles of Wonderful Com
plexion Tonic free at parlors or 25 c nt
( co t of packing and mailing ) to those at
distance.
Correspondence cordially solicited. Ad
dress ,
THE MISSES BELL , 73 Fifth Aw. , New Yoru City.
The Mlssea Bell's Toilet Preparations are for sale in this city by
K.UHN & COMPANY
The Reliable Prescription Pharmacists ,
Pole Agents. igth and Douglas Streets.
.aaA . rea3MJMMafe HM
TURKISH T. & P. PII.I.S brings monthly men-1
struatloiisurototiindity-novcrdlsappnlntyoul
SI , iiox. S boxes will help any oasn. Hy nmll.l
Hobn'3 Drug Store , l8tli&PnrnarnOniali , Ncb.
NATUI
McElree's Wine of Cardui is made from herbs that the
Creator intended for the cure of female diseases. It is not a
strong medicine , may be taken by a child without detriment ,
and is a most astonishing tonic for women. It cures scanty ,
suppressed , too frequent , irregular and painful menstruation ,
falling of the womb , whites or fIooding0 It is helpful during
pregnancy , after child-birth and miscarriage. It acts as a tonic
on the generative organs of either sex , and frequently brings
a dear baby to homes that have been barren for years. It is
nature's regulator of the menstrual function. Thousands of
women are enjoying better health than ever before in their
lives by taking a dose of Wine of Cardui every morning ,
Every drug store in the city has Wine of Cardui.