THE OMAHA DAILY BEE : TIirilSDAV , DECEMBER 28 , 181) ) ! ) .
BUCKING "THE BEAUTIFUL"
Annual Preparations nf the Railroads to
Fight Snow Drifts.
DEVICES EMPLOYED ON WESTERN LINES
Ilolnrj IMouN ill I'mi-rucuci
mill SlncliM nf rmiil I.ii hi In
o. Sliirli-K of SIHMI t'l liM
mill SIIIMX Sllili-i.
Thirty.two miles of gnoweheds coaling * fil
ft foot , or a total of $10 113,440. represents
thn price one transcontinental railway had
to pay before It could nm Its trains over
the Hooky Mountain division of Its road.
That wan merely the first cost , slnco that
outlay fully $1,000.000 have been spttit an
nually In Vceplng the Hheds In repair and the
exposed tracks free from pnovv
The various roads cro slng the Hookies
have their seasons of play and their scnsons
of work During Ihn summer month ! ) when
oven In the higher passe * thu eun and warm
winds serve to keep the permanent way clear
nml free thorp Is littleto do save the or
dinary run of repairs' nml reconstruction ,
but along about thu 1st of October all thl.s
Is changed.
Lit lie Hurries of snow on the level and
a gradual but continuous spreading of vvhlti *
on the tops and in the upper crevices of
the mountains give uarnlng that the hard ,
desperate- battles of the winter months ore
at hand Thn niipcrlntcndont takes a trip
over the roail with tils assistants and .1
careful Inspection of the sheds and tun-
no ! is made. In divisional headquarters
the rotaiUs and the old-time "buckers" are
overhauled and prepared for use , and as thu
middle of the month approaches thu watch
men who patrol thrf tracks are doubled.
Tlioro Is no mistaking the signs. Kvcii
n novlco could sc that something Impor
tant is pending In the divisional shops , In
the orjli.es and oven at the smaller stations
along the llnu there arc evidences that the
period of work la noon to supersede the
case of the summer daya.
Slock of rood I.nlil In.
In the varloiiB biggago cars are placed
great wooden nates packed with condensed
foods licet In the form of extract uinned
soups. comllmqntB and hard brc.id , enough
to feed 100 persona for ten days , are care
fully deposited In these moving store
houses , and from then until tbo coming of
spring they nro Inspected and overhauled
once each week by men detailed for the
purpose.
At the iKoiated stations and guarded sid
ings , reserve supplies of provisions , coal ,
wood and water arc laid In , then finally ar
rives the d.ij when everything Is reported In
readiness for the descent of winter.
Thn llrst call for the fighting contingent
of the vast railway army Is alwa > at
tended by Bceiies of excitement. Lowering
Hkles and chill winds have foretold the fall
of enow , and when the various crows arlso
eomo morning they find the earth covered
with a mantle of white.
It Is then the work gang boss overhauls
Ills men and sees that each unit in the force
Is provided with the necessary abovel and
spado. It Is then , too , that the crow of
each snowplow and each reserve engine go
over the last tlmo the various bits of ma
chinery and the dlvora couplings upon
% vhlch their lives are soon to depend.
Within twelve houro , If the fall Is con
tinuous , the plows go out. Each Is accom
panied by a gang of shovelers and a straight
clrlvo Is made for those passes and cuts
where experience has foretold the greatest
depth. If the snow Is moist and flaky , quic
work is made of the banks , but if cold
weather lias really set In and the snow
lias been frozen Into rounded granules , the
proposition Is entirely different.
IlHTerciicen of Soft Snow.
In the first case the. damp masses remain
where they Ua\o been thrown by the plow ,
but under the latter conditions It Is im
possible without the most strenuous effprts
to keep the glistening , frozen pellets from
eliding back onto the tracks. Cases have
lipc-ii known when a comparatively light fall
of snow has blocked a mountain track for
forty-eight hours.
In the old days -when the rotarlcs were
'weapons of the future and the snow had to
bo literally "bucked" by main force from
the tracks , casualties were numerous. The
typo of plow use < l was a. home-mado affair
a product of the railway shops. It con
sisted of a. reinforced and strongly braced
box car as a. bate upon one end of which
vas built an Iron tipped plow shaped some
thing like a lofty cowcatcher. Near the top
the sides were so arranged that the snow
niassoawore directed Into the air at an
angle.
When a particularly lieavy and tightly
packed drift -was to bo tackled Itwas the
custom to place 0110 of thrfio crude affairs In
front of from six to ten engines and chargs
the drift with $ lljlng start of a mlle or two.
If the drift consisted of granulated snow
frozen Into separate particles , the enormous
mass of Iron wont through It llko a heat I
knife through butter. In the -vvoko of the
plow eamo on nrmy of shovolers whoso duty
It was to bank the scattered masses far
enough from the track to prevent them slid
ing back. This was dllllcult enough and vic
tory came only after herculean labor
Sometimes It happened tint thu drift In
the cut was composed of damp snow and had
liad tlmo to settle and become packed. Then
thn porllti of HIIOW bucking bccamo perils In
truth.
The "buekci" with its powerful motive
force of boven or eight locomotives was
litirlotl bodily at the drift and one of two
results followed. Klthor the drift was
broken or the "bucker" crumpletl up like a
toy of cardboard. The fate of the crew of
cnveral men depended upon what Artemas
"their nat'ral born "
Ward called luck.
Storlea are still told of the catastrophes
occurring during 0110 hard winter many j ears
ago , of how In ono liist.ineo a "bucKcr. "
three engines and fourteen men were burled
In u mare of snow for ninety houi and that
when the rescuing party finally reached them
the Imprisoned men were enciscd at tholr
posts like the baker of I'ompell
Todiy there nro no such harrowing
ttagedlea The Invention of the rotary plow
ban made the clearing nwa > of snow ob
structions a comparatively easy task.
Wluil a Ilolnr ) 1'lon U l.lkr.
In uppearaiKu the rotary plow Is like n
lingo boxcar strengthened with heavy Iron
Klrdern and plates The front end is square
and upon , and within can bo scon a grcit
Btrol winged whrel nomowlmt similar tn HID
ordltur ) windmill Thu edges of the open
ing slope Inward and are Btraug'ly lolnforcal
with Iron The ' augur" or wheel icvolvea
upon an axle , and us the plow Is forced
agatiifit tbo drift the snow la eaten away mi I
blown through funnels pitched at an angle
nbovo thu machine
It Is telrtnm that niQro than Itvo engines
arc required to push the * rotary , im It worku
b > cutting Instead of brute foio llko the 61d
tlmo bucker ' Iliillro.nl men are great uJ-
m I re ra of the no > order of machine , and
thoj never full tq praluc Its efficienty
' Dcforo our | > ooplo bought eno we used
to count on at least a dozen lives each win
ter " said a division superintendent of the
Denver & Itlo Gr.uulo railway. In uptMKIng of
the kubjoctVq lost eight In one smasbup
the Benson before- the IIrut rotary camp on
the road Blnco then wo haven't had a
man KI1I < M In that < pirtlcular line of work"
"And the ) COB ! the company less , too , "
he added. Of courto the flrut price Is
large , eotni'lhliig Ilkp J10.POO. I believe , but
that uiupuDt la luaao up It ) tiu tiiuo jou
might say Now It takes rnl > couple of
onKlnw to p rh plow , where It ued to re
quire at least ipvrn In the e days th *
pool and salnrlf * , not to mention the wear
and tear on the englnen , meant a great
tlpul "
The new rotnrv pious arc also reputed to
hnvo been the means of saving lives In quite
another way Slnco thrlr Introduction on
the mountain railways , especially In the
ww < , there are Innumerable cases where
snowbound tralna and even snowbound vil
lages have been saved from actual starvation
by the efllcleticy of the rotary plows.
Mor ) of n ( irent Snow IliinU.
During the winter of 1S97-08 , which was
particularly severe , a ganp of track clean
ers which had been sent out to bank the
1 snow ne r Hector , a station on the Cam-
dlan 1'ncldp railway , became hemmed In b >
two enormous slides The great ma-s s
of snow on the mountain peaks nearby de
scended with terrific force , completely
blocking all egress from the cut In which
thp unfortunate men were working.
A trackwalker who had cecn the accl-
drnt carried Information to the ncnrest sta
tion , and a rutarj , backed by a number of
shovelers , was soon on the scene. It re- !
I fiulrcd thirty hours of continuous work to I
! '
clear the euta even with the means at hind.
Without the aid of thp powerful rotary the
task would have taken at least five days ,
and the gang of sixty men would have per-
Uhed with the extreme cold.
On what Is known as the mountain divi
sion of the Canadian-Pacific railway the
average annual snowfall Is II 7 feet. This
measurement docs not mean drifts or filled
cuts , but snow on the level as the rainfall j I
Is computed by the National Weather burcaJ , '
During the season iliat Is from about' '
dishes broken furniture * fooklnc
etc , were two Chinamen Thev norp al
most hidden from vlpw In the debris , but
their \oleon were still strong a fact very
encouraging to the r cupr .
The car , which had been ut Hired as the
kitchen of a work train , was Invaded and
the victims lifted to a place of snfet ) . It
was observed at once , however , that the
terrible experience had temporarily deprived
them of reason Although every effort was
made to convlnco the Chinamen of their
changed conditions It was not until n wecU
had passed that they recovered sufllclcntlv
to tell their story. It consisted of these
ter5Ply uttered words-
"U slldo down llko hellcc' "
Ouo of the curious features of winter
necessities on mountain roads In the west
Unbefitting of the tunnels ami some of the
sheds w Ith tightly-closing doors. When the
tunnels vvcro first built It wan found that
Icicles formed In the roofs , ometlmca so
largo that they actually endangered the
trainmen in the- engine cabs. The providing
of doors , which were closed after each passIng -
Ing train , served to retain the ntcam from
the engine , thus partially heating the tun
ncls.
i.iri : IN n \\A.\\ .
An llxlriiortllnnrj MUfurc of Penult-
of VII Mimics.
The people In Havana and Havana Is an
epltomo of the whole Island stiIKe jou fu
on extraordinary inKtmo of humanltj ,
writes a correspondent of the Boston Tran
script. There are block , three-quarters
black , semi-black , three-fourths white ,
'dusky white and white. There are but few
'pccple of the really while complexion and
A SNOW CUT AND SNOW SHED IN Tim PAR NOHUST
A NOTARY SNOW 1'LOW.
have been lost and property destroyed.
In December of last year an enormous
slldo almost annihilated the Ilttlo town of
Roger's I'ass on the Canadian 1'aclfic. Tfc"
place was n divisional point and there were
braiduH the regular station , .1 wooden round
house , repair shops and a score of email
frame dwellings.
Omi afternoon , at twenty minutes past
three , several men working near the turntable -
table heard a peculiar houoJ In a ravlnu
far above their heads They stood listening
for n few seconds then , as tlm truth dawned
on them , they turned and lied uhrli'KIng
down the track
The alarm was futile. With an Indescrib
able and UTilfving roar a great mass of
enow and Ice swept around u bend In the
nivlno. caromed against the opposite sldo
and came thundering down upon the doomed
town.
In a twinkling , station , roundhouse , re
pair Hhops , dwellings and a number of cats
were swept bodily Into the shallow gulch
below the tracks At first It seemed as If
the hundred and odd souls had been hurled
Into eternlt ) . but. through some act of dlvluu
mercy , the loss did not exceo.1 seven This
Included ono woman and two children
The division superintendent , who happened
to bo In the vicinity , telegraphed up mil
down the line for aid , but It was several dax1
before the wreckage was finally cleared
away. Effects of the terrible slldo are mill j
visible ut the pass
T o riiliiiiiiirn III ii SiiiM\IinnK.
During the work of rescue the men came
upon a box car which had been thrown bottom
tom side up against a clump of lira As the
party labored In the expectation of avlng
eomo of the mlwItiK they suddenly beard a
voice chanting dolefully The words were
btrange. but there was no mistaking the
pathos or meaning of the dirge
It was a twng of death
Kager hands soon exposed the Interior
In the bottom , entangled with a jumble of
these are mostly foreigners from northern
latitudes. The pure Cubans and even the
Spaniards have to a large extent the
svvorthy tint given by the tropical climate.
M.in ) of the people have complexions which
look as if the continuous warm weather
had caused them to fade out. In the worn
rn'i this arlhes In considerable messure from
the continuous use of face powder , but It Is
not confined to them. In dress JOH see
evciythlng , from the most tidy and tasty
down to the loosest and most Ill-fitting.
The tendency given by the climate is to
general looseners and carelcrsness of ap
parel , ns would bo the case In Boston or
anjwhero clso If the weather were alwajs
hot. I was told by one In authority and
from what I saw can well believe It that
the tendency to go with as little clothing as
possible Is so great that an ordinance was
nt ono tlmo passed prohibiting people from
appearing on the streets without something
more on than their underclothes. . I saw
omy two or three cases of colored children
2 or 3 yeara old hanging around the house-
doors without a fig-leaf of covering
This mixed mass of people live and minslo
together with apparently the utmost cor
diality and without the least sign of dis
like of one another. Trom a quarter to
one-third ot the population of Havana are
negroes of various shades. At any public
gathering , political , religious or school , you
will see Ilttlo or no discrimination of color.
It Is the same on the horsecars , lines of
which run from the heart of the city to
Iirco or four of the most Important sub
urbs. It has struck mo on tbo whole as .
the most perfect exhibition of human '
equality Imaginable. Among the working
classes white men and black women , and
vice versa , marry without thu least hesita
tion , or quite as often llvo together and
raise families of children without marriage.
Young people of both colors , > oung mon
and women , are often seen walking and
chatting together freely on the streets of
evenings. It Is very doubtful If the state of
things will continue with education and
general development. There Is already ob
jection made among the better-to-do clasi-es
to the Intermingling of the black and white
chlldron In the now public schools about to
bo opened Separation of them In the
echoold , Mr. Tryo told mo , would be Impos
sible , but socially the separation will take
place of Hi own accord b > and by , though
probably without race ostracism.
There are not man > signs now of the. ie-
concent i ados In Havana The city authori
ties have an establishment In which more
than 200 are taken care of , in a poor sort
of a way , It Is true , and are being taught to
read and wrlto , and a little further knowl
edge Some are being eared foi by private
persons , otheib till ! run the streets , picking
up their living as thej can. 1 aw four of
them one evening huddled together for the
night under one of the tolonadw The
number In Havana la variously estimated at
from 2,000 to 0,000 The problem of educa
tion for these roconcentrado children Is not
dlffcruit from that of all the chlldrrn of
the common classes The care of them In
other vvas until they arc old enough to
gain their own living Is the- great desidera
tum
If Its value > ou want send to your dealer
for a cato of Cook's Imperial Champagnn
Uztra Dry , Uoquet exquisite.
BUKItD BliNWH THE SAXDS
Homes of Ancient Pcoplo Hidden in an
Arizona Desert.
SAID TO CONTAIN RELICS OF RARE VALUE
Conuireii ViKcil to TnKc step * for
'Ihelr l'rc iirnllnii , ' > Menu * of
n \tiilnmtl I'nrli Work ut
tillVlll'lelll l.
A petition has been presented to congress
asking that steps bo taken to protect the
burled cities of a wonderful prehistoric race
In southern Arizona. It Is hoped that con
gress will create n government reservation
or park which will cmbraco several of the
best preserved remains of largo cities In the
( Ilia vallcj. The famous ruin of n prehis
toric temple nt Casa Orande has been sue-
ctscfullj , preserved by the creation of a
government patk of four acres. Without
this protection it would probably have been
obllteiatcd now.
Many Americans familiar with the de
tails of the unearthing of the temples at
Nil cv oh and the explorations at Habjlon
and Thebes have little or no knowledge con
cerning the remains of prehistoric communi
ties In the west In their own counlrj. In
the ( Jlln and Salt river vallejs of southcin
Ailrona , sa s an Arizona correspondent of
th Chicago Inter-Ocean , aie relics of mjs-
tcrlous intered vvtilth b.itilo Investigation
an I they uro being hacked Ij pieces and
* ' " ' * " " '
'
' 1 *
"
" *
\ . "v \ . , ? ' ' % *
"
ites : > lrv" * > . vMtyv" ?
October 15 to April 15 the snow plow a make
two trips dally. The two hundred and oild
mllea of the division are divided into four
sections with a rotary and a "bucker" to
each section. This system , together -with
the aid afforded by gangs of trackmen and
Bhovelore , tervos to , keep the road compara
tively clear.
nront Suou Nlldei.
The ordinary fall of snow and even the
banking and drifting nro of small impor
tance , however , to the terrific slides which
occur from time to time. It is these
phenomena which send n thrill over the cn-
tlro line and cause ns much interest and
excitement In the general manager's olllco as
In that of the section boss of the locality.
Mountain railroads are built for the most
part along the banks of some convenient
stream. This necessitate a long and
sinuous roadbed directly at the bases of innumerable -
numerable mountain peaks.
The almost continuous fall of snow during
the winter months In the upper reaches
caused the eloping summits and In the
crevasses. In time a strong breeze from u
particular quaitcr , or a sudden ribo ot tem
perature will loosen the mass and without
warning hundreds of tons will slide down
upon the tracks at the foot of the mountain
In the majority of cases Uio only damage
resulting la the blocking1 of the road until
the plowH can clear It , but at times lives
can led away piecemeal , because Americans
know little about them mid the government
dors not care. They have been more rap
idly effaced dining the last dozen jears
than In the prevloiib century. The ranch
men and the farmer are clearing the lander
or prehistoric walls and .excavations to BOW
wheat and alfalfa crops. Jlodern Irriga
tion sjstems arc demolishing aboriginal
nias.teipiei.es of masonrj and cuilo hunters
are hacking to pieces mural works and dig
ging into ancient tombs , merely to get some
thing uncommon to keep or sell. Every
curio store In the southwest has for sale
great heaps of relics from Arizona's buried
Clt'OB '
On a broad sloping plain beginning at the
confluence of the Olla and Salt rlvcis , forty-
two miles from Phoenix , are the gieatest
rilii" of the prehistoric towns Some men of
science eay these towns were built In the
stone age. Others sa > they existed 7.000
jcurs ago Thcio are outlines of two towns
among the sandj wastes that must hue
had populations of10,000 and DO.OOO each ,
while there are a lulf dozen other ruined
towns of ' 0,000 population Their builders
had n. high degieo of engineering skill.
Huge trees woio transported to them from
forests blxty miles away , great masses of
stone were brought from far-off quarries.
StMtcm ofnelent CniinlH.
For about ninety square miles the Olla
valley Is an aggregation of ruins Irrigation
rannlb , the oldest known In the clvlllred
world , nro found throughout the region.
These walerwajs were built with exactness
and skill The largest has been sadly torn
( o pieces In the lost fewjears by the ranch
men , but it still shows the wonders of its
construction. It has an average width of
seven feet , It Is sixty miles long and It term- ! I
nates in a reservoir n mlle long and a half j )
a mile wide. Think of the enormous labor of | i
constructing such n cnnal and reservoir
with fitono Implements and of carrying the
excavated earth away In wicker baskets !
Hut that IB only one of seventeen distinct
prehistoric Irrigation sjsloms in the Glla
v.illoy.
The slzo of these canals gives somp idea
of the scale on which these people conducted
their agricultural operations They con
structed on artificial river to bupply the
water which their crops required They
grow great quantities of coin and they also
raised brans as well us two or three va
rieties of squashes. Prof. McOco of the
Smithsonian Institution thinks It probable
that they kept the guanaco In domestica
tion and evidences are found which Indl-
cato pretty certainly that they had turkeys.
Ono may vvulk for miles In this region and
find foot of the
oveiy sandy surface more
or less mixed with pieces nf broken pot
tery. The paint Is still on them and It Is
not In the least faded , though It has lain
exposed for ages.
In the nelghboihood of Tempo an over-
How from the Olla at some distant period
wabhed against the rilliiH until they crum
bled and were spread out level with the
tountrj. Back ten miles from the Olla
river the ground It > higher and was once
the site of a cltj Portions of the hurled
city wall by which It was protected are
mill btnndlng. nioro than twenty feet In
thlcknees Inside are. the mound-llko ruins
of the houses , which , being less durable ,
have crumbled The buildings must have
bora very large- , for In EO-IIO Instances the
mounds nro 300 feet In length by 200 In width
and twenty feet In height Much of the
country Is very little higher than the pres
ent bed of the Olla
and at ono tlmo a
branch of that stream must have ( lowed
Into a basin whl oil formed a natural r ea
rn oir There was a rise of about ten feet
at one point between the basin and the
river and the sandstone formation shows
unmistakable falgns of having been cut bj
artlll lal moans , perhaps with the Idea of
assisting the entrance/ / the water by en
larging the pasbage rive canals If ad out
of the basin , all on tbo south and west ,
vvhkh confirm the belief that It was once
a loservulr formed chiefly by nature and
used to store water against the periods of
drouth
< hnlii of Hurled I Mien.
The latu IMward 8 Hottume. who came
from Albanj N V as a poor drug clerk
In 1S6S. and made n fortune of several hun
dred thousand dollars In the an lent tllver
mines near Hermoslllo , Mexico , did more
than nnjoneIn thp west t > reveal the wonderful -
derful treaiure of anthropological and
archaeological materlil In these preblst iric
mouiiiln for scientific dlcoovert-M Mr Hoi-
tume became an enthusiast In Artec lore
while he wan mining In Mexico nml , when
ho was rich ho spent ninny thounandu of
dollars In exploration of the vast field ot
American burled cities. Under his pitronngo
nn expedition located a chain of burled
cities , varjliiR from 10 000 to 20,000 popula
tion , southward from C sn Orande , across
the burning desert of today to the boundary
line between the United Slates and Mexico.
Unfortunately Mr Dotlumo fell 111 and died
when he had almost finished his plan for
devoting half of his vvcilth to a vigorous
Investigation of prehistoric remains.
The expedition that worked during the
winters of 1S9G-07-BS. under the patron
age of Mr Hottume , In the neighborhood of
Mrea , n little town In the eastern part of
Marlcopa county , revealed vast possibilities
for scientific Investigation In these buried
communities. The slto of the Investigations
was wlnt l known as the Mesa Orande , or
big upland , between the two principal rlvew
In upper Arlrona , the Olla and the Silt ,
whose combined current finds vent In tho.
Illo Colorado at Yuma. One of tbo seven
burled titles thcie Is knows ns Las Atequlas.
It covers an urea nearly two miles ami a
half equal e , and probably once had about
23,000 people Uxploratlon shows that the
great artificial cannle , which wore arteries of
commerce and agrlcultuie , were elnboratclj
terraced Millions of cobblestones were used
to retain the canal banks An army of
thousands of men and women must have
spent months , perhaps jeirs , In carrying
loads of stone In wicker baskets on their
backs from the distant places to the bulks.
The largest canal leading to I.as Accqulas
consisted of n central ditch llvo feet In
width at the bottom mul broadening above
to thirty feet. It was fourteen feet deep.
It was twenty-four miles long It termi
nated In u closed reservoir of n mlle In
length by half a mlle wide. The construc
tion of such a work nowadajs would be tu
mean engineering enterprise llut the vast-
nets of the undertaking by a llltlo city
vvheie only stone Implements for digging
and wicker baskets for transportation were
known Is extraordinary.
IiiKi-nlotiN Work l i\llncl Itucc.
The nottumo exporatloiis also revealed
the Interesting manner In which the mjs-
tcrious race protected its canals .ig.iliitit
scipage of water therefrom , for water ob-
lali'ed at such phjslcal expense is very
piccioiis in any communltj , ancient or mol-
crn To render the clay beds of the canals
Impervious it was llrst puddled and then ,
by means of burning brush and wood ( gath
ered in that hot arid region only by the
inoEt arduoi.3 labor ) , U was burned to a
tcira-cotta consistency. The Hottume ex-
pcd'tlon ' proved the fact that the prehistoric
people used tlieli canals for navigation.
The enormous cedar timbers that are jet
found in these wonderful towns came fiom
mountains 5,000 feet high and about seventy
miles distant There was no way to get
them to the places of their use but by float
ing them down the rivers and through the
canals. The course of the smaller canals
may now bo traced , centuries after they
have been filled with sand and vegetation ,
by means of small block pebbles placed
along tbo inner banks by the Inhabitants ,
In the belief , held by the Zunls now , that
they assist the motion of the cm rents , a.
belief duo to n mistaken idea of cause and
eifect and huggcsted by the sight of stones
rolling In running brooks
The explorations of Prof. Adolphus * E.
Bandolier and Mr. Bottumo shows clearly
that these prehistoric towns extended along
tln sides of the main canal for a great
distance , In proportion to their width , and
were situated on the outer edge of the cul-
ti-atcd tract , which Included all the Inter
vening land to the river. The towns all
corslsted of enormous citadel or temple
buildings within clusters of dwellings in
walled Inclosurcs , which In turn were sur
rounded by the thatched huts of laboreis
Stone and sun-dried bricks were used as
building material and tbo main earthen
vvnllii were formed within a framework of
timber and wattled cane ; thus , their archi
tecture was derived , like their pottcrj , from
original basket tjpes. The best preserved
walls show that the houses in largo com
munal blocks , 300 or 100 feet long by 200
feet wide , and possibly larger , built three
or four stories high , of adobe bricks without
admixture of straw. They weio situated
near the canal or Its branches , were some
times provided with a special reservoir , and
In all cases had ono or two pits or ovens
for cooking purposes The walls were prob
ably protected from climatic Influences by
cement of some kind. The citadel structures
are thought , from the thickness of the
walls and the amount of debris , to have
been six or seven stories high and to have
bren used in tlmo of war as a place of
refuge. In each city was also another largo
public edifice , oval in form , forty or fifty
feet In diameter and conjectured to have
been a tcmplo of the sun.
The relics taken from tbe exhumed
houses , citadels and tombs by the explorers
Include pottery , stone Implements , tur
quoises and other stones held In esteem ,
shells and shell ornaments and human and
animal icmalns Many Inscriptions have
been found on the rocks throughout central -
tral Arl/ona. They are i/urely of a ro-
llglous significance , showing characteristic
attitudes of the people at certain festivals
and sacrifices and disclosing nothing of u
narrative or historic nature. They give no
Idea of the ordinary mannei of drc ° s or of
the textllo fabric employed , but show the
priestly gown to have been n long robe
richly embroidered. A few fragments of
cotton cloth have been found preserved
from decay and also several specimens of
basketry. The American Museum of Natural
History In New York has the finest collec
tion of pottery jet gathered In these hurled
communities. The pottery Is largely ob
tained In pyral mounds and graves. As
many as 200 urns have been found In a
single mound. The designs nio .still In two
among a few of the- more secluded Indian
tribes In the southwest
MIIIIJ Vnliinhle HcllcM round.
Ilrpresentntlons are found In the rock
Inscriptions and In torra-cotta Images of
nn animal that was undoubtedly used as
a beast of buidcn This beast lesemnlcd
the llama nf South America Spanish
writero at the tlmo of the conquests by I
Cortez and Plzarro speak of the oxhtcneo
of vvcoien cloth among Pueblo Indians and
as nothing has been disclosed Indicating
contact with the whlte.s it Is presumed that
these people hail domesticated the llama.
If this Is so , It establishes n connection be
tween thnio people In Arizona and the Peru
vians It also proves that either those pre
historic Arizona pcoplo were of great an
tiquity , or else there existed an animal of
the- llama species In North Ameiica much
later than Is supposed by natural historians
The twenty-seven skeletons that the
Hottumo expedition secured and the bun Ireda
of others that curio dealers and museum
men have dug up show that the people were
small In Mature and that their skulls were
brachy-ccphalous ( or broader across than
lengthwise ) , llko three of the Xunls , Aztecs
and Peruvians. Some of tbo sknllH have a
llttlu extra hone In the back part of the
head a peculiarity of the Incag am ! known
as tbo Inta bone This fact Indicates a
close relationship between the jnjsterlotu
race In Arizona anil tbe civilization of
America
K B Thtrkldd , health Inspector of Chicago
cage , sajs , "Kodol Djgpepsia furo cannot
bo recommended too blgblj It cured me
of nevern dyspepsia I ( digcMis what you
eat and cures Indigestion , heartburn and
all forms of djEpepela ,
'
'
WHITE FOR THE BEE ON THE
To begin the new ycnr , 1900 , THE BEE announces
a number of great special articles , fttlJy illustrated.
Each of them is written by a man celebrated the
world over , each discusses a topic of universal in
terest , each reviews itt some degree the progress of
the century now closing.
Vf. T. STEAD ,
Pot * Editor of thu "I'niilNti Kevictv of Reviews , "
January 7th ON
"Breaking Through the Veil. "
vvltli n lirlcf rev ! > of tin * proKrrxN < > ( ( In * countr ; In
clcnce , Mr. Stem ! lend * ujMvnril throuurli Hip itinrvrl * of tlu > mntrr-
lul norlil , ( olirnplij , IrlciilmncIlnj , UK * tclcIrotroHcoiio mill
i > Iroli' * * Iclourni'li J i < < > tlio Iiortlrrlmiil Junt IIPJ oml to ( ho iionnl-
lillltlcn of ( lloilRlit triitiflfiTcnoc or ( oli'imt li > , the wlrrlri IvIrR-
riiplij of tlioiiKlif. Ill * itrciKMiln the clinic nnlijrol of linjoliln rr-
pitrvli ni It iipiieurN ut the oml of I IKronlurj In tin * tU > nr < * nt nml
llinot COIM I lie I ii ir ill n nil cr. In thli article * tin * rltr nlm > ulvrs Ihn
vxnH iiicllioilH of commuiilentlnir lij Irlcimtli * , no ( lint nnjoiir tnnjr
practice It.
. T. STEAD ,
Editor of the "Hnglisli Kcview of Reviews"
For ON
January 14th "True [ incidents of Thought
Transference/ '
Thin IH mi iiminiinl nrrl < * < < of lllttor-ilnj Khont Ntorlrn , ( ; ! * IMR n
clciillllc account of iiimij. notable InntnnrcN of tclcimthj , of ilnal
rniliotlliiirnt , nml of niiiinrltloiin , MIIIII * of which came under the
rvrlter'H i-ornonril observation. The article nliio trent * fully of
mcthociM of incilliini nrltlnzr.
HENRY M. STANLEY ,
The World's ( Jrsatest Explorer ,
For OX
January 2st "The Unexplored Regions of
the World. "
In Ihl * Hlorj , of the iimllKcoi ereil the norlifH itroatont explorer
rtcicrlhex dome of the tnnUn nil I eh the Keonrnplier of he 20th cen.
< nrj imiMt miltc. He telln with crn'ihlu Intercut of the honker of
< he natloiiN for A'rlrn , how ileemle l ileende. the UnallNh , < ha
OerinmiN. the Trench , lin < * heeii croMilliiK ; ileeper mul deeper Into
the JmiRli nml jet ICII\IIK innt nrenn nlinont mitoiicheil. Illx ne-
comit of the commercial mill Helentlflc
poMNlhllltlcM of mi ill nearer ed
South America , \uxluilla. Mherln , In of n 1.1 nil to ( Ire the IninRlnn-
tloii of Hie j mincer generation hleh imiNt M > le thene | > ri > blcm .
The article i > lll he erj fullj Illllat ralcil with mnpi mul with the
latent portrait of the author.
Dr. CYRUS EDSON ,
Famous Chief of New York Health Department ,
For ON
January 28th "Medicine in the Closing Year of
the Nineteenth Centary. "
A rn ; > lil anil fnnflnntliiK Kiirej of the recent iiNlonlnliliiK nc-
enmllNliiiicnl lit medicine nml "iirccrj , with nil linnluablc nnni-
in ii r 5 of the -\er.i Intent inethoiin of treatment of no me of ( he more
Important illNcaxcH. "Cnu tjphold fever he ourcilt" "What nre the
i-luiiiccu of r < * cote.r > In pneumonia { " "Uoen 1'nnteur'ii Innaulnilon
reallj core rnhlen ; " Theiie ifiientlonn nml mini } other * equally Irn-
Iiortttiit nml interendnur nre nil miimercil by one of ( he urrenteiit
nf Ainurlcmi mithoi Itlen In incillclne ami In the llftht of ( he orld'
latent U mm I cilice.
Dr.FREDERICK A. COOK
For Famous Antarctic Explorer ,
February 4th ON
"Walking to the Pole. "
Dr. C.'onU heller CM that ( he pole will llnnlly he reached Iijr u
inriU purl ) of AnicrlumiH on foot ) he ul > e In thU nrtlcle the
rcr.noM for thin belief ; tcllx it hut cuiilpmeiit IN nece nry nml how
IOIIK ii ( line will he ncceftHnry ( o complete ( he expedition. The nr
tlcle IH , In nhort , n elenr nml cmic.lne prcnriitnlloii of ( he very latent
coiiclimloiiH of exnlorem on ( he problem nf the pole * . It will he
rlchlj Illustrated wllh picture * tiiUen h > Dr. Conic In ( he Ice revloni
PROF. N. S. SHALER ,
For Famous Geologist of Harvard ,
February llth ON
"The Earth's Deepest Depths. "
fill In article promUc * ( o he of much morn than ordinary Intercut.
Immediately following Prof. Shaler's article ,
there will be articles by SIR NORJVIAN LOCKYER ,
England's greatest astronomer ; by PROF. JOHN
DEWAR , the famous Chemist , who was the first to
liquefy hydrogen ; and by several other men equal
ly celebrated.