THE FIELD OP ELECTRICITY
Expert Analysis of the Marconi System of
Wireless Telegraphy ,
RIVALS FOR THE ITALIAN'S ' HONOR
Aluminum Wire CnmltiK Into 1'nc n *
ft Snhntltnte for Copper Coming
Train Light CnfitH MB
Shadow llcforci
In the Popular Science Monthly for No
vember , Prof. John Trowbrldge of Harvard
university discusses the method of com
munication which is now so closely ntco-
clated with Marconi's name. Prof. Trow-
bridge Is so well known for his own ro-
Bearchca Into electrical phenomena and for
the caution which characterizes his state
ments about such matters that his utter
ances will command confidence ns well ns
rospoct. ,
Ono of the most Interesting fcnture-s of the
nrticlo in question Is its explanation of the
function of the vertical wire with which
Marconi so greatly enhanced the efficiency
of his apparatus. In the first experiments
with Hertz wave telegraphy It was supposed
that tlbratlons which conveyed the mes-
sngo from ono station to the other proceeded
only from the "spark gap" of the Induction
cell an Interval of n few Inches betwdcn
two brass knobs. But Prof. Trowbrldgo
nolnts out. that the vibrations extend un
the vertical wlro and pass out Into space
horizontally from its whole length. The
vibrations nro not apparent to the cyo.
The wlro does not move But the electro
magnetic impulses travel along the metal
and then are thrown oft In concentric cir
cles Into the ether a series of ripples like
those proceeding from a stone dropped Into
the middle of a pond. Each wave Is a
continuous affair from the bottom to the
top of the wire.
SoJ too. at the receiving end , It Is not
'
more'ly the tiny "coherer" that picks up
the waves , but the entire piece of wire at
tached thereto. Its vertical position and
length render it peculiarly susceptible to
the Incoming disturbance of the ether. The
vibrations , thus caught , are convoyed along
the Wire to the coherer and Influence that
device very much as the engineer's hand
does a valve In a steamplpe. The current
of a local battery , flowing through a short
circuit at the receiving station , Is thus
enabled to actuate a "sounder" and the
message Is ticked oft as in ordinary teleg
raphy ,
FooufiliiB the WnrcB.
When ono recognizes that the source from
which the waves proceed Is not the spark
gap .alone , but the vertical wire also , ho
perceives that It Is practically Impossible to
catch and focus them as the rays of a search
light are concentrated. There has been
some attempt at that sort of thing , but It
Prof. Trowbrldge Is correct such efforts
are futile. These vibrations which go out
directly from the spark gap can thus be
focussed , but not those from the wlro. The
use of a parabolic mirror , therefore , would
Deem to be unavailing , cither In increasing
the range of the transmitter or In Insuring
secrecy. That electro-magnetic waves are
thrown off laterally along the entire verti
cal wire has been demonstrated afresh at
the Jefferson laboratory. Prof. Trowbrldgo
places sensitive plates so that the wire can
pierce them at the center and then sprinkles
Iron filings on them. When the Induction
cell Is put Into operation and electromagnetic
netic waveH are sent up the wire they com
pel the Iron filings to arrange themselves in
concentric' ' circles around the wire. The ar
rangement of fho latter .Js then recorded by °
photography. TnTs Vjuect can lie secured'
ny part cf the wire.
The only method of which Prof. Trow
brldge can conceive for extending the dis
tance to which messages can be sent by the
Mnrconl system Is one that would Intensify
the shock given to the wlro by the spark.
There Is a close analogy between tbe be
havior cf electro-imagnctlc waves and sound
wavct1. To be sure , the latter are enor
mously slower and lees frequent than the
former. And sound Is transmitted only by
matter. It will not go through a vacuum.
But Hertz waves are propagated by that
attenuated medium which Is supposed to
fill Interstellar space , the ether. However ,
there are many points of resemblance be
tween them.
For instance , if a piano string is struck
feebly the note which It emits will bo audi
ble at only a short distance. But the more
vigorous and more abrupt the stroke the
further the sound will travel. 'A ' spark
always proceeds from the gap opened In an
ordinary electric circuit whenever a break
la made. And simultaneously a few waves
are communicated to the surrounding ether.
They may be very feeble , but they are
generated at least. The suddenness of the
stoppage of the current haa something to
do with the force of the o waves. Hence
electricians have sought for means of In
terruption which should give the most con
spicuous effects. The old Induction cell
yields a more Intense surrent than can be
obtained otherwise and modern attachments
to It Impart a peculiar sharpness to the
break. Now Prof. Trow bridge thinks that
only by developing this method further can
the rango' of wireless telegraphy be ex
tended. The Instrument known as a relay ,
by means of which messages transmitted by
the Morse system can be repeated and thus
sent beyond the station at which they are
first received , Is not applicable to tbe Mar-
conl plan.
The possibility of maintaining secrecy in
communication is considered briefly by the
Harvard expsrt. He deems It credible that
some day the frequency of the waves will
bo so controlled that only a receiving In
strument attuned to this rate will respond
and no other receiver will be sensitive to
n given transmitter. Marconi nnd others
have talkeJ of this a good deal and wide
difference ! ) of opinion have been expressed
wlthlne the last two years about the feasi
bility of achieving the result. But froni
tbo way In which Prof. Trowbrldgo speaks
It is to bo Inferred that as yet the thing
has not actually been done. Thus far moat
of the experiments made with Hertz wave
telegraphy have aimed to enlarge , not to
limit Us ecope >
Other Claimant * .
I view ot tbo number of Inventors who
now claim to have discovered tbo one perfect
method of transmitting signals through
space on the wings ol the ether , a comic
paper's ateortlon that "wireless telegraphy
Is in the air" would seem to bo Justitled.
An Oklahoma man claims to have a system
ot great simplicity , by means of which ho
can talk with towns sixty miles across
country. Ducretct , the French experimenter ,
prophesies that transatlantic cables will
teen 'ba abandoned In favor ot bta system ,
> < nr which will carry wireless messages from
Paris to New York , He needs only two
poles 3,000 feet high , ono at either terminus ;
or. If this height la a trifle inconvenient ,
ho will have a pole only 1,200 feet high
planted In mldocean and keep a man there
to transmit messages. A part of his sys
tem Is an automatic recorder , which will
collect all the messages coming along while
tlio man is sleeping BO that he can illnpatch
them to their destination when he gets
up. The assertion and prophecies of Teslu
-r'r ire familiar to the public and other Inventors
mo equally confident of being on tbe eve
of great accomplishments. To the emi
nently practical American mind tbo supreme
claim to consideration Is the quality to "get
thero" and hence , Marconi Is the central
figure in the new system of signaling through
the air. Ilia .irt.ethod , however , though eft
fectlve , la at pjeeent slow , and Chundei
Hose , the eminent I djao protector , aayc
that the coherer practice on which Marconi
follcs , reiembles the steam engine practice
of the days when boys worked the valves.
The coherer now uacd depends upon the
action of a mechanical tapper , which shakes
down the particles of nickel anil silver
filings within the current of the relay after
ono signal has pageed on and makes the
coherer ready to re-celvo the next electrical
Impu1t , In this way say ten words a
minute on the Morao code can bo trans
mitted. Prof. Chundcr Dose says that when
the coherer has been Invented that will
automatically and promptly decohere , wire-
legs signaling will make just that same ad
vance upon Its present condition that the
steam engine made when automatic valves
came Into u e. It Is believed by electric
ians that perfecting of such an Invention
will not long bo delayed.
Train I.lnhtlnu.
A new system of train lighting shows an
enormous advance on all previous methods.
U embodies the old Idea of generating elec
tric current by the revolution of the rar
axle , but with an effectiveness never before
attained. Whereas In early systems the
current for lighting has been generated by a
-dynamo In the baggage car , run by power
from the locomotive , the car would lose Its
light as soon as It was detached from the
train ; but now every car carries Its own
light-creating plant , being fitted with a
dynamo nnd n storage battery. When the
train Is standing still the car IB lighted
from the storage battery. As soon as the
train attains n speed of twelve miles an
hour the dyn&mo Is automatically connected
with tbo mechanism which transmits the
power of the revolving axle nnd the lights
and then fed directly from it. This does
not In any way lose en tbe speed of the
train or call for nny additional power from
the engine. A whole car full of lights can
thus bo kept burning all night It need be
at a merely nominal cost , and the ordinary
expenses of maintenance are saved , as no
electrician Is needed , the dynamo and stor
age battery both being regulated auto
matically. A five-minutes Inspection of the
battery every six weeks meets every re
quirement. The battery will keep seven
teen llghjs burning for twelve hours If the
car is at'rest. . The objection has been
raised that If the train -were snowed In the
battery would quickly became exhausted
and the cars would be left in darkness. It
is pointed out that this objection loses Its
force from the fact that the number ot
lights could bo reduced and the ears could
bo lighted from the battery alone for over
n week much more brighter than they are
now by lamps or eyen gas.
EliKllnh Telephone Service.
The agitation which has long raged In
London for an Improvement In the telephone -
phone service has bo ne fruit In several
ways. Not only has the government de
cided to establish a system In London to
compete with the existing monopoly and to
grant municipalities licenses to establish
and work their own exchange systems , but
the monopollet company has been beset on
every hand by the local authorities , some
of whom have refused to renew permission
to the company to continue Its wires and
poles In their districts unless a more satis
factory service la given. All thess things
have been working together for the good of
telephonic communication generally , which
certainly stands In need of cultivation In
this country , and the company has been
awakened to the seriousness of its position ,
tor It has begun to give Increased attention
to the Interests of the ordinary user of Us
service , and particularly to the very small
user. It has Just announced that It pro
poses to Introduce on January 1 next a
new rate ot charges , so that the man who
only uees his Instrument a few times a week
will not have to pay the same as the man
who calls up a hundred or so per week. In
other words , instead of the prevailing high
yearly charge , the "small consumer" will
be ? able 'to 'pay dawn a yearly fee ° of only
$17.50 as a "retainer" eo to speAk , and
above and beyond this he will pay 2 cents
for each time ho carries on a conversation
over the lines. The company announces
that this alteration can only apply to the
provincial towns and districts , not to Lon
don. The reason of this is that the com
pany has some apprehension as to the ef
fect upon Its London eysttca of the com
petitive system now being arranged by the
government.
Sitlmtlttitc for Copper Wire.
Aluminum Is to have Its first Important
trial as a commercial conductor of electric
ity on the Northwestern elevated road In
Chicago. The Record of that city reports
twenty miles of inch-and-a-half cables
150,000 pounds of tbe light-weight silvery
stuff are to be strung along the seven miles
of steel trcatlo between Wilson avenue and
the We-lls street bridge , to dlstrubute the
motive power to the trolley rails of the
now road. Two carloads of cable wound
on giant spools have already been received
and stored near the Fullerton avenue power
house ready for laying when the Northwest
ern structure has been coupled up with the
Union loop.
Aluminum , so recently classed with the
soml-preclous metals , on account ot the
cost ol its production , displaces Its copper
rival on the new road because of Its cheap
ness. Copper has almost doubled In price
within a twelvemonth , while the lighter
metal has dropped a shade In the scale. If
the Northwestern had equipped Its structure
a year ago It would have need copper cables
similar to those which carry the electricity
on the South Side , Metropolitan and Lake
street lines.
James R. Chapman , the electrical onglneer
In charge of the new road , says aluminum
will carry the electrlo load Just as well as
copper would and will take less money out
ot tbo stockholders' pockets. He Said :
"After copper , aluminum is the host con
ductor among the cheaper metals , A poor
conductor conaumes'and wastes tbe current
as It passes through and for that icason Is
commercially Impossible. An aluminum wire
will carry without friction about sixty per
cent of the current load which copper wire
ot the same diameter will carry , To carry
equal loads the aluminum w4re must be
about two-thirds larger than the copper con
ductor. The best Iron wlro would have to
be six times larger to accommodate the samu
current. Now copper weighs three-and-a-
third times as much as aluminum. 00 that
an aluminum wire of any given capacity
would weigh only halt as much as a copper
wlro designed to carry the same load. With
aluminum at approximately 30 cents a pound
and copper at 18 cents , the economy of
employing aluminum is evident. It has the
additional advantages ot being lighter to
handle and of being non-corrosive. "
Until a Chicago man Invented a solder for
aluminum a perfect Joint between two
pieces of aluminum cable was impossible ,
according to Mr. Chapman. There are three
solder * manufactured by eastern firrue , but
all of them deteriorate with age and require
renewing at intervals. Henry Qronlmus , a
stcnmfitter living at 0 Recs street , Is tbe
man who found the right mixture of an
timony , zinc , tin and various other metals ,
Mr , Chapman believes the Oronlmus solder
Is nearly perfect and tbe inventor ban been
engaged to epllce all tbe big supply -wires
of the system. The Gronlmus solder , Mr.
Chapman thinks , will give a new Impetus
to the manufacture of cooking utensils of
aluminum by providing for satisfactory
joints heretofore the weak point In alumi
num wares ,
The white metal Is replacing copper In a
thousand electrical machines , wherever
great tenelle strength and conductivity In
email space U not absolutely necessary. U
Is used In the gasoline engines and electric
motors of horseless carriages. More- than
2,000 companies in the United States are
working aluminum up Into novelties , tags ,
medals , cigar cases , toilet articles and
household utensils. If time Is given , it will
be possible to order almost anything from
a torpedo boat to a thimble la aluminum.
IMUfPT I I I 11 t T1fAI < I'l-PIM
UuSTALLiZAriON Ot ( STEEL
DiccoTcry of an Elcotrioil Method of
Checking It.
, DEA LVOLVED FROM A TIRED RAZOR
of nil Italian Knglncer
Icud tn Important ItcnultM Why
Iron nnd Steel llccnnic an
Ilrlttlc an Ulnx * .
Scientific engineers have been much pre
occupied by a danger that logically must
oxlst In the aKy-scrapcr , The whole
strength and substance of thle class of
buildings are In the steel nnd Iron framework -
work which forms the feature ol their con-
structloni And steel nnd wrought Iron
when put to certain uses have an uncanny
tendency to lose their most valuable prop
erties. Under particular conldtlona they are
liable to become ns worthless , as far as
resistance li concerned , as thin glass or
papier-mache ,
Over and over again bridges built of steel
have collapsed , thick piston shafts In trans-
atlantlc liners have snapped like so many
wands nnd driving rods on steam engines
have given way In the meat unaccountable
manner. The phenomenon to which this Is
duo Is called bv engineers the crystalliza
tion of the stool nnd wrought Iron. They
have not been able to explain It. They
simply know thnt It Is there and they have
given It a name.
The steel In a oky-scraper Is exactly In
the conditions which am fnvnr.ih1a to
crystallization. These buildings are of com
paratively recent Invention nnd in none ot
them , fortunately , has a catastrophe yet
occurred to act ns a warning. But the
danger Is there and , worse than all , tlio
tests which can usually be applied where
crystallization IB nuspacted are here out ot
the question.
On Brooklyn bridge and other structures
of the kind , tn the engine rooms of steam
ers , In factories where big machinery Is
used , engineers make periodical tours ot
Inspection and test the hard metals. Out
wardly the steel Is ns solid nnd resisting as
ever , but a blow of a light hammer on a
shaft four Inches In dlamoter will some
times smash It ns It It had been a slender
rod of glass. This , Is when the steel is
crystallized.
Tcntlnic Impossible In Sity-SornpcrH.
In cur lofty buildings there can be no
testing with a hammer , as the steel IB coated
with brick or stone. Herein Is the great
danger to the "sky-scraper. "
Many and many a mjsterlous accident In
the past was due to this strange peculiarity
LU-i /
The infetrufiftl Solenoid ,
used by .019. Taollj.rp ; combat
the crv rallj ( < triof\ of sfeel
DIAGRAM SHOWING PRINCIPLE OF'THE '
NEW 'BLEOTiRI'CA'L ' ' TREATMENT OF
STEEL.
of the hard metals. All the world learned
with shudders of horror the dramatic details
cf that tragic catastrophe , when on a stormy
Christmas ave the Tay bridge opened in its
center and a tralnful of iiollday passengers
was precipitated to an awful doom. Tuo
storm had only a trifling share in the dis
aster. It was the crystallization of the steel
supports on the bridge which caused the
dreadful calamity.
An Italian electrical engineer , SIgnor
Emilia Faelli , who made a fortune in this
country , and has now returned to his native
land to enjoy it , has Just madn a dUcovery
which Is of the utmost interest In the pres
ent connection. SIgnor Faelli has found out
a means of effectively preventing crystalliza
tion , and one , bo says , which Is just as
applicable to sky-scrapers as to bridges or
ordinary machinery.
The subject had engaged his attention
while he was yet In this country , but It was
only on his native soil that he was able to
devote that study to it which has finally
resulted In success.
"Tired" IlrldKen CollapHe ,
A bridge At Setro Ponente , about ten miles
to the north of Genoa , collapsed on three
different occasions within a dozen years.
Another bridge near Pavla. had only Just
been constructed and was being tested when
It snapped In the middle and nearly 200 per
sons ran the risk of beingdrowned. . Both
were metal bridges , Into the construction of
which steel supports largely entered , Over
the former bridge a heavy railroad traffic
dally passed , and 'tho latter was parallel and
quite close to a atone bridge used exclusively
for goods trains ,
SIgnor FaoIll's reasoning was that crystal
lization of the steel had begun In both cases.
and that , at least in part , It must have been
duo to the shock or vibration caused by the
great railroad traffic. On this hypothesis he
started to study the exact nature of crystal
lization and the remedy that might bo ap
plied to it.
"Steel , " argued the engineer , "lies
obviously on the borderland of crystalliza
tion , H Is , however , the metal which , from
Its wonderful quality of tenaolty , Is meat ap
plicable to the general run of metallic struc
tures. That very tenacity Is mainly due tea
a alight admixture of carbon. And the action
of the carbon can only be to change the
ordinary molecular structure of the original
iron. The effect of vibration consequently
can only be to disturb the 'molecular ar
rangement produced by 'the carbon. The
property of tenacity 10 then lo t , and the re-
suit In the new disposition of the atoms la
termed by us crystallization. "
How He Ileirnii to Search ,
The Italian engineer started his researches
by endeavoring to find ( something which by
admixture with crucible iron would prevent
oxydatlon , On this he has bad much sue.
CCNJ , He hopes to take out patents on his
discoveries in the matter , and Is consequently
quently not yet ready to make It public.
But tbo subject wherein he has achieved
a veritable triumph , and which Is now for
the first time published In the present
article , namely , the solution of the mystery
of cristalllzatlon , was due at the outset tea
a mere accident ,
Awaiting his turn in a barber's shop ID
Pavla one day a few months ago he beard
the knight of the razor grow vehemently
abusive because his best blade would not do
its ordinary work. In America he had heard
barbers talk of a "tired razor , " and here he
was In the presence of a similar phenome
non , and It s t htm thinking , U Is a long
i time since It was first observed that a high
| grade razor sometimes gives out , ' and that
all the stropping In the world and all the
coaxing will not Induce it to cut a single
i hair , Barbers say that the razor In that
j case Is "tired , " They put It away on a shelf
i fcr a month or two , and on trying It after
that period of rest they find that it has re
covered all its pristine worth.
SIgnor Faelli jumped at the conclusion
that thin razor was Buffering from crystal ,
llzatlon produced by overwork , nnd that rest
from vibration was sufficient to restore Us
molecules to their former nxls of arrange
ment.
ntncrlntcnf with < lir Hnsnr.
But real from vibration Is not remedy
thnt can be applied to bridges and machinery
and tall buildings. To effect anything tn
the nature of n useful discovery the experi
menter must find something that will either
prevent crystallization or rapidly destroy It
where It has set in.
Fnelll got possession of the Pavla barber's
unruly razor and took It home with him for
a series of expoitmentf. For long weeks ho
worked by the aid of the vibrations of tunIng -
Ing folks to destroy crystallization and also
lo set it up In fresh steel. His efforts met
with but slender success until finally he
bethought himself of the possibilities of elec
tricity In the matter.
He tried an electrical current traversing
a solenoid placed around the "tired razor , "
the current being controlled by the inter
calation of a tuning fork. In n moment he
realized that a discovery was made. On
trying tlu razor he found It In a relatively
good condition for Its ordinary work. ThU
was n proof that the crystallization had
been partially nullified. But work as ho
might with his solenoid ho did not roach
complete success. Ills solenoid was ono of
perfect tubal curve.
He was about to abandon the undertaking
In despair when It occurred to him to try
an Interrupted spiral curve.
A oolenold , the coil of vvhlch rolls steadily
In ono direction , carries a votatlvo electrical
current running In na unchanging course ,
and symmetrically magnctlzlug any soft Iron
that may be placed In Its center. A solen
oid , on the contrary , whose curve Is Inter
rupted , carries a current which changes
with the frequency of the Interruptions and
has peculiar effects on metal placed within
It. It Induces In the metal , Independently
of the extreme poles , as many Interior poles
as there are alternations In the coll. These
alternations are called by electricians "con-
secutlvo points. " They are alternately of
opposite electrical denominations , and these
at the extremity arc of the same or of con
trary denominations according as the num
ber of alternations wns odd or oven.X
One of these cells placqd around bis razor
gave perfect satisfaction to the experimentIng -
Ing Italian , and ho saw that his discovery
was complete.
HiH Electrical Theory.
He perceived that steel and wrought Iron
must have a normal node of molecular vi
bration to retain their utilitarian propcr-
ertlcs tenacity , reslalnnce , etc. , nnd that
another node of vlb'rntlon produced crystal
lization , or a segregation of the atomic
masses with little or no cohesion.
Over and over again he repented his ex
perimenting , inducing crystallization Into
the razor by means of tuning forks , and re
storing the lost qualities of the steel by the
combination of the tuning fork with the
Interrupted curved solenoid.
Then he went abroad and tried his discov
ery on a railway bridge. With his hammer
he tried the steel rods until he found one
which under the stroke yielded a brittle
note and so gave evidence of unsoundness.
His combination solenoid restored It to Its
true metallic ring , and his efforts to smash
it were unavailing.
There -woe no defect In his discovery nnd
he at once began to study the best means of
Its practical application.
He proposes soon visiting the United
States to have It taken up on a large scale.
The adoption of It , he states , will prove an
Immense economy , independently of the fact
that It will preclude serious dlseasters ,
The point of crystallization of a steel rod
Is at Its center of chief vibration , and thU
Is generally Its point of crorslng with other
rods or its center"'of' rin'slipported weight.
The cell w ll only.be .n'e ea'.jH this point.
"
The practical" meaning , ! the discovery la
that on the Brooklyn bridge , for instance , In
stead of perpetually trying and replacing the
steel rods and bars It will be sufficient to
run a slight cell of wire round the center
Joints and to establish ail electric current
in these coils by connecting them with the
lighting power of the bridge.
For lofty buildings Into which steel largely
enters , and for ordinary mechanical machin
ery , the device can be applied without
trouble.
SIgnor Faelli Is sure to be greeted by
American scientists with all the enthusiasm
nnd encouragement which they lavish on
those who do great things for the progress
of civilization.
What American Knglnecrm Think.
William Kent , ' M. E. , associate editor of
the Engineering News , was asked for his
opinion concerning SIgnor Faolll's discovery
of a method for counteracting crystallization
of eteol. Mr. Kent said :
" > I am not acquainted with SIgnor Faelli ,
but his Invention is certainly within the
bounds of possibility. It Is so very simple
that a. trial could easily be made of It. When
ho comes to this country I could suggest
several very interesting experiments which
ho could make with his process. If If Is all
ho claims for It It will bo of the utmost Im
portance. "
Frederick Hobart. associate editor of tbo
Engineering and Mining Journal , expressed
himself In almost precisely the same terms
an Mr. Kent. He did not think It Impossible
and Us very desirous of seeing it tried , because -
cause , an ho said , If Its principle was a true
one , it would have a wide application In the
Industrial aria. Ho suggested obtaining the
opinion of the engineering department of
Columbia university.
How Hrldifi'M Collnpne.
This was done , A Columbia professor , who
would not allow his name to be mentioned ,
however , eald that the phenomenon of cr > o-
talllzatlon was one which was the subject of
a great deal of painstaking study on the part
of the Iron constructors , He pointed out the
great disasters of the Tay bridge in Scot
land and the Ashtabula bridge in Ohio as In
stances of bow Important It is that no fla\\ci
be present In bridge work. That each of
these was duo to some such effect was un
doubtedly true , and that the constructors of
each of the bridges thought so themselves
was evinced by the remarkable coincidence
that each ofthem committed sulcldo soon
after the two disasters took place ,
But he eald , In the first place , that no
large iron contract should be. carried through
unless the contractor was perfectly sure o :
the eoundneta of every piece of the work.
If crystallization was present In a bridge It
must hava been in the pieces of steel In the
flrat place. Therefore , SIgnor FaelU's dis
covery would be applicable not so much to
testing and repairing structures already aa
It would for testing parts of the ( structures
before they were placed 111 position , Ha
also did not think the process impossible
and said lie could suggest a series of expert-
ments which would prove its extreme ef
ficacy ,
You never know what form of blood poison
will follow constipation. Keep the liver
clean by using DeWltt's Little Early Risers
and you will avoid trouble. They are
famous little pills for constipation and liver
and bowel troubles.
Quarrel Iletivern ( Jhlcuiro EdItorM.
CHICAGO , Nov. 2 , George \V. Hlnman
managing editor of the Inter Ocean , ant
Martin D. Madden , John J. Ryan , Josepl
SulllVJii , Richard Crouke and George P
Gubulna , union labor leaders , were Indicted
by the grand Jury today on charges of
criminal iltx-l and conspiracy , preferred by
H. II. Kohlsaat , proprietor and publisher
of the Times-Herald and Evening Post , It
IB said all the men except Hlnman plgncd
an article published In the Daily inter
Ocean , October 15 last , in which Mr
Kohluat was called an embezzler and a
defaulter. It was the report of a committee
appointed , It IB said , by the Building
Trades Council to Investigate the causa of
newspaper attacks upon M , J , Sullivan ' a
labor leader ,
\VAlt \ AMONG THE DRUGGISTS
SJimmeat on Foot to Force the Cat Rite
Stores Into Line on Prices.
DEALERS AND MANUFACTURERS COMBINE
Agreement Will 1'rc rnt
CUnmifnctiirrrn from ScllliiK 1)1-
r -et to the Hcnlerti nnd ( lie
'WlinlrnnlorN ' la Consumer * .
There Is n movement on foot among
Omaha standard drug dealers to force out
of business or Into line with thorn alt the
so-called cut rate stores , which have been
a serious factor In reducing profits over
slnco they have been In the business. The
retail dealers opposed to rate cutting have
tnken the matter up with the wholesalers
and manufacturers nnd a tripartite agree
ment has been proposed among nil these ,
which they hope , will restore prices to the
uniform schedule now prevailing among
stores thnt do not cut prices.
Despite the efforts of the conservatives
the cut rate dealers liavo heretofore been
able to got their goods without much trouble
and to buy them lower than the regular
trade has been able to do. Various means
of doing thin have been resorted to , chief
among which la direct buying from the
manufacturers , by which the wholesaler's
profit Is cut off. Especially Is this the caao
regarding patent medicines , the manufac
turers of which have always been quite
ready to sell direct to retailers , although In
doing so they militated directly against the
Interests of their other patrons , the whole
salers.
'According to the proposed agreement the
manufacturers are to refuse to sell to retailers
tailors and the wholesalers are to sell only
to the regular retail trade , leaving out the
cut-rato stores and discontinuing nny retail
departmente they may have. If this ngreo-
mcnt Is generally entered Into and Is strictly
observed by Us signers It will come very
near stopping the sources of supply to the
cut-rato stores. There Is always a question ,
however , whether an agreement of this kind
will effect Its purpose , for the reason that
It Is difficult to get enough of tbo manufac
turers Into a common agreement and to com-
l them to keep their word after they have >
done so.
The cut-rato men look at the movement
as a species of trust , more far-reaching In
Its Intentions than most of the trusts which
have been formed up to this time. They nro
apprehensive , too , that It will bo a success ,
for Omaha Is only one of many cities In
which the agreement is being circulated and
finds support. In Kansas City the fight has
been carried so far that the officers of an
association formed there were arrested and
prosecuted untler the anti-trust law and the
matter Is still In the courts. If the move
ment Is successful the cut-rate stores can
not expect to control as large a share of the
retail trade as they have In the past and
.heir profits will probably be reduced In
consequence. Some of them admit that the
prices which the conservatives are seeking
to establish are not excessive and that the
druggists are fairly entitled to the profits
which such prices would make possible.
This trouble has not been confined to the
drug trade , 'but ' Is similar to the experience
gone through with at one time or another by
a great many other lines of trade. Many
movements have been made to do away with
the middleman and his profit and some of
them have succeeded.
CREDITORS PRESSING CLAIMS
They Arc Sceldnir to Recover from
the Greater America Expu-
, BlUon. .
The grounds of the Greater America Ex
position exhibit more activity now than
during many of the days when , the show was
In full blast. All the gates with the excep
tion of those on Manderson street have been
closed against pedestrians. These , however ,
are doing a good business , as through thorn
pass all the employes , the visitors and those
parties who have claims which' they seek
to press against the exposition association.
The number of creditors seems to be legion
and they appear to be on the Increase.
While an official statement has not been
given out , It Is said that the unsecured debts
of the exposition will aggregate about $98-
000. Of this sum , It Is stated that about
$50,000 Is duo laborers and for material for
he month of October. Scores of suits baye
een commenced and more are being brought
ach day , nearly all of which are nccom-
> anied by Injunction proceedings to restrain
be Chicago Wrecking company from tear-
ng down the main buildings which It pur-
haaed , and on which it has made a partial
payment.
In all the main buildings around the main
ourt many men are at work removing the
exhibits. At this time the Manufacturers
nnd the Agricultural buildings are pretty
well cleared of their contents. In the other
mlldlngs the exhibits ore being boxed and
carted away as rapidly as possible. At the
rate at which the buildings are being cleared
all the exhibits will be remoyed by tjje
middle of next week. Just when the
wrecking company will begin tearing down
he big buildings is uncertain. However , it
s pretty certain that little will be done
mill after some of the Injunction cases
lave been disposed of In court.
The guards and gntemcn are the lale'st
: o consider the bringing of suits to recover
ihelr wages. A plan Is under consideration
by them now , and if it matures a meeting of
all of these creditors will be called within
a day or two. The plan Is to assign all
the claims to one man and then let him
bring his action In district court , at the
name time attaching everything in sight ,
supplementing this with an injunction to
prevent the wrecking company from tearing
down or removing nny of the buildings
which It purchased from the expooltlon.
Indian * Go Home.
The Indians have all gone home. The Elkhorn -
horn hauled them out Wednesday on a sp'c-
cial. They will be tnken to nuahvllle by train
and from there they will go to Pine Ridge on
horseback or in wagons. George W. ( Jalnc ,
who had charge of them during the summer ,
was designated by Inspector Jenkins as the
proper party to accompany and distribute
them among the bands to which they belong.
All the cowboys and rough riders remain.
The two Mattox brothers , Dick and Ernest ,
have been employed by the Chicago AVreck-
Ing company as guards upon the grounds ,
while the other members of the party have
been employed by persons having bulldinga
to move.
Most of the Midway people have left the
city ; still there are a number living down
town until they can straighten out their
financial affairs , after which they will Bcat-
ter. Today the Streets of Cairo and the
Hagenback people got away. Colonel Nine !
will spend a few weeks hero , after which ho
will leave for Egypt , where ho will gather
up a big company for the Paris exposition.
The work of destroying the lagoon has
commenced. The staff that covered the posts
eel around the beautiful little sheet of water
baa been taken off and a good many of the
Iron ralla removed. -
The gas company Is digging up its pipes
which It laid for the TranamUslsslppl expo ,
sltlon and which have since remained In the
ground , The Missouri Pacific railway people
ple ore opening up their tractis which run
on the north and south side of the court , and
In a couple of days will he able to set cars In
back of tbe big bulldinga in order that the
heavy exhibits may bo loaded without haul
ing them down to tbe depots In wagons.
1 At the engine house tbe work of disman
tling IB well under way. The engines are
. being taken down as rapidly as possible and
TO CLEAN MATTING.
To make soiled matting look fresh and bright prepare
a pailful ofxwarm water with a handful of salt and four
tablespoonfuls of Ivory Soap shavings dissolved in it.
With a clean cloth squeezed out of the mixture , wipe
every breadth of the matting , rubbing soiled spots until
they disappear.
A WORD OP WARNING. There are many white soapseach represented to be "Just as coed
u the'Ivory' ; " they ARE NOT but like all counterfeits , lack the peculiar and remarkable qualities
I the genuine.sk for "Ivory" Soap and Insist upon celtlnc It.
. . .
COYniOHT ( ll > l DYTHI PROCTIR t OAMllt CO. C..C'HN TI
put In condition for shipment. Three of thess
engines have been bought by Sioux City par
ties , two b the Omabn , Council Bluffs & Su
burban Hallway company and one by a Chi
cago'party. .
REVERSEFORINSURGENTS
Ilenpernte Battle tn Colombia fop the
Control of < lic MnKdn-
' Icnn Hirer.
NEW YORK , Nov. 2. A dispatch to the
Herald from Panama , Colombia , sajs : A
French steamer arriving at Colon has
brought further official details of the Im
portant naval engagement between the gov- i
eminent forces and the revolutionists on the |
Magdalena. river at Pucrta Naclonal , on j
October 24.
The government forces were on the
armored steamers Hercules and Colombia ,
which were well fitted up and armed for
war purposes. The rebels had several river
boats which they had seized , but the vessels
wore not armored In any way and were
wholly unprovided with fighting facilities.
The battle , lasted more than four hours
and the fighting was very severe. The
revolutionists fought like heroes , but the
odds against them were too great and they
were flna'lly forced to yield.
The Colombia's machinery was disabled
after the first shot had \ioen fired. The
rebels on the powerful dredge Cristobal Colon
were Just about to board the disabled steamer
In the. middle of the river when the Hercules
teamed up the river and a shot at close
quarters from Its Hotchktss gun sunk the.
dre'dge with all on board. More than 200
men were killed or drowned In the desperate
battle. Most of them were from Llaran-
gullla. All accounts agree that the affair
was disastrous to the revolutionists , though
the Rovernnient'B loss was very heavy.
The steamers Elcnn , Cienercs , Baranqullla
and Blbers were recaptured by the govern
ment's forces and towed down the river In an
almost worthless condition from the effects
of the heavy flre poured Into them for four
hours ,
Ono of the prominent rebel leaders In the
engagement was Colonel Euataclo Navarro.
General Diego de Castro , on the government's
eldo , was badly wounded In the right eye.
Headquarters of the rebels have now been
established In Sabanslarsge. The revolu
tionists propose to try again to obtain con
trol of the Magdalena river , but the govern
ment troops on the steamers Samper and
Manuela Ayecardl are actively watching their
movements and seeking to prevent their suc
cess.
Between Bucna Ventura and Bogota the
land wires are Interrupted and nothing Is
known of what Is going on In the interior
departments , but It Is believed the state of
affairs Is serious.
The eteambr Lnboget has arrived with 100
recruits to Telhforce the Colombian regiment
here.
General' Bcrrla left on the Boyace for a
cruise along the coast and to ports In the
departments.
Panama continues quiet and there Is no
fear whatever of disturbances in this sec
tion of the republic.
Couture uu Italian Bark.
FOLKESTONE. England , Nov. 2.-Tho ,
Italian bark Bersagllere , Captain ICoat ,
bound from Hamburg for Pensacola , was
captured off bore today after an exciting
chase by a tug , on board of which were
customs officers and a magistrate. The cap
tain of the Borsogllere was charged with
having sunk a Lowestoft trawler In a col
lision and with having loft the crew of the
latter vessel to their fate.
Ili-fiim' ( o .Surrender 1'rlnmier.
KINGSTON , Jamaica , Nov. 2. The gov
ernment of Costa Hlca has definitely refused
to surrender Itutherfonl , the man charged
with the murder of the American citizen ,
Archer , unless the British government guar
antees not to Inflict capital punishment , to
the government cannot accede , thus
closing the case so far as Jamaica Is con
. cerned ,
IllncUndc I'orlo Cul > ello.
CARACASVenezuela , Nov. 2. General Cas
tro , the leader of the revolution In Venezuela ,
has formally blockaded Porto Cabello , the
only port not occupied by Castro's forces ,
with two cruisers. Commerce with that
port has been stopped. Castro has won two
victories over Hernandez nd the former's
government Is becoming well established.
Mutiinl nuil Kijultiiblc Give Up.
BERLIN , Nov. 2. Both the Mutual and
Equitable life Insurance companies of New
York have notified the government that they
have given up the Intention of applying for
I readmlsslon to do business In Germany and
Austria.
Onioorn of Italian Senate.
ROME , Nov. 2. The Gazette today pub
lishes a royal decree rcappolntlng SIgnor
Sarano president of the senate and appolnt-
| Ing four vice presidents of that body for the
approaching session of Parliament.
Geo. Noland , Rockland , 0. , says : "My wife
had piles forty years. DeWltt's Witch Hazel ,
Salvo cured her. It is the best salvo In
America. " It heals everything and cures
all skin diseases.
Ferryboat Jtuiin Down Cutler.
SEATTLE. AVash. , Nov. 2. The local
ferryboat , City of Seattle , run down the
revenue , cutter Patterson at Its nucliorncB
this morning. The long overhang of the
ferryboat crashed Into the Blilo of the Pat
terson , knocking the officers out of their
tounks. There Is a hole In the side of the ,
cutter fifteen feet wide and elttht feet high ,
Just above the water line. There was no
damage to the ferryboat and no casualties.
So Many
People
Huv headaches that are
duo 'to the over tasked
eyes Eye helps that help
and relieve are the kind
we have been furnishing
Our optical department
Is In charge ot a compe
tent and practical optician
who will examine- your
eyes free of charge We
guarantee satisfactory
work.
THE ALOE & PENFOID CO. ,
Leading Scientific Opllclana.
1408 Farnain. OMAHA.
OPPOSITE PA.XTON HOTEL.
Exposition Pianos
For a few days you can have a chance
at these flno Instruments wo Bay a few
days , for there are only a few of the
pianos and once seen the bargain Is so
apparent { hat buyers are early to taUo
advantage the same rule holds good on
the Midway pianos , whllo the prices we
make are very easy with easier terms
yet. These Instruments can now bu
seen at our store room on Douglas
htreet. ,
A. HOSPE ,
Music and Art , 1513 Douglas ,
Women's ' Double Soles
This Is double solo weather the
woman who has always worn thin turn
Holes doesn't know what she has missed
ask any woman who Ih properly llttcU
to a double sole and she says they are
Kolld comfort the new swinging last ,
and also thastrulghter one , with broad ,
round toe , all with heavy flexible solos ,
go toward' making up the grandest $ : t. ! > 0
line of women's welts you or we hare
ever seen.
Drexel Shoe Co. ,
110 FARNAM STREET.
,