.July U , 1SW ) . OMAHA ILLrSTllATIiJl ) 111218
] Independence Day in
I South American Republics
( Copyright , 1S99 , by Frank G. Cnrpent r. )
WASHINGTON , U.
C. , Juno 30. ( Siic-
clnl Corrcspoiulcnco
it The Heo. ) Inde
pendence ilny In
South America. It
Is us great nn event
as the Fourth or
July In the United
States. Wo nro by
no means the crily
patriotic cltzcns cf
SAN MARTIN tns | hemisphere. The
South Americans BO wild over lui-
- tlonal holidays. They Imvo proces-
sl us nml parades and the cities are
allvo with the noise of llrecrackers
and cannon. Hvery house Is doorated
with Hags and bunting. There are more
lings displayed In Chill , the Argentine nml
'ilrnzll than In the United States. On * of
the funny things about a South American
city U the llagpolos. They jut out from
every house nml every story. No one
would think of putting up a business block
without llagpoles. In the main streets the
tfagpolcs from the buildings apposite each
other almost moot and when the streets are
narrow , as In the case of the Ouvldor , the
main thoroughfare of Hlo do Janeiro , the
lings form a canopy or arbor over the people -
plo below.
Many of the cities arch their principal
.streets with Iron gasplpcs , upon which arc
globes of different colors. On Independence
night these globes nre ablaze with lights
and the national colors show out every
where. The decoration of Montevideo ,
Hosurlo and Ilio do Janeiro Is remarkable
as to Its gaslights.
InJependonco day In Venezuela is on the
nth of July. I speak of it first , for Veno-
/uela was the birthplace of South American
independence. It was in Caracas that Simon
Uollvar , the chief of the George Washlng-
toiiB cf South America , was ibrn. He came
of a good family , and was sent to Europe
to bo educated. Ho went to srhocl in Mad-
* rld , and after a tour of France- returned
there to bo married. Ho was then 19 an. }
his bride was 1C. He brought her with
him to America , but had hardly arrived In
Venezuela before she died of yellow fever.
Upon her c-IIln IJolivar took nn oath that
ho would not marry again. He consecrated
ills lifo to American Independence , and from
then on devoted himself to the raising of
revolutions to free the country from Spain.
The declaration of Independence wns made
on July fi , 1811 , and that declaration was
the death knell cf Spanish authority all
T ver South 'America. After many ups and
downs Bolivar finally triumphed and nindo
Venezuela free. He then croeised the
mountains to New Grenada , or Colombia ,
and was Instrumental In freeing that coun
try , and also Ecuador , Bolivia and Peru.
You will find statues of him In nearly all
thu great cities of South America , and
krects nre named for him In every country.
SpaiuiirilN WrniiN ( In * IlrltlMh.
The Spanish oppressed their subjects fnr
moro than the British ever oppressed us.
They held South America In pervltii'lo for
300 years. They wculd not allow the people
> bo educated. One of the Spanish kings ,
ilpon receiving a petition for the establish
ment of a school in one rf the I-1 wns , said :
"I do not consider learning proper in Amer
ica. " The South Americans wore not al
lowed to read certain histories of tbo United
States , and the ealo cf books of any kind
without the sanction of the council of the
. \Vcst Indies was prohibited. All of the
officials during the Spanish regime were ap
pointed from Spain , Out ot 160 viceroys
there wore only four who were not Spanish ,
nnd of COO captains general only fourteen
were born in America.
The cruelties of the Spanish were beyond
conception. The Argentines after they had
ftnnr uncod their declaration of Independencp
Issued a manifesto describing them. This
was on October 25 , 1817. The manifesto was
addressed to the nntlcms of the earth , and is
a terrible arraignment of Spain. It is too
long to quote hero , but I can give a few of
Its items : It charges the Spaniards with
vlplng out the native populations. It says
that entire towns have disappeared and their
inhabitants destroyed by cinipulsivc labor.
It states that Spain has systematically tried
to degrade her pecplo In America ; that she
has done all she could to kill off the surplus
and to keep the popui'atlrn down , "Men
have been Indiscriminately killed In order
t& ' diminish the number. " In some of the
c untrlrs the non-cc mbatants were taken in
groups Into the squares nnd shot. Ono In
stance Is inratloned where the Spanish
soldiers cut off the ears of the Inhabitants
cf one of the towns nnd sent n basket of
tjiom as n present to their general. After
this the troops burned the town , first shut
ting up people In their houses In order that
they might bo burned to death. They
charged the Spaniards with whipping old
religious persons In the open squares and
also whipping women whom they had first
stripped and bound to cannon , thus exposing
them to ehamo and derision.
After a number of moro charges of this
kind , Including the brutal killing of old
men , women nnd children , detailing the
poisoning of the water and food , the blowIng -
Ing up of the soldiers' quarters , the Argentines -
tines declared their Independence. They
noon succeeded In establishing It , and they
IVcn crossed the mountains to give freedom
to Chill ,
The man who led this revolution was
General San Martin , illc had the place In
lower South America that Uollvar hnd In
the north nnd he was an equally noble
character. Born In the Argentine , ho was
educated In Europe. Ho served there In
the Spanish army and nt the ngo of 20 wns
lighting Moors In Africa. After ho returned
to South America he became the commander
of the nrmy and was In charge of It on Hint
mnrch over the Andes to Chili. This expedi
tion wns n greater one tlinu thnt of Nnpoleon
over the Alps Into Itnly. It wns successful ,
although it lasted for some time nnd In
cluded n number of battles. Having freed
Chill , San Martin wont north and aided In
the freedom cf Peru , himself nnd Bollvnr
meeting ! n 1822 nt Guayaquil.
There is no dcubt as to the honesty of
these two men. Either could have been
rich beyond the dreams of avarice , but each
died poor. Chill offered to make Sin ; Martin
a present of 10,000 ounces of gold , or about
$200,000 , but he refused It. After the
struggle was over ho loft the Argentine for
Europe , having with him only J3.000. Ho
died there nfter years of poverty and
neglect.
It was through Bnllvar that Bolivia be
came an Independent nation. The now coun
try was called Bolivia after Bolivar nnd its
assembly voted him $1,000,000. Bolivar ac
cepted the gift only on the condition thnt
the inniioy should bo used for the emancipa
tion of the slaves of Bolivia. The congress
fntd thnt h. thought the slaves should bo
freed there nnd then , and as for him la-
proposed to liberate his nt once. The speech
created n sensntlc-n nnd resulted soon aftei
In the emancipation ot the slnves. 1'resl-
ent Cnmpo Snlles Is , 1 judge , about t.O years
of ngo. Ho is n bright-eyed , dark-faced man
of medium height and good nppenrance. He
Is well educated , has trnveiVd widely nnd Is
a mini of practlcnl business judgment nnd
ideas. I n in told he Is making a good presi
dent.
Among the ex.'ltoments of the nvernge
South American Fourth of July are the
revolutions. The people often choose- the
anniversary < f their Independence as the
day for changing rulers , nnd the opposition
party cnptuios the army nnd marches with
it to the executive mansion acid demands
a change in tin1 government. There is
if ten llrlng , and now nnd then n prosldon ,
is killed. It was only a couple of years ,
ago that President Bordn of Uruguay wns
shot by nn assassin when ho was coining
out of the cathedral nfter such n celobra
tlcr.1. There was nn attempt to assassinate
the former president , Moraos of Brazil , and
Alfaro , the president of Ecuador , has been
assaulted several times by those who hoped
to kill him.
The man who Is now president of Peru got
there through rovofiitlon , nnd the piesldcnt
of Uruguay holds to his posltli n largely
through the Galling guns on his rni f Th >
night before a great holiday Is always an
unrostful one to a South American presidio
die t. Ho knows that when day breaks the
streets will be tilled with oxcltnblo people ,
and he does not know what the conspirators
of the opposing party hnvo planned for the
occasion.
SMS * 759
INDEPENDENCE DAY IN MONTEVIDEO.
of Lima elected him perpetual dictator and
he was later on made president of Colombia.
Ho served several terms and then retired
from public life.
Notwithstanding his resignation , ho was
re-elected , but the opposition party which
controlled congress voted to accept his
icsig'nation nnd to give him a pension of
$3CCO a year on condition that ho would
livenbrcnd. . He started for Caracas with
the Intention of going to England , but died
befrre he loft Venezuela. He was much
hurt by this congressional action and the
slight is said to have hastened his ( loath.
His last words were : "My wishes are for
the happiness of the people. If my death
should unite them 1 will go to the tomb
content yes , to the tomb ! The people
spud mo there , but I forglvq thorn. "
fain often asked as to the honesty of
South American politics and whether It Is
true that the republics are republics only in
name. The questions are hard to answer.
In most of the countries there Is no political
liberty such as wo have and men llko Bolivar
and San Martin nre few.
The families of the
rich controt the re
public of Peru. The
c-minon people Imvo
no rights that the
politicians nro hound
to respect and there
Is undoubtedly much
stealing In high
places. In Chill
nb lit 200 families
mnnngo the -politics
and govern in out. BOM YAK.
They practically own the country , they
? mtrol the elections and put up
and put down whom they please. There
nro , It is true , two parties , but the leaders
belong to these families nnd the members
of the families got the fnt offices.
It is not fnr different la the Argentine re
public. The ordinary citizen knows that It
would bo fool I ill to go to the polls. Buenos
Ayres Is a city of 800,000 people. During
my stay there there wns nn election and only
20,000 votes were cast. There- should hnvo
boon something llko 200,000 , The men who
own the lands uminlly vote their employes
ns they plenso nnd managers of the elections
decide how many votes each candidate is
to hnvo before the votes nro put Into the
ballot boxes.
It Is the Bnmo In Uruguay nnd Paraguay
and not very much different In Brazil.
The 1'ri-Hiilciit of Jlrorll.
Durimg my stay In Hlo I met the now
president of Brazil. His name is Campo
Salics and ho Is a man of much moro tlmn
ordinary ability. Ho came into prominence
some years ago at the tlmo they were talk-
inf of the ( 'mancipation of the slaves. A
gradual liberation had been planned , but
Cnmpo Salles got up In the conventlrn nnd
Since my return from South America I
have been frequently nsked how the South
Americans regard the people of the United
States. My answer 'is ' that they both ad
mire and fear us. The war with Spain was
a great eye-opener to them. They rather
thought that the Spaniards were stronger
than we. lAfter the battle at Manila they
changed their expressions of contempt to
the words :
"Los Yankees son dlablos ! " which , being
translated , means : "Those Yankees nro
devils. "
They fear us , for tlioy Imagine that , nouncr
or Inter , wo expect to take the whole of
South 'America ' and make it subject to our
country. You may tell them that wo would
not have the continent ns a gift. They will
smile at the statement and say : "SI , senor ! "
but in their hearts they bcllcvo you nro
lying. Tills Is so of every country of South
America , from llttlo Paraguay to Brazil.
It is especially so of the Chilians nnd very
much so with the Argentines.
On the other hand , the South Americans
admire our government. They have modeled
their constitutions after ours and nearly all
the politicians liavo large libraries of Ameri
cana. They know our lending men nnd will
talk to you of George Washington and
Thomas Jefferson. There Is a statue of
George Washington in Caracas , put up ns
ono of the heroes of human liberty. In the
White IIouso of the Argentine I found a
library which contained sovornl thousand
'books relating to the United Stntos. I paw
hundreds of hnoks relating to our country
nnd government In HIP library of the nocro-
tarv of state nf Paragunv and nlso n film
collection of Amorlrnnn In the library of
Senor Tlodrigtios. the nblt editor nf Do
Comerclo , the lending pnpor of Brazil.
ll w Our AiiH'riiMiiiu ( VlrliriHc.
The Fourth of Julv Is usually celebrated
by our consuls nnd diplomats abroad by re
ceptions nnd dinners. Lnpt yrnr the consul
nt Paraguay , a colored statesman from Ten
nessee , John L. Huffin , wns serenaded by the
government band. He hold a reception at
the consulate nnd the lending Paraguayan
ofllclnls pnld their respects to Undo Ram
Colonel Bryan , the minister to Brazil , gnv
n big dinner that day to the Americans In
Hlo , taking n hotel there for the purpose
nnd the ministers nt Buenos Ayres. Santiago
and Lima nlso held receptions.
There Is ono class of our people In South
Amoricn who hnrdly know whether to celebrate
brato the Fourth or not. They would like
ti ) , but they do not think It consistent with
their conduct In lleeing from thu arms of
Undo Sam nt the close of the civil war. I
refer to the several colonies who left the
United States for South America because I lie
north was victorious over the bouth Then
are two such colonies In Brazil , one nliuiii
r > 00 miles or morn up ( ho Amazon , near
( Continued on Eighth Page )
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There arc only a few low-priced lots
loft in this beautiful addition
Two at $325 Two at $350-
One at $375 Foiir at $400
They nro olfered this week nt the nbovo prices ? fiO cash , $10 per month , fi per cent
Interest. fi per cent off for I'lmh nnd Ii par cent elf lo UIOH ) who will miljd nt once.
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/ 41 I'lnnr X V. l.ll'o IS
N. II , Sco our nd on spc lal column page.
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