TUB OMAHA DAILY BEE : SUNDAY , APKIL. . 2JJ , ! { ! ) .
INDIAN CONGRESS AT OJIAIIA
Detailed History of the Event find th
Tribsft Represented ,
BEST FEATURE OF THE EXPOSITION
A Sluil > of Tillinl < liiiriH'Icrlilli' *
rlN anil Orriiiiinlci. lloniCH ninl
linhiNlrh'K litliiiuloKlc ! ( < -
Mlllt OIllllllH'll.
Mr Jamoa Mooney of the Hurenu of
contributes to the currunt Amer
ican Anthropologist nn Instructive his-
tort nt ro\low of Uio Indian congress , vvhlcn
became the ci owning nttrnctlon of thei
TransmlSElsslppI Exposition It was the
nrat attempt to bring together representative
typos of Indian tribes , to flhnw tholr mode
of living , phj steal ( tiaractorlstlcs nnd their
progioss toward civilization Notwithstand
ing the unavoidable delay In starting , the ro-
sultis i-xcoeilcd expectation Included In the
ro\lcw Is n brlt-f sketch of the several tribes
represented
Mr Moone > 's pipol Is as follows
The Triinsmlsslsslppl nnd Intornatlonal
Exposition , hold nt Omaha from Juno to Oc
tober. Inclusive , In IS'iS , was llio most suc-
ccs'oful o\cr huld In this country , from the
Centennial down , not oven excepting the
Worlds fair Conceived In n period of
widespread Inislnc'ti depression and c.irrlcd
through In the face of a foreign war , it
closed with a record of over two and n half
million paid admissions and n balance of
several hundred thousand dollars In the
treasury Surh n showing. In a town whose
dtlrons only thirty yeais ago were called
upon to h.iirlcade their home , * against an
nttaek of ihostllo Indians , we'll Illustrates the
rapid growth und ticmondous enoigy of the
west and the grit nnd determination of the
uxprsltlnn managers , foremosl among whom
was Edward HOM water , proprlctoi of The
Omaha Dee 'Iho successful outcome was
duo chlclly to Ills tlrole-as activity and un
faltering courage. The ethnuloRlc project -
ject was the tlilld of his brain , and in spite
of uerloiis Imperfections , the general result
VMS surh particularly from the practical
standpoint of the ticket seller that wo may
expect to sce > ethnology a principal feature
nt future expositions ho long as our aborig
inal material holds out Indeed , the projec
tors of one or two contemplated exposi
tions , after looltlng over the ground at
Omaha , have already Included nn Indian 01-
hlhlt on a largo scales as a part of their
plans
AMillo In Omaha In October , 1897 , the nu-
thor drew up , at the leanest of the man
agement , nn elaborate plan of ethnologic
presentation nt tlio exhibition , bated on a
plan already submitted &omo years before to
the late Prof. Ooodo for possible use In
connection with the Columbian National
park. Hrlefly summarized , the scheme was
1)1301 , not on linguistic or tribal affiliations ,
but on modes of life as detci mined by sur
roundings However , congressional dolaj
and unexpected go\ornmentnl expenditures ,
coi'scciucnt upon the breiklng out of war
with Spain , prevented the carr > lng out of
any e > Htomatlc project
On the convening of congress In December
tl o friends of the exposition Introduced a
bill nppiopilatlng $100,000 for nn ethnologic
exhibit It reached the conference stage
with prospects bright for Its passage , but
before It could come to final action the war
preparations monopolized legislative atten
tion , with a consequent scaling down of ap
propriations all along the line It wns
found Impossible to effect the piwngo of ttio
bill us contemplated , and It wns finally In
corporated as a patngraph , but appropriating
only $40,000 Instead of the sum first mined ,
In Iho Indian appropriation bill , which became -
came a law on the last day of Juno , a full
month after the opening of tlio exposition.
The work was thus taken out of the control
of the management , while no tlmo was left
for adequate preparation.
I'rriiiirntory AVorl. .
In anticipation of the paa&ago of the bill
the Indian olllco had .sent out to the various
Indian ngenta nn explanatory circular , set
ting foilh ( tie purpose of the appropriation.
Wo quotes as follows.
"It H the purpose of the proposed cn-
Ciitni mcnt or congress to mnko nn ex
tensive exhibit Illustrative of the mode ot
life , native industries , nnd ethnic traits of
as many aboriginal American trlbcM as poa.
slblu To that end it la propobcd to bring
together selected families or groups from
nil the principal tribes , and camp them In
tepees , wlgwnms , ihogans , etc , on the ex
position grounds , and there permit them to
conduct their domestic nlfalrs as they do at
homo , nnd make nnd sell their wares for
their own profit
' It h deslied that the encampment tliould
bo ns thoroughly aboriginal in every respect
an practl"ublo , and that the primitive Units
and characteristics of the several tribes
Miotilcl bo distinctly set forth Tills point
should bo constantly kept In view In Uie
( selection of the Indians and In the collec
tion of materials They should bring their
native dreas , If possible They should nlso
bi Ing Kiclr native domiciles or the material *
with which to make them Tlu-y shoulii
nlso bring the necessary nitlcles with which
to furnish and decorate their tepees or
other domiciles. As this will bo a most
Interesting part of the exhibit , the furnish
ings should bo as attractive and complete as
possible The necessary materials for cai-
rjlng on their natlvo arts ttiould nlso bo
brought , so that they may engage in making
articles for tale on the grounds. Where
this cannot be clones they may bring things
illustrative of their craft In reasonable quan
tities for sale. "
Unfortunately the execution of the project
was Intrusted to an oillelnl unacquainted
with tilbal characteristics , arts or
ceremonies As a result no one of the
leading nntlvo Imlustiles was represented
blanket weaving , pottery nukhig , silver
working , basket making , bread making or !
Hkln dressing Not oven the characteristic' '
earth lodge of the Omaha Indians was shown , .
although such houses uro still In occupancy' '
on the reservation less than sixty miles t
distant The results
ethnologic obtained i
were the work of nn expert detailed at tho' '
special request of the management and were
paid for outsldo of the appropriation , i
'Iho llrst Indians arrived in August , when I
Iho exposition was already half esver , nnd
tl\o > continued to como In by delegations
nnd singly until the close. Some went homoi
nftcr a thort tlmo , but the majority remained i
to Iho end The number contemplated In the
estimates was COO , the actual number present i
Popular Method Undertaken to Con
vince Hardened Skeptics.
So many people liotiestlj believe tliero It no
euro for rheumatism , that ono of our well
known druggUts will gho away free a ( rial package -
ago of Gloria Tonic and let Iho Millcrer make a
good , fair test of the reined ) They wouM llko
to meet the hardened skeptics who have "tried
uu'rjthhiK and failed , " 'J ho free trial will assure
tuch Millerors that a reined ) 1ms been discover-
I'd that cures to called hopeless cases , Gloria
1 onto cured an old gentleman at I. ) on , Mo , at
the ago of tw , after hu\ln sutlorod for 4.2 jparn
'Jhls famous rumody Is sold at $1.00a package
or n ono dollar pack igos for $3 W.
Kvoii the freti trial will glut > ou relief and a
euro Ik curtain lo follow , 'ihonamouf Iho rein
ed ) , Ulorli 'Ionic Is siwstUo of thu glorious
re Hot It brings anil U t'iidurt.e'd bj phjbiYI ins.
I'oillUnly no b imple's w 111 bo given to children
or nuono ulsei that Is not an actual sullorer from
rluuimatlsin.
'Iho fret ) packages are being gUen away by
fiom abjiiit 4 < iO to about ' > C
riltcrc.il water for drinking was supplied ti
the cnmp , nnd dally rations were ISSUPI
nearly tqulvalpiit to the regular army ration
There were three deaths ft Sank warrior
who was buried In full Indian dress , am
two bibles. Two Infants were born durlni
the encampment.
'lilliri Itdironctiloil ,
Omitting several delegations which re
malncd but n short while , there were rev
resented about twenty tribes , as follows
Apache , Arapnho ( southern ) , Asslnlboln
Hlackfoot , Chojenno ( southern ) , Crow , Plat
head , Iowa , Klown. Omaha , Oto , I'onkn
1'otawatoml , 1'utblo ( of Santa Clara ) , Saul
and Pox , Sioux. Tonkawn , Wichita and Win
nobago. The Ajacho were In two delcga
tlotiE , the Chlrlcahua , now held as prisoner !
at Tort Sill , Ok ! . , and the Sin Cailoi
delegation , coming directly from Arizona
With the latter were bovoral Mohavc. Tin
I'lathcad delegation Included nlso semi
Spokan nnd Knllspcl. The Klowa WCK
properly Klown Apache , practically a < par
of the Klowa In everthing but language
Theio were several delegations of Sioux
mainly from llosebud nnd 1'lne Illdgi
agencies In South Dakota. The Wlchltr
delegation included ono or two Individual !
of the nearly extinct Klchal , while with tin
Tonkawn , themselves on the verge ) of ex
tln-tlon , wns a slnglo woman of the broker
trlbo of the Llpan.
A glance nt the list will show that four-
fifths of the Indians thus brought togethei
represented but n slnglo typo , the ordinal j
tlpl tilbcs of the plains. The wood carveri
of the Columbia , Uio shell workers an
banket makers of Oregon and California , th
Navaho weavers , the 1'awnce aborlglna
owners of Nebraska the tribes of the gill
states , now living In Indian Territory , nn
the historic Iroquols of the long-house wcr
unrepresented.
Linguistically , the tribes are classified a
follows Algonqulnn Stock Arapaho , Il.ack
foot , Chojonnc. I'otawatoml , Sauk nnd Kox
Athapascan Stock Chlrlcahua Apache , Sal
Carlos Apache , Klown Apiche , Upnn. Cad
clean Stock Wichita. Klchal Sallshan
Stock riathcad , SpoK.in , Kallspol Slouai
Stock Asslnlboln , Clew , Iowa , Omaha , Oto
I'onka , Sioux , \Vlnncbago. Tunonn Stock
Sinta Claia I'ueblo Tonkawan Stock
Tonkawa. Yuman Stock Mohavc.
UlNlorj > f tlif Trllii-N.
Wo shall now speak In detail of some o
the tribes , beginning with ono of the mos
Interesting The Wichita , with their con
federates , the Waco , Tawakonl and Klchal
numbering now altogether only about 3JO
belong to the Caddoan stock , and leslde 01
, i reservation In southwestern Oklahoma
The llrst three are practically one people
nnd speak a dialect of the Pawnee language
the Tawakonl particularly claiming clobo
relationship with the Skldl division of the
Pawnee. The Klchal , reduced now to nbou
sixty souls , arc the lemnant of a tribe fron
eastern Texas , with n distinct language o
their own The Wichita call themselves
KItlkltish , meaning literally , "racoon cje
lids , " but understood to signify "tntlooei
eyelids , " from a former custom among the
men of tattooing lines upon the eyelids The
women tattoo Hues upon the chin , and s mo
of the older ones have their breasts coverc <
with tattooed designs From this custom the
Wichita derived their Trench nimo of Panls
Piques. The common name of
the tribe has been variously explained , but
nay bo connected with wits , or wets , their
om\ word for "man "
Within the historic period , which In their
case dates bick more than three centuries ,
.hoy have ranged from central Texas to
Arkansas river , nnd there Is evidence that
at ouo time a part of them at least lived
farther eastward in Arkansas and Louisiana.
They are Identical with the people of the
ancient Qulvlra , with whom Coronado , In
1541 , found "corn and houses of straw. " At
the beginning of their oillclal relations with
the government the Waco and Tawakonl
wore In Texas , nbout the present Waco city
nnJ Tawaltoul creek , while the Wichita nnd
Klclnl had their permanent village In the
Wichita mountains , on upper lied river.
Driven out cl Texas by the whites , they
were collected on the present reservation In
18.19 , Jmt had hardly gathered their first
crop when they were again scattered by the
outbreak of the civil war and lied north ,
remaining about the site of the present city
of Wichita , Kan , until the struggle was
over , when they returned to their homes
on the reservation. They have never been
nt war with the whites
Llko nil the tribes of Caddcan stock , the
Vlchlta arc mi agricultural people , nnd even
inforo the coming of the whlto man raised
nrgo quantities of corn , which they ground
nto meal upon sto j motatcs or In wooden
nortars , or boiled In pottery of their own
nailing. Their surplus supplies were depos-
tcd in cistern-llku caches lined with bark.
I llllll | < > IIOMH'H.
Their permanent houses aio of unique
onstructlon , being dome-shaped structures
of grass thatch laid over a framework of
ic/les , with earth banked up around the bine
'iom Catlln wo have a picture of such n
lllago , as ho found It , on upper Hod river
n 1834 , Lut , ra Is the case In other of Ills
raw ings , with the forms somewhat Ideal-
zed. It may bo mentioned that the circular
mbankments on this village site wore
> laliil > to bo seen when the writer Identified
ho loratlm a few ycnis ago In making up
ho Wichita delegation for Omaha > i tjplcal
; rnss house wns bought from the owner , on
the reservation , with the undeistnuding that
it should bo taken down and thu materials
transported In Indian wagons to the railroad ,
thirty miles away , thcnco to bo shipped to
Omaha , to bo ngnln net up on the grounds
of the IndlnTi congress , The contract wns
faithfully carried out. The grass house was
taken down , tiunsported by wagon nnd rail ,
and again set up In the original materials
at Omaha , the rebuilding requliing the labjr
of several women about ono week.
The Insldo suppoit was a substantial
square framework of stout logs , about eight
Inches In diameter , planted uptight In the
ground , supporting croes-plcces of the same
slzo laid In crotches at the lop Over these
cross-plocos were bent long , flexible , half-
round timbers , having their bases plnntc-d
In the circular tiench which formed the cir
cumference of the Htiueturo , while their
tapering ends were brought together at the
top and bound firmly with elm balk to form
the rafters Smaller flexible poles of por-
Inipa an Inch in diameter were then bound
ncrn'vj Huso nt tpgulnr Intervals from the
ground to the top. Over this framework
the long grass was laid In shlnglo fashion
In regular rounds , beginning nt the bottom
each round being held In place by light rods
fastened with elm bark to the supporting I
framework and cleverly concealed under the I
next round of grass Neir the top , but nt I
the side Instead of In the center , was the j
smoke-holo Doorwajs v\cru left at cppo-
slto Bides to allow the 'breeze ' a free sweep ,
and detached doors were made cf grass over
a frumo of rods Around the Inside were
high bed platforms , and In the center was
< ho flre-holo. with n support from which
to hang the pot There wna also a grass- |
thatched arbor ibullt In the same fashion ,
with n HHcat-lodge of willow rods A curi
ously palmed Indian drum , which they
brought with them , hung up on the outside , j
the mortar nnd the instate near the doorway - I
way , nnd the bunches of corn nnd dried
pumpkin , with the Indian owners themselves ,
made the Wichita camp altogether perhaps
the most attractive feature of the congress
At the close of the exposition the grass
houfe , with the mortars and nictates , was
purchased tor the National museum nnd the '
material * transmitted to Washington to bo j
again set up In the Columbian park , where
future visitors may hate opportunity to'
study the structure of the "straw houses" of
old Quhlni.
I'llnil-ill C'liiirni'tcrlNlU-N.
The Wichita delegation numbered thirty-
eight , nf whom fifteen HvoJ In the gnus
house , while the remainder occupied several
nnviu tlpls adjoining The party Ind been
> cnrefullj selected and Included several
I notel runners , distinguished In the ccri -
monlnl foot races of the tribe , two Klchal
women , still retaining their peculiar
I language , nnd one of them with Iho old-
st > lp tattooing upon her face and body ,
nnd n mother with nn Infant In a crndlo of
'wllloiv ' rod = ! Physically the Wichita arc
dark nnd generally cf medium size , with
flowing hair Inclined to wavlnp s They
were accompanied iby their chief , known
, to the whiten as Tnwakonl Jim , a man o
' commanding presence nnd fluent eloquence
, nnd In former jears n scc-ut In the crvlc
; of the government.
' Another Interesting southern tribe repre
. sented wni that of the Klowa Apache , no\
i numbering nbout 220 , on a icsorvntlon It
i southwestern Oklahoma , adjoining th
, Wlthlta. Although clcsely assrclatel will
Iho more numerous Klown , they nro o
I1 Athapascan stock , coming originally fron
the far north. They call themselves Nnd I
1'han-Dlna nnd nro mentioned under thel
Poiwneo name of Oatakn In n I'rench docu
[ ment of 1GS2 , being then In the sanio
j general icglon whore they bccimo botte
known nt a later period , participating will
i the Klowa In nil their raiding wats untl
nsalgned their present reservation In ISCt
Until within n few jcars pist thej have
been a t > plcal pHlns tribe , without nrl
culture , iiottery or baskctrj , depending CMI
tlrely on the buffalo for subsistence , ntie
( hlfilng their skin tlplo fiom place to place
as whim or necessity guided They huntei
nnd fought on horseback , carrying the bow
the linco nnd the shield ( and more rccontl >
the rllle ) , nnd joined with the Klovnln the
great annual ccrismanv of the sun dnnce
Ph > slcally they nre t.ill nnd well made , will
bold , alert expression
Kvcrv man nnd woman of the delegntloi
came dressed In full buckskin , beautifully
fringed and beaded They sot up their
canvas tlpls adjoining the Wichita , Inclos
ing ono of them with a circular wlndbreal
of leafy willow branahcs nftcr the man
ner of the winter camjs of the pHlns In
dians Suspended from n tripod In front
of thu same tlpl wns a genuine , old-time
"buffalo shield , " the last shield remaining ,
In the tribe. It Is now the property of the
National museum.
'I InTlj > l.
It may bo in plnco hero to describe the
tlpl , the ordinary dwelling of the plains
trlbre The name tlpl , "house , " Is frcm the
Sioux language nnd has now nlnio-t en-
tlrclv superseded the former term , lodge.
The tlpl Is a conical structure , formvrlj
of drc'sscd buffalo hides , but now of cow
skins or canvas , sewn together with sinew
over a framowoik of poles of cedar or
other suitable wood , tied together near their
tops and spread out nt the ground to form
a circle of about twenty feet diameter. An
avcrago tlpl occupied by a family of about
six persons has twenty poles In the circle
nnd stands about fifteen fed high to the
crossing of the poles. Three or with some
tribes four particularly stout polca form
Iho main support of the structure Ono of
these Is nt one side cf the doorway , which
always faces the east , another , to which
Is usually tied the "medicine bag" of the
owner of the , dwelling , Is nearly opposite ,
the dooiway , wlillo the third Is on the
north side. These three polrs are first tied
together about two feet frcm their upper
ends with ono end of a long rope and nrn
then raised in place by the women nnd
firmly planted In the earth. The other
poles arc next sorted out according to
length nnd leaned against them in such
way that when bet up the tipl's longest
slcjio will ( bo toward the front. The formula
Is1 thro" main poles , two sets of five longer
jioJcli each , ono for each side anil extending
around to the doorwa > , two sets of three
shorter poles , each , for the back , one polo
which Is fastened to the tlpl covering nt the
back and serves to lift It upon the frame
work. There are also two outside poles for
the flaps As each set of poles is put In
place another turn of the rope is taken
around them at the crossing and when nil
are up the loose end of the rope Is wound
around ono of the main poles and firmly
tied The covering being fitted upon the
framework , the two ends are brought to
gether In front nnd fastened with a row of
wooden pins running upward from the door ,
which may bo a simple hanging flap , ace
co > otc skin , or something more elaborate.
About twenty pegs fasten the edges down to
the ground , grass nnd wild sage being used
to fill in any spaces which might admit the
cold nlr. The opening where the poles cross
allows the smoke to escape. On each side
of the opening Is a flap , held In place by
two other poles on the outside of the tlpl , by
ncans of which the draft Is regulated as the
wind changes.
Tl > iI PiimlNliliiKHt
The lire is built In n shallow hole dug In
the center of the tlpl. Hehlnd and on each
sldo of the flro are low plntforms , set clo&o
against the wall of the tlpl , which scivo-as
beats by day und beds by night Thu frames
ire of small poles , supporting mats of
willow lods , usually looped up at one end
n hammock fashion nnd covered with skins
or blankets. Above the beds are canopies
set ho as to catch the stray drops which
come In through the smoke hole during rain
storms. The clear space of ground Immedi
ate ! ) about the fireplace , whore the women
attend to their cooking opoiutlons , Is some-
lines sepaiatcd fiom the bed space by a
border of Interwoven twigs The tlpl Is
minted on the outsldoHli heinldlc designs
mil decorated with buffalo tails , streamers
rom the poles or similar adornments. In
bummer It is set up on the open prairie to
escape the mosqultos. In winter It Is re-
noved to the shelter of the timberalong ,
ho ihor bottom nnd sunounded with a
ligh fence or wlndbieak of willow branches
icatly Interwoven.
Such wns the dwelling until recently In
constant use by all the buffalo-hunting
rlbes from the SaBkatchowan to the Ulo
irnmlo , nnd for n part of the ) eni also by
ho semi-sedentary ngileultuial tribes , such
as the lice , Pawnee nnd Wichita. No other
tructuro met bo well the lequliements of
he nomad huntcis of the plains , ns no other
s so easily portable anil so well adapted by
ts bhape to withstand the stormy winds of a
linberless region This Is shown by thu
act that It has furnished the model foi the
fitbley tent It Is btlll in use by nil the
plains tubes , with no change fiom foimei
methods of constiuction excepting In the
substitution of canvas for buffalo hides and
In the general Inferiority of oinamuntation
and workmanship.
Of the Klowa Apncho delegation the most
prominent member was the heiodltury chief ,
White-man , now neatly 70 years of nge , n
Kindly , dignified gentleman , who has twice !
tepresented his people at Washington In
splto of jeirs ho sits his hoise as firmly nnd
bears his lance as stuadl ! ) ns the youngest
of his warriors. In former days he was
ono of the two war feadets doomed worthy
to carry the beaver-skin staff which pledged
them never to avoid n danger or turn aside
from the ciieinj. Another notnblo man Is
the captive , Ille-whlp , whoso proper tmtno
Is Pabllno Diaz , and who Jokingly claims
kinship with the distinguished president of
the slstm republic Ho Is one of a consider
able number of captives still living among
these southern tribes , which formerly made
Mexico and the Texas frontier their forag
ing grounds Unlike most of these un
fortunates , Pabllno retains the knowledge of
his name and his Spanish language nnd
remembers vividly how ho was taken , when
about 8 > ears of ago. In a sudden dash b >
the Apache upon the town of Purral Ju
Chihuahua.
OniiiliiiM iiiul l > imluix.
With some modification of detail the de
scription of the Klowa Apache will fit the
other plains tribes repiesented nt the congress -
gross the Dakota. Asslnlboln , Crows and
niackfeet of HIP north the Omaha , I'onka
nnd Oto of the central region nnd
the Chpyenno nnd Arapiho of the
sjuth With the exception of the
Omaha and I'onkn , who nro practically ono
people , they were all roving buffalo huntern ,
fighting nnd hunting on horseback , dwelling
In skin tlpls , practicing no agriculture ,
using the same wexipons and having similar
mllltarj organizations and tribal ceremonies.
Most of them seem to hnvp been unac
quainted with the clan sjstcm The Omnhi
and I'onka had corn nnd earth-covered
lodges , both of which they probably ob
tained originally from their allies , the
Pawnee. All were the prnlrlo moccasin ,
brcechcloih and buckskin dress , differing
only in length of fringe or color of decora
tion. They were no head covering except
for ceremonial purposes Tlio men were the
scalp-lock , usually hiving the rest of the
hair braided and hanging down In front on
each side of the head With the Crows ,
and sometimes the Dlackfcot , It wns pushed
up or reached over the forehead Kxccptlnt ;
In the substitution of cloth for buckskin
the majority of these Indians nro but little
changed In appearance from the timewhen ,
they were first put on icscrvrttlons They
nro all of fine physical tjpe , ns might be
expected In n race of wairlors and horsemen
The build Is sinewy and the features thin
nnd clear-cut , excepting the scml-agrlcul-
turnl Omaha and I'onka , who show the
effect ot a partial grain diet In rounder
faces nnd portlier figures The lllnckfeot
and Crows mo cspeclnllj tall , with the
Chojenno and Arnpaho not far behind. The
Dakota nre notable foi their ncUlllnc | noses
and light complexion , the Chejenno also
being much llehter In color than their neigh
bors.
bors.'I
'I liv MIIIIX.
The Sioux , who call themselves Dakota
or Lakota , "allies , " number nbout 2.,000
souls , being the largest trlbo or confederacy
in the United States. They formerlj owned
the greater portion of both Dakotas , with
about one-half of Minnesota , and aio now
gathered on reservations within their
ancient terrltorj- . Although well known
linguistically and In the pioneer hlstoiy of
the west , they have jet to bo studied from
the ethnologic point of view. Their lan
guage was reduced to writing some sixty
jears ago and has now n considerable liter
ature Nearly nil the men of the trlbo
are able to conduct personal correspondence
In their own langmge They have a special
fondness for parade and eagle-feather war
bonnets nro partlcularlj numeroub In this
delegation. Among those In nttcndnncc
were several men of prominence , but no
generally recognized chiefs. Their tlpls ,
some of which nro tastefully decorated , wore
set up In a circle , following the old custom
of the plains tubes. The Wntopana ,
"paddlcrs , " or Asslnlboln , are an offshoot
from the Yankton Dakota and speak their
dialect. Their range was north of that of
the Dakota , extending acrobs the Canada
boundary. They now number about 1,100 ,
gathoiod on two lesorvatlons In Montana ,
besides a small number In Canadi. They
brought with them a line specimen of the
old-stjlo heraldic tlpl.
The Crows ( Absaroko ) , numbering now
about 2,100 on a reservation In Montana , oc
cupied the Yellowstone country , west of
their hereditary enemies , the Dakota Al
though predatory In Inbit , they have never
been at war with the whites , but on the
contrary have usuallj furnished a contingent
of scouts for the government seivlce in
the various Indian campaigns of that region
They have marked tilbal characteristics ,
which would well repay studjas thoj arc
practically unknown to the ethnologist. The
most prominent man of the delegation was
White-swan , a former scout and the bolo
survivor of the Custer massacre in 1876 , in
which notable engagement ho was shot and
hacked almost to pieces and finally left for
dead , but managed to save his life by cover
ing himself with the blanket of a dead
Dakota. With his hearing destrojed 1)j
blows of the tomahawk , his hands crippled
by bullets and his whole body covered with
enduring scars , ho Is still able to tell th
story In fluent sign language.
I'lllL'Nt MtMl ( ) f ( llC I'llllllN.
The SIksika , or niackfeet , known to
ethnologists throufth the researches of Grin-
nell , are an Important trlbo numbering
about 6,000 , In various subtrlbes and bauds ,
formerly ranging over the whole country
from the Yellowstone to the North
Saskatchewan Nineteen hundred of them
are now gathered on a icservatlon in
Montana , the lost being In the adjacent
Canadian province. Associated with them
are two smaller tilbcs , the Arapaho Grob-
vcntres and the Saisi In phjslquc luo
niackfeet nro among the finebt men of the
plains , tall and well built , with erect pose
and steady countenance Those in at
tendance nt the congress belonged to flic
I'icgan ' division , and brought v Ith them na
old-utylo ornamented skin tlpl
The Omaha , I'onka , and Oto , closely re
lated Slouan tribes , numbering , respectively ,
1,170 , 820 nnd 330 , originally had their set
tlements along the Missouri river In eastern
Nebraska , under the protection of the pow-
prful 1'awnc'c , who claimed the whole Platte
region. Occupjlng thus a suboidlnnto posi
tion , thej have nevei been prominent In
tilbal hlstorj , although In ethnology they
are among the best known tribes of the
west , owing to the extended researches o ?
PorsejLa TIescho nnd Miss Hatcher The
Omanhan , or Omaha , have given their name
to the exposition city The word dignifies
"up stream , " ns distinguished fiom cognate
tribes formeily living farther down tile
river They nre nlso the originators of the
picturesque Omaha dance , now common to
most of the plains tiibos They reside oil
n reservation about sixty miles northwnra
from Omaha and within the limits of tholr
original countrjMofct of them now live
In frame houses , but othcis still prefer their
old-time earth lodge. Homo of the I'onka
also aio on n reservation in northeustein
Nebraska , but the mnjorllj' , with the Oto ,
have been icmovcd to Oklnhomi.
The allied Cheypnno and Arapaho , who
call themselves , respectively , D/ltsl-stnu
and Inn nn-lnn , both names being about
equivalent to "our people , " wore repre
sented by a Inigo delegation from Oklahoma
Tjpical buffalo ihunters of Iho plains , they
> ct have traditions of a time when the >
lived In the cast nnd planted coin. The
Chojcnuo number In all nearl ) 3,000 , or
whom 2,000 ( Southern ) nro on a reservation
now thrown open to settlement In west
ern Oklahoma , the remainder ( Northern )
being on n reservation in Montana , except
ing u few living with the Dakota or Sioux.
Their tribal "medicine" is n bundle of hi-
ired arrows In the keeping of ono of the
southern bands. Thoj nro n proud , warlike ' i
people , who dave loft n strong Impress o , ] :
Iho history of the plains The Arnpahn , 11
numbering In all nbout l.SOO , aio nlbo in '
Lwo divisions , the Inigcr hod ) living uliti i
Iho Chejenno In Oklahoma , while the
northein division lesldes with the Shoshonl
in a. reservation In Wjomlng The Ores-
of Montana , foi mot ly associated
tvlth the Hlackfeet and numberjng now t
ibout 700 , are a detached band of Arnpabo e
Unlike their alllis , the Arapaho nro of an i
iccommndntlng temper , disposed to pattern i
From our chllUntlnn. while the Chojenno I
ire strongly conservative. Their "modi- 1 1
: lno" la a "flat pipe , " in the keeping Of the ! i
northern division As jet Iliero has been ] I
no extended study of either of llietfa Inter (
sting tribes , although som good linguistic \
Aork lias been done among the Cheyenne '
> y the Mennonlte missionary , Potter. The j
wo rtlhua are dove ted to Hie ghost dancu t
mil nro otnuldered the meet e-xpurt sign
talkont on the plains.
'llio flllllifllil.
rrorn their rromalion in western MOD-
' tnna cnine- delegation of rinlhcads ( Sellsh )
the historic trlbo of He Smet nnd Unvalll
accompanied bj several Spokan ( Slnquomen ;
and Coptir d'Aleno ( Knllspcl ) , the three
tribes being closely associated nnd cognate
speaking nearly similar SnII&hRn dialect ;
and having the sfltno dress nnd general ap
pearance Despite their name , the Tint-
heads do not , nnd never did , have tint heads
This paradoxical statement Is explained b >
llio fact Hint the Indians of the Columbia re-
1 glen , most of whom formerly compressed
the bend by artificial means , considered
their heads thus treated ns pointed , am )
i coniMiiptuously applied the term "flat-
j heads" to their neighbors In the mountains ,
who bad not the custom , but allowed the
skull to retain Its natural shape\ The early
travelers adopted the name without under
standing Iho reason cf iw nprdlratlon , nne !
thus It 0.11110 that the one tribe which
despised tbe practice was supposed lo be
nbovo nil others nddlctod to It
The men v\onr their hair 'turned up from
the forehead somewhat after Iho manner ol
the Crows. Their color Is not the coppery
blown cf the eastern Indiana , but rathe-r
tlio creamy yellow firmetlnufl seen among
the Pueblos , which might bo described aa
Mongolian were not that term so llnblo to
mlsconstiucllon In temper they nre good
naturcd nnd fond of pleasmtrj , hero ngiln
resembling the Pueiblos ralhei thin the
sterner wnnlors of the plain' . They for
merly occupied the tnnglo of rough tnoun
tilns nt 'the' ' exiH'iuo head of the Allssour
liver , subsisting more bj roots nnd her
lies than by hunting , ns they were' cut off
frcm the 'bulfnlo ' country by tlielr power
fill enemies , the Dlackfeet They hai
hoi'ses of bark nnd rcpiU as well as the
skin tlpl In 1811 the herola Do Smet be
gan among them that work which con
tinues to bo the most successful In ttio
history of our Indian missions In 1S15
thoj were gatheied on a reservation , where-
llio confeduinted tilbes new number about
2,000 , besides nbout 670 Spokan nnd f,0i
Cneitr d'Alono on the Colvlllo lesenntlon In
Washington.
Washington.'I
'I InWliinclinKocH. .
The Hochunk-in , or Wlnnobapo , formerly
i hiving 'their ' territory In sotithpin AVIscon-
| sin nbout the Inko that bears their name
were represented by a. consldei.iblo delega
tion under a sub-chief , Dlack-hiwk They
speak nn archaic and strongly m irked Slouin
langmge , but hid their alliances with the
Algonqulan tribes rather than v\lth their
cmn kindred to itho westward In drc = s
and phjslcal characteristics also thoj resemble -
se-mblo the CTtern Indlins , wealing the
titrbin , the beidcd garter nnd the short
ibrcceheloth and having the compict , heavy
'build ' cf the agicultural ( tribes of the tim
ber region Llv Ing remote from the buffalo
countrj- , they subsisted principally on corn
wild tlcc , fish and small game Their
houses , still In common occupancy on their
icservatlon , are of the wigwam tjpo of
woven nu-h mats upon a frammvoik of
poles , much resembling the wigwams or
their former neighbors , the Sank Trlemlly ,
but conservative , they have a laro mass ot
ethnologic lore which jet remilns to be
studied They number now about 1,130 on
a i enervation adjoining the Omaha In
nottheastern Nebraska
The historic Sank and Tex were well lep-
resented 'by ' n largo delegation Tram Okla
homa nnd a smiller party from the bina
now living In Iowa These two tribes ,
calling themselves mpeothcly Sislwuk
nnd Muskwnkluk , names of somewhat
doubtful Interpretation , are practicallj one
people , speaking closely related dialects of
ono language and having been confede
rated from a very early period. They were
prominent In e\eij Indian movement ot
the Inko and upper Mississippi region from
the 'beginning ' Of the Trench nnd Indian war
until tholr power was broken 0 > y the result
cf the niackhawk war In 1S32 Their ter
ritory lay on both sides of the Mississippi ,
In Iowa and northern Illinois , having the
cognate Potawatoml and Klcknpoo on the
east , the WInnebago and Dakota on the
north and the Iowa on the west. With all
of these excepting the Dikota they main
tained a fi loudly alliance Keokuk , In
Io\\n , doilvcs Its name from a noted filendly
chief of the lUncKhiiwk war , nnd Anamcsi
In the sime state commemorates a herolo
mother of the tribe who swam the MHMs-
slppl with her Infant tied upon her back
to cscipo a massacio Inwhich nearly 200
men , women and children of the Sank fell
by the bullets of 1,600 American troojs The
jounger daughter of Anamosa accompanied
the delegitlon
An AK-rluuUurtil Trllir.
The Sauk have alwajs been agricultural ,
and they wear the turban and chaiactorls-
tlc moccasin of the eastern tribes. Their
beaded work Is especlallj benttiful , and
llko the Wlnnc'lxigo ' they weave fine mats
of nibhcs with which they cover the fiamo-
worK. nnd carpet the floors of their long ,
round-top wigwams They brought with
them sufficient of thcco mats to set up sev
eral wig-nuns , which are entirely different
In shipe and structure from the conical
tlpl of the plains trlbra In person they
are tall and strongly built , with faces in
dicating thoughtful clnractcr and firm will
With proud conservatism they hold fast
their form' , legends and complex social or-
ganl/atlon , and nro todaj probably the
most interesting study tilbcs of the whole
existing Algonqulan stock. They have n
syllabic alphabet , apparently the work of
fcomo early Trench mlsslonarj , by means of
which they keep up a coricspondcnco with
frlemlb on their various scatteicd reserva
tions. The same vehicle could doubtless bo
used In recording their bongs and rituals.
The two tribes now niimbei together 070 , of
whom COO are In Oklahoma , neaily 100 In
Iowa nnd a small band In Kansas Some
woik has recentlj been done by Prof. W J.
McOeo In the Iowa band , which Is composed
chlellj of Muskwakl , or TOXPS
With the Sauk there came also several of
the cognate Potawatoml ( Potewatmlk ) , and
four Iowa ( Pahtehc ) , the latter belli , , ' a
small tribe , nc w reduced to 2GO , formerly ;
living , ir alliance with the Sauk. In
town , which derives Its name from them
Iiilrri-Nf IUK NlKHc Tjii'N.
The Pueblos were ? represented by n delega
tion of about twentj men from Santa Clara
[ luoblo on the uppc' Uio Grande In Now
Mexico. As It. well known , the Pueblos cjii-
> tUuto ono of our most distinct und luterebt-
ng native tjpes , but owing to the fact that
: ho agent who made up the delegation was
nstructed to send only man , U was impossi
ble to make any showing of nucli charac- ,
.eristic Industries us bread making , pottery
naklng 01 baski t weaving. Ab banta Claia
s one of the tmallebt of the pueblos , and
< nly n short dl&tanco from the railroad and
he > town of Cspniiola , Its Inhabitants have
lecn to mollified by contact with white
hillzatlein that thej have almost forgotten
heir aboriginal arts and ren monies Ilo- |
ng unable to carry on any of their native
ndiistrlos or to participate In the cere- '
nonlals of the other tribes , the Santa Clara j
nen ronlliusl their eflort chicllj to dl&posing ,
if some cheap pottery of the sort made for i
aio to louilftts at railway stations. I' '
The t > wcntjslexlsllng Pueblo towns of' ' ;
s'ow Mexico and Arizona , with some trans-
'
danted settlements near Il ? Paso , lex , have
iltogethvr a population of about 11,000 souls , ,
( presenting , according to our present knrwl. ,
> dge , four different linguistic stocks Three'1 !
moblos have more than 1,000 soula each , ,
Uillo .Siinti Clara has but 2 5 The tjpo ,
s to- > well known , from the researches of
]
rained invcfctlgators , to need any extended ,
lotlco here1 The Santa Clara Indians belong ,
o the Tanoan stock Thej call themselves
) wl'ne , and their village Ka'pa , a name j
, lilch seems to contain the root pa , water. ,
'bey nre aware of tholr relationship to the ,
ooplo of the Tueujan village of llano , which ,
omo of tholr old men havu vUltod. Nearly ,
I ) have .Spanish n a in us in addition to their ;
roper Indian name ) * . They elect n gov-'j '
rnor. or chief , every joar. Their present (
overnor Diego Naranjo with ttio laut exl l
governor ell Jo o do Jesus Nnrnnjo , ac
companied the party , the former bearing ni
his staff of ofllco nn Inscribed Rllvpr-hpidcd
cam- , prevented to the pueblo by President
Lincoln in ISfiS.
Di'Ni'rniliMl 1'roin Ciintiltintx ,
A small but notnblo delegation 'was ' that
of the Tonknwa , who call themselves
Trohknn-wntlch , "Indigenous people , " n title
arrogated bj half the Insignificant little
tribes known to ethnology. Although the
mere remnant of n people on the vet go of
extinction , the Tonkawa nro of peculiar In
terest from the fact that , so far ns present
knowledge goes , they constitute a distlncf
linguistic stock , nnd nro the on ! ) existing
cannibal tilbo of the United States , while
historically they nro the sole representatives
of the Indians of the old Alamo mission ,
whoso most tropic Incident had Us parallel
In the massacre that practically wiped out
their lllbe.
Living originally In southern Texas , the
Tonkawa experienced nil the vicissitudes
that como to n vagrant nnd outcast people
until they were finally gathered , In 1851 , on
what la now the Klowa reservation , having
their village on the south bank of the
Washltn , just nbovo the present Auadnrko.
I Tim other tribes , which hated them for their
cannibal habit and for the assistant which
they had given the troops In various bolder
campaigns' , took advantage of the confusion
resulting from the outbreak of the re
bellion lo settle old scores , nnd
joining forces against the Tonknwa ,
surprised their camp bj a night nttnrk on
October 23 , 1SG2 , and mastered nearlj half
the tribe Since then their decline has bern
rapid , until there are now but fiftj-three 1 ft
alive , on lands allotted to them In eastern
Oklahoma. Some excellent studies have been
made among them bv Gntschet , who deter
mined their linguistic Isolation Their chief ,
Sontelo , alias Giant Klcharels , former gov
ernment scout , accompinled the partj.
The celebrated tribe1 ofpicho , who e.ill
themselves Nile , "men , " was icprescnted by
two delegations , numbering together nbout
forty persons , viz Some White Mountain
Apache from San C.ulos leservatlon In Arl-
701 , and some Chlrlcahua from Tott Sill ,
Oklahoma , whore thej mo now held under
military lestinlnt. With the former there
were also borne Moliave , a distinct trlbo ot
Yuman stock.
Tiom their connection with the border
wars of the southwcbt , and through the re
seat clics ot the lite Captain Uourkp , the
Apicho are PO well known as to rcqulio no
extended notice here A part of the great
Athapascan stock , they have fought their
way tin align hostile tribes from Yukon river
to thp llio Grande , finallj establishing them
selves In the mountain region of southern
Arizona nnd New Mexico , whence thej made
unceasing foiajs In nil directions until their
name became the sjnonjm of nil tint was
savage and untamable. Trom the nature of
the countrj In which thej lived nnd their
inherited capacity for enduring hardship ,
they proved the most dangerous foes ngalnst
whcm our troops were ever foiccd to ccn-
totul. Since their Ilnal subjugation a few
jenis ago they have tried to adapt them
selves to Iho situation , and evince n native
intelligence and solidity of character that
bid fall to place them In the front rank ot
self-supporting trlbeb H will bo rcmcm-
boicd that they are first cousins of the
Xavaho , the most successful stock raisers
and most expert weavers in the United
States Thej number nearly fi.OOO , all now
on San Carles reservation In Arizona , ex
cepting the Chlrlcahua band of nbout 300 ,
held as prisoners of war at Tort Sill. They
hive no central organization , but are sub
divided Into a number of binds , each under
Its own chief
The White mountain delegation wns under
command of the hercditaiy chief , Go-zhazh ,
"Jingling , " known to the whites as Josh , of
pleasing features and manly air. They were
the dress of their tribe , with flowing hair ,
led turban , closo-fittlng buckskin legging ,
and characteristic tuintyd-up moccasin. The
women have their hair cut across the foro-
hcid. Neiily all the men had tattooed upon
their foreheads figures resembling the rain
and cloud sj-mbol cf the Ifopl. The Mohave
bad the same clieas nnd general appearance.
They brought with them their natlvo baskets
and dance costumes and set up their round-
top canvas wiklups after the stjlo of these
on the reservation.
I.IIMC of MilVnrrloiN. .
The Chlrlcahua , the last Apache ( band to
go on the warpath , were finally run clown
and compelled to surrender to General Miles
in 18Si ( As the people of Arizona protested
ngalnst nllowlng them to remain longer In
that territory , they iwero deported bodily to
Tort Marlon , Tlorlcla , thence after homo
tlmo to Mount Vernon barracks in Alabama ,
and at last to Tort Sill , on the Klowa res
ervation , Oklahoma , where under a fovv jears
of good management they have developed
from miserable savage refugees to prosper
ous farmers and stock raisers , quite n num
ber being enrolled and uniformed as United
S.atcfa scouts The delegation was a picked
one , and Included Nalchl , "Meddler , " the
hereditary chief of the band , n man of sol
dierly air nnd flguio , Geionlmo , the eld war
captain , n natural leader of warriors , but
withal n most mercenary character , with
ono or two foot racers nnd experts Jn native
arts , and several women , with two Infants
In cradles Being under military control ,
they were housed In army tents The exiles
devoted their time to good advantage , maV- (
ing bnakitb , canes and beaded work for
Mlu , and found much pleasure in meeting (
( heir old friends from Arizona and exchang
ing reminiscences
Some tribal ceremonies wore arranged , but
were discontinued owing tonn evident purpose -
pose to reduce eveijthing lo the level of
a "Midway" performance. Among those
given were Iho noted ghost dance of the
plains tribes , the mounted horn dance of the ,
Wichita nnd the unique .ind interesting war '
dance nnd devil dance of the Apache , the
last being performed nt night by the light
of n fire , with , i clown and other masked
clnracters , after the manner of the Ilopl 01
Mokl dances There were alho foot races
by picked runners from several tribes
' ! It'IlNliri'N Of ( IIISIllMt. .
The Klowa camp circle a series of mlnl-
tturo heraldic tlpls In buckskin , with the
[ eiilral nipdlclno lodge and all the necessary
shields , tripods and other equipments to
make It camplete was brought fiom Wash
ington and pet uj ) within a IMIIVOS corral of
eighty feet diameter This presentation of
Iho old cnmp circle of the plains tribes Is a
: omplpto reproduction , on n small .scalo , of.
: ho last grpat sun-daiico camp of ths Klc.wa '
Indians , Just previous to thplr signing of the
ilslorlo treaty of Mpdlclno Lodge In 1KB7 , bv
ivhlch they gave up tholr free life nnd
jgrced to bo assigned to n reservation It
a iho property of the National museum and
, vas prenaicd on the reservation under di
rection of the- Unreal ) of American nihnol-
) gy , every mlnlatiuo tlpl nnd ulilrld hiving
jpen made by the heri'illtary Indian owner '
> f the original
Under an ariangemont between the expo-
iltlon management and tlio Bureau of
\morlcan Kthnology n special fund was ap-
irrprlatod for securing portraits of the In-
ll.ui delegates This work was clone by the
'xposltlon photographer , under the supcr-
Islon of a member of the bureau , according
o n sjbtematlc plan , the Indians being pho-
otrraphecl In costume in tribal groups nnd
JiiBly. In bust , profile and full length , ro-
ultlng In a scrips of several hundred plcturca
ormlng altogether one of the finest collee-
Ions of Indian portraits In existence The
rgatlvcs nro now In posupsulon of the bureau
U the same tlmo the Indian name of cac.li
ndlvldual was obtained , with its Interprc-
ntlon , and some points of Information con-
ernlng the tribe , with brief vocabularies of
ach language
While the number of children nnd jouth
n the United Status U 21n8..m ! , thu total
nrollment of American Sunday hchools it.
"feilar
COHSTIPimON CURED
BY HMITH'8
BILE BEANS.
Thpy never fall. Head this t stl-
monlnl
J K SMITH & . CO.-I transmit here-
wltli postal note for { 1 Pleuuu nd
to no nridie B live bottles nilei IJean * .
I .have b e-n mifferlnK from constipa
tion 18 01 19 jam , and they are the
Paymuj < tr t U 8 Steamer "Yantlo , "
Newport , H I
If you lunnot EecurnSmith' * 1)11 e
Hiuna from j-our drusrIM nend Bo for
trial slzo , or 2 < > for regular fflzo bottle
to J I1" Smith & Co , , proprietor * of
Bib Hcnns , N Y
