10 TUTS OMAHA DAILY WEE : SUNDAY , TTKimrAKY 10 ,
PUBLIC LIBRARY METHODS
Various Me&ni Emplojed to Satisfy the
Wanti of Patrona ,
INSTRUCTIVE FACTS FOR BOOK BORROWERS
Alma nt tlie MnnnReinrnt nnil Con-
cnlciipH of Ilir I.llirnry Set
For III In 11 I'njirr Ilotul nt
tliu WOIIIHII'H Clult ,
The aim of the management of n frro
public library Is to make Its contents of the
proatest possible value to the community.
To do this It Is necessary to adont every
means which cnn bo devised to make known
to the public what books nro on the shelves
nnd how they may bo drawn for uso. Find
ing lists , catalogues , Indexes and bibli
ographies ot special subjects must bo pre
pared nnd every possible effort made to
satisfy each person who wants n. book or
wlflhcs Information on any subject.
In a library llko our own. wboro free
access to the shelves Is not permitted , except
In the reference department , It Is necessary
to ho guided almost entirely by the card
catalogue , as this Is the only entry of books
under both author nnd subject which Is kept
tip to date. At the tlmo that a now book
Is placed upon the shelves the Index cards
nro Inserted In the card catalogue. These
cards are arranged alphabetically under
nuthor , subject nnd tltlo when the work has
n distinctive title.
To Illustrate this last , Mommscn'a
"History of Ilomo" would not appear under
" " whllo Haro's
the title-word "history ,
"Walks in Homo" would appear under Its
exact title. Although the printed finding list
Is frequently asked for , It Is very unsatis
factory , as It Is never up to date.
Hoforo It has oven boon brought from the
printer there have very likely been received
Bovcral hundred now books. The advantages
of the card catalogue are : It Is always up
to date ; all books of ono nuthor are to bo
found together under the author's name , no
matter how different the subject matter of
each work may bo , and all material on ono
BUbJoct may bo found under that subject
arranged alphabetically by author.
Whllo I bellovo that every ono hero knows
the general plan ot drawing hooka for homo
use , for the sake of those who do not I wish
to make n short explanation. The library
membership card Is procured by having a
form , which Is supplied by the library ,
Rlgncd by a citizen of Omaha. On this
membership card may bo drawn any hook
which Is not specified as cither for refer
ence or which. Is not of too great value to
bo permitted to leave the building. The
rules governing the length of time books
may bo retained , etc. , are on the back of
the card.
Circulation of Itnnltit.
In many very largo circulating libraries
It Is the policy of the management to make
the homo circulation of books as largo as
possible and to permit the reference use to
bo entirely secondary. Iut the plan here
has been to keep the two about equally bal
anced. A membership card is not necessary
when using books at the library. The refer
ence room Is used almost entirely by stu-
dontB who are following ono line of study
qulto clobcly nnd wish to find Information
on n given subject In the simplest , quickest
and easiest manner. If ho has no knowl
edge of the general arrangement of the
books on the shelves , or the card catalogue ,
or 1'oolo's index to periodical literature , or
any other of the tools provided by the
library for the assistance of the public , It Is
tlmo wasted to show him these different
plans nnd much better to assist him by per-
eonnl effort.
Further , It Is almost Impossible to furnish
lists and catalogues sufficient to give a com
plete bibliography of a subject. It Is not to
bo expected that persons unaccustomed to
searching for material will bo able to find It
readily , for a complete knowledge of the
books required for a ready and effective
handling of n subject can bo gained only by a
long experience of their use.
The patrons of thu library can be of the
greatest assistance by being very clear and
npcolflo In their requests. Why , 1 do not
know , but frequently visitors have the un
fortunate faculty of concealing from the ! 1-
brarlnn what they want , nnd it Is only by
the most careful questioning that ho is able
to learn the needs of his visitor.
Next , to itho card catalogue , which I have
explained , the most Important aid in assist
ing the searcher for refercnoes is 1'oole's
index to periodical literature. This is an In
dex to all ot the leading English nnd Amer
ican periodicals nnd Is nrranged on Just the
aaino plan as the card catalogue , alphabetic
ally under author and subject. This Index
is invaluable In reference work , as some of
the best material Is to bo found In tbo back
flics of periodicals. Supplementing Paolo's
Index are the American Library association
Index to general literature and the annual
literary Index. They are both indexes to cs-
enya and sketches , reports and publications
of societies , etc. , and bring into notice much
important matter which may not always be
found by referring to the card catalogue.
1'Hl-flll IlflllH.
Resides thcso there are other helps which
nro useful In preparing an outline for study.
Adams' Manual of Historical Literature ,
CiHswold's "Select Lists of Novels and
Tules , " Sargcmt's "Heading for the Young , "
with supplement , nixon's "Subject Index to
Proao Fiction , " Monroe's "Bibliography ot
Education , " published In the International
Education norlos , Sturges' and Krehblol's
Annotated Bibliography ot Pine Art , and
many special lists prepared by other libra
ries. In this connection I will say that the
library Is willing to gather together In ono
plnco material on any given subject where It
may conveniently bo consulted and be ot
eorvlc * to > the club. That Is , have
a small collection ot books withdrawn
from circulation and reserved for a tlmo for
the UHO of the members , for In this way it
Is possible to accommodate a greater number
of people. To have this plan work nicely
the leaders of classes should send to the
library lists of subjects to bo studied , the
Beam , EUI
Long life.
A magically effective
appliance uuda mouth's
course of rratnratlrerrm-
cdlu tent on trial ami nn.
proval , without expense.
A'ot a dollar nttitlx jiaid
, , , until rtiulti are knoun to
taul acknowMpcil the patient.
The Krlo { .feillCA Cnuipany'i Appliance and
Remedies hnvo U > t u talked nl aud written about
till oTcry man has heard of them.
Tliu hlRliCDt medical authorities in the world
bnvu lately coumicndr-d tlicui ,
They ixbtcij marvellous power to vitalize , de-
Telop , rmoro , and suttatu.
They create vigor , healthy tissue , new life.
They stop drains tlmt tap thu crcrzy.
They cure all effects of early etil hablti , ex <
cvsscj , overwork.
They giro full lire ngth , development , and tone
to every portion und orran of the body ,
Failure irapoulblo , axe no barrier.
Ko i' , 0. P , ( ctiaiao , nor deception ; no exposure
& clean Uulneu propmltlon by a company of
lilch lluanclal aud prolailimul itnudlug. Write
tot sealed information.
Medical GoBuffaoNY. !
Erie
, , , , .
'program ' for the year , or some plan of the
work , so that It may bo possible for the
librarian to flml the desired material and
call In the booko from circulation. Fre
quently It I necessary to duplicate some of
the books which arc In the greatest demander
or to purchase new ones and thug strengthen
the collection. I urge that these requests
bo made ns soon ns you have determined
upon your program , so that wo may have
the books ready for you In time.
Throughout the city there are a number of
current topic clubs , which ha * o adopted the
plan of sending to the library an outline of
their work. Wo then prepare for each of
thcso clubs a list of references to the best
articles on the subject to bo discussed at
their next mooting. Wo send ono copy of
this list to the meeting place of the club
and retain one nt the library. These lists
nro tnadn almost entirely from the current
periodicals and clippings from the dally
papers. Among these clippings nro fre
quently to bo found articles relating to some
subject whlrh Is of such recent Interest that
nothing Is to bo found In the magazines , or
perhaps some biographical sketch or picture
of an author who Is not very well known.
Any little bit of local history Is carefully
preserved In this way and many times has
been found to bo most valuable. To bo
sure , much of this could be found In the
bound ( lion of the local dally papers , but ns
these are not Indexed It would bo an almost
Impossible task , unless the searcher know
the exact date of the article.
Convoiiloiiee of MIC Mlirnry.
AH you all know , wo have at the IJbrary
a lecture room with a seating capacity of
150. This Is furnished free , on application ,
to any club or society which may wish to
use It for educational purposes. It Is oc
cupied almcot every day toy different
classes , ono of which Is a department of
the Woman's club. 'It ' Is the plan to loan
to thcso classes any number of volumes
which may bo needed while In session nnd
to reserve for their ttso a limited number of
"books " 'which ' nro placed In the reference
room , subject to withdrawal.
Special privilege cards may bo Issued to
leaders ot clubs , entitling the holders to
draw several ( books at ono lime , to be used
In preparation of work lor the club , sub
ject to the general rulca governing the cir
culation of hooks.
It would seem to bo an easy matter to
Induce the study clubs and classes to make
use of the library , ( but It Is not. It re
quires n great deal ot urging to persuade
the leaders to send In their programs , their
outline of study or the lists of books which
are to bo used , so that n sufficient number
of duplicates may ho purchased. While I
entirely approve the iplan of each club hav
ing a small refercnco library of Its own , it
must bo limited or it would become too
great a burden.
It Is my ambition to have the members of
the Woman's club use the public library as
though It belonged to them , which It docs.
May I not urge that the members use It
moro freely and make greater demands
than they have done before. ft the books
that you wish are not on the shelves , let
It be known. I cannot promise that every
thing requested -will bo purchased , but the
toook committee certainly will do all In Its
power to assist you.
Lists of the books to ho used In connec
tion with the study might bo printed In the
monthly bulletin which is issued by the
library. Send in the outline of your work
and every effort will bo made to so prepare
and arrange the * material that your time
need not bo wasted when you come.
The library contains about 50,000 volumes ,
subscribes for over 100 newspapers nnd peri
odicals , has a largo collection ot valuable
clippings , which may bo used for reference ,
and has catalogues and Indexes , making all
of this material perfectly accessible.
Wo have a library building that Is every
where considered a model of convenience-
and thanks to the generosity of the Woman's
club our walls are no longer bare , but the
beginnings of creditable displays of photo
graphs of celebrated places and people have
been made.
The museum , which promises to be a
Feature of great interest In the near future ,
lias already felt the substantial encourage
ment of this club. It only remains for mete
to Invite you to make more extended use of
the library and to visit it moro often. Re
member the library when you have visiting
friends Wo nro proud of our building and
should like to see a larger growth of civic
prldo in this institution. Your club , which
Is BO great a factor for good In the com
munity , can do no greater service to the
people , and especially to the rising genera
tion , than to foster a habit of visiting the
public library.
EDITH TOBITT , Librarian.
PHYSICIANS CANNOT AGREE
UIITcroiiuc of Opinion n to Who
Should I.ooU After Certain
Charity CIIHCM.
When the attention of the city physician
was called to the Illness of Adolph UebU ,
Tenth and Nicholas streets , Friday afternoon ,
ho said It was n county cas.e. Ho was In
formed that Dr. Ralph was notified early In
the morning of the old man's Illness and
that ho In turn had sent word to the county
physician. Then the question was asked :
"How do you distinguish between county
and city cases , doctor ? "
"Wo came to an agreement recently
through the advice of the city and county
attorneys , " said Dr. Spaldlng "that all In
digent cases should bo cared for by the
county. All accidents , properly speaking ,
should bo attended by the city physician and
his assistant at the expense ot the city.
However , ns soon ns a patient Is able to be
moved It Is understood ho may bo taken to
the county hospital and become the charge
of the county. Under this construction 1
could send all persons Injured accidentally to
the county hospital , because they are handled
by the police and could bo taken to that
place as well as to some city hospital. Wo
have not been particular In the past , but
since , under the last appropriation , the city
gives us such a .small sum with which to
\\ork , the county will have to look nfter Ho
own patients In future , as we will not have
the funds. "
Arnluii Salve.
THE BEST SALVE In the world for Cut * .
Bruises. Bores , Ulcers , Salt Rheum , Fever
Sorre , Tetter , Chapped Hands , Chilblains ,
Corns nnd all Skin Eruptions , nnd positively
cure * Piles , or no pny required. It le gunr-
nnteed to give perfect satisfaction or money
refunded. Prlco 25 cents per box. For sale
by Kuhn & Co ,
ANOTHER CASE OF SMALLPOX
( liiurnnUnoil RiifHt nt tlin Vciulome
Hotel Conies DIMVII ivltli
the
Tbo prisoners In the Vendomo hotel who
have been quarantined on account of small
pox and wcro to have been released on Mon
day are doomed to suffer sore disappoint- ,
mont. Owlnu to the fact that another cnso
of the disease has developed on K. 13. Cole ,
another of the guests nt the hostelry the
quarantine will bo continued eorao tlmo
longer , although Cole has been removed to
the Miller park smallpox hospital.
The school olliclals have raised the quaran
tine which had been placed several weeks
ago upon the Central school district and now
nil the children lu that district may attend
school whether they are vaccinated or not.
Miss Lena Gardner ot Cromwell , Conn. ,
daughter of Mr , and Mrs. rohn Gardner. Is
sulTuriuK from w peculiar physical nitllctlon.
Miss Gardner's wUdom teeth are growlnu iu
her Jaw a horizontally Instead of vertically ,
bho ban been nt .the Ilar'.ford hospital for
< reatmcut , and the r.ursectig there say that
her case is the Jlrst ot Us kind ou record.
IMPRISONED JN THE TOWER
A Patriot of th Eevolntion Confined in
London's Famous Dungeon ,
MINISTER LAURENS' ' CAPTURE AND RELEASE
An Kplnoclc of the Ilnttli * for Freedom
tliut 1'ritioliril AVitr Ilptitcen
llrllnlii mill Hie United 1'rov-
IIICCK of the .NetlierlmiilH.
The great Interest taken by readers of pub
lic Journals , In matters relating to our army
and navy , will Justify n slight review ot
the remarkable events touching the Im
prisonment ot this member of the revolu
tionary congress , nnd the accredited minis
ter to the Netherlands , In the historic nnd
famous Tower of London.
Henry Laurens was a man of an nctlvo
and Impulsive nature , high-spirited and en
ergetic In the cause ot .ho revolution.
On , the 1st day of November , 1777 , ho was
elected president of the congress , hut after
wards resigning that high and Important
position , ho was selected and commissioned
by the congress ns Its minister to the Neth-
orlnnds , nnd directed to enter Into Important
treaty rotations with that republic.
On August 13 , 177 ! ) , ho started on
his mission , and to cross the Atlantic
In n , small sailing vessel named The Mer
cury , nnd twenty-two dnys thercnfter this
vessel was captured by the English cruiser
Vestal , Captain Keppel In command , and
who treated Mr. Laurens with the greatest
kindness while holding him.
At the tlmo of his capture Mr. Laurens
had In his possession valuable and Im
portant documents which It would bo nighty
Injurious to the Dutch government to have
fall Into the hands of the English ministry.
These documents Mr. Laurens attempted to
sink Into the ocean and prevent from fall
ing into .tho possession of the captain ot
the English man-of-war , and to do this the
documents were placed in a bag with a
number of pounds of shot , supposed to beef
of weight enough to sink the bag , but un
fortunately it floated on trie surfnco of the
water and Captain Keppel recovered It , and
the troublesome documents were placed in
the hands of the British ministry , ami were
made the foundation , of a war declared by
England against the United PWvlnces of the
Js'etherrands.
Js'etherrands.A
A I'rlnoiicr of Stntc ,
It must bo 'borne in mind thnt the -war
had been In progress several years nnd that
thousands of prisoners had .been . taken
when Mr. Laurens was captured , nnd ho
had a right to suppose thnt ho was simply
a prisoner of war , and ono can Imagine his
surprise when ho was taken to England
and placed In close confinement In the
Tower of London , ns a prisoner of state.
The mind will readily suggest the many
persons who hnvo occupied that famous ,
historic national prison , during the long
period ot the upbuilding of the English
constitution , and the fixing of limitations
on the power of despotism.
Kings , queens , princess of the blood , pa
triotic lovers .of mankind and of their coun
try , pious men , men who had sought to
worship God , not according to the notion
of the ruling despot , nnd also men "who
Justly deserved to he Imprisoned for their
crimes , had found lodgment In that ancient
and historic place , but never before had a
member of the world-renowned congress
been found therein , nor had such n name
ever before been on that prison roll.
The peculiarity of the situation In which
Mr. Laurens' found himself wns that ho
was held as a prisoner of state thnt is , as
an ordinary criminal to bo charged with
treason , nnd subject to bo tried In the
courts as a traitor to England. John
Adams , on October 1J , 1780 , then minister
at Amsterdam , -wrote , "that It Is very ex
traordinary that they ( the English ) should
treat Mr. Laurens ns a prisoner of state. "
But Mr. Laurens was not a lawyer , nnd
It would not seem so "extraordinary" to
him as to the masterly legal minds of John
Adams and John Jay.
That nn Individual connected with the
transactions of his country nnd on a mission
to carry out the Instructions of the sovereign
authority of his nation is not answerable to
the municipal authorities of th'o enemy is n
principle acknowledged by all writers on In
ternational law , provided , of course , that
the mission wns within tbo rules of clvlllzod
warfare and the prisoner has not violated
tha conduct pertaining to such warfare.
Should , however , a foreigner go Into an
other country nnd burn Its cities , nssasslnnto
its people or commit any net outraging the
common feelings of humanity ho could not
plead the express direction nnd authority
of his government nnd If the prisoner should
commit what Is commonly known to bo
murder the express command of his sov
ereign would bo no excuse nnd ho could not
Intlst upon treatment ns n prisoner of war.
Ho would bo a prisoner of stuto , subject to
the Jurisdiction of Its courts nnd triable as
a criminal for his acts.
But Mr. Laurens was simply acting ns n
minister to a foreign state , seeking to assist
hla country in establishing Its nationality
through legitimate civilized warfare , and It
was truly "extraordinary" that the British
ministry should hold him a prisoner of state
and compel him to appear In Us legal
tribunals.
But my purpose especially Is to place before -
fore the reader the peculiar situation , the
high-spirited conduct and flno ability ot Mr.
Laurens while a prisoner nnd when taken
before tbo English court.
1'iitlictiu Appeal.
After fifteen months of close confinement
In the Tower of London Mr , Laurens wrote
a letter to the president of the congress ,
which letter was with nlraost endless
trouble started on Its course. The letter
was as follows :
TOWER OF LONDON , Dec. 20 , 1781. Sir :
Almost fifteen months I have been closely
confined and Inhumanly 'treated ' and even
now I have not a prospect of relief. The
treaty of exchange is abortive. There have
boon languor and" neglect somewhere. If I
merit your attention you will no longer delay -
lay the only speedy and efficacious moans
for my deliverance. Dnter this , if you
please , and what It may produce , on your
secret Jouran ! and pardon tha omission of
ceremony , I am full of love nnd respect for
you. HENRY LAUUENS.
P. S. A friend will trace the direction Jn
ink.
ink.TCio
TCio impatience * of this letter Is excusable
when wo remember that Mr. Laurens was
broken In health and worried for his per
sonal safety and his anxiety for his country's
welfare. The remarkable procedure ot tak
ing Mr , Laurens before the lord chief Jus
tice of England that ho might furnish ball
is very Interesting , as showing the perplex
ity of the ministry and the scene there en
acted , as showing'tfio ' ability , unfailing pa
triotism and determination of this early
American.
Ho could not deny that he was a prisoner
and ho could expect , at Icas't , that ho must
submit to being treated as a prisoner of war
and of that ho would not complain , What
that -treatment should bo would vary much
with the conditions and circumstances of
war , the ability and possession of those who
'hold him captive. Prisoners of war In all
civilized warfare should bo treated humanely
sad not as criminals , but as unfortunates.
"Prisoners ot war , " said a high authority ,
"are to be considered as unfortunates and
not an criminals nnd are to bo treated ac
cordingly. " An Instance of the proper
treatment of prisoners of war. and at the
same time showing the high tide of Ameri
can thought. Is In the care and custody of
{ ho marines taken at the destruction of
Cervcra's fleet at Santiago. Thete unfor
tunate Spaniards were taken to a Now Eng
land location , where pure , cool nlr wns
abundant , nnd wcro supplied with every
cnro and attention and given food no would
bo sultnblo nnd proper to our own soldiers
likewise situated. So whtn Mr. Laurens
wns closely confined In the Tower of Lon
don and Ill-fed nnd Ill-treated and not al
lowed pen nnd Ink , tie WAS Justly Indignant
nnd the native grandeur of the revolutionary
hero asserted Itself.
The congress had given direction nnd au
thorfty to Benjamin Franklin to negotiate
an exchange of Llcutennnt General Bur-
goyno for Mr. Laurens , but this had fnlled
by reason of the British declining to make
the exchange.
A. I'ntrlntlc Declaration.
After this the English ministry concluded
to rtlcaso Mr. Laurens from the Tower , hav
ing him enter Into an undertaking for Ills
appearance "nt the court ot the king's bench
on the first day of Easter term and not to
depart thence without leave of the court. "
And for this purpose Mr. Laurens was taken
before the lord chief Justice. The American
minister was sick and unable to nrlso from
his bed and wns carried out of the Tower
to thu presence of the lord chief Justice.
Then and thcro It was thnt ho mndo Ills
memorable declaration In the highest com
mon law court ot England , n declaration
worthy of the most exalted renown nnd rich
with patriotic nnd Inspiring Influences. Ho
said to our British cousins : "In or
der to prevent or save trouble , ns I do not
know the nature of the obligation to bo
required of io , 1 think It necessary to
' premise that I will do no net that shall
1 Involve mo In nn acknowledgment of sub-
I Jectlon to this realm , nnd that I save and
reserve to myself all the rights and claims
of a citizen ot the united , free and Inde
pendent states at North America. "
In a letter afterward to the president of
the congress , In describing his actions , ho
' Bald "This ot
: solemn second abjuration
| the king In ono of his own courts wns
i going ns far as decency would permit , nnd
1 I wns nt that moment In so very low and
! languishing n state that I could express
I myself no further. None 'but God knows
i what I suffered , and I expected nothing IOFS
than to too remanded to the Tower. The
solicitor concluded by saying that some
violence had been done to the Inws for my
relief. " It should bo remembered that Mr.
Laurens was not n lawyer and wns not fn-
mlllnr with the procedure of the court of
the king's 'bench ' , ibUL had been n merchant
all his busy life , and his direct declara
tion that howould not do any act In subjection
" " that ho Insisted
jection to "this realm" and
thnt ho "savo nnd reserve" to himself all
rights nnd claims of a citizen ot the
united , free nnd Independent states of
North America had a far moro reaching
effect than would have had a pica to the
jurisdiction at the court , written by the
stately nnd skilled hnnd of the great law
yer , John Jay , the first chief Justice of
the United States. It\vras a second Declara
tion of Independence. It was nn nppeal to
the common sense of the English people. It
was moro than a plea to the Jurisdiction of
the court. It was /olemn assertion that
there stood before them n citizen of nn In
dependent nation , and ns such his declara
tion had a largo Influence on English
thought of the period.
On the 27th day ot April , 1782 , Mr. Lau
rens was formally discharged on his prom
ise to get Dr. Franklin to obtain the ex
change of Lieutenant General Lord Corn1-
wallls for Mr. Laurens.
Krniiklln'H Letter.
Indeed It la difficult to find any Important
matter transacted In Europe In those In- ,
terestlng days without seeing the baud of
the veucrnblo Franklin helping to the con
clusion. As soon as Dr. Franklin learned
of the imprisonment of Mr. Laurens in the
Tower of London , and that his health was
suffering .frora the rigor of the confinement ,
he wrote a letter to Sir Grey Cooper , secre
tary ot the treasury of England. This let
ter is interesting for its humanity and its
plainness and'l take pleasure in giving It.
"PASSY , November , 1780. Sir : I under
stand that Mr. Laurens , an American gen
tleman for whom 1 have a great esteem , Is
a prisoner in the Tower , and that his
health suffers 'by the closeness and rigor
of his confinement. As 1 do not think that ,
your affairs receive any advantage from
the harshness oi this proceeding , I take' '
the freedom of requesting your kind inter
position to obtain for him such a decree
qt air and liberty , on his parole or other
wise , as may be necessary for his health
and comfort. The fortune ofwar , which
is dally changing , may possibly put it in
my power to do the llko good office for
some friend of yours , which I shall per
form with much pleasure , not only for the
sake of humanity , but In respect to the
ashes of our former friendship. With great
regard , 1 have the honor to be , etc. ,
"B. FRANKLIN. "
Dr. Franklin was staying In France , and
was In the closest possible touch with the
affairs of his country and Its citizens In
Europe , nnd upon being Informed that Mr.
Laurens wns released upon the understand
ing that he would obtain the exchange of
Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallls for Mr.
Laurens , he executed n document for thnt
purpose , but stating therein that It was
subject to ratification ot the congress. Lord
Cornwallls was nt the time nt largo on his
parole nnd was anxious to be exchanged , BO
as to take his scat in the House of Lards
without violating his oath given on his
parole. The nnrno of the great diplomat
nnd patriot , the venerable Franklin , here
such weight In England ns conclusively ex
pressing the will of the congress that Lord
Cornwallls took his scat In Parliament
without awaiting action of the congress on
the exchange.
The splendid conduct of the revolutionary
heroes has given Inspiration to every suc
ceeding ugo , nnd wo look with feelings of
gratitude on the acts and lives of the great
men who placed so deep and abiding the
Institutions of n free government , and who
set before succeeding generations tbo high
resolves nnd far-reaching Influences of
American gentlemen In their grand work
the laborious task of building n nation.
JAMES H. MACOMBER.
I'Ol'OCATUl'UTL'S C11A.TKK.
HcninrKulilf ISuIiorx In the Ilenrt of
tiltMoiiiiliiln. .
The sulphur house at Rnncho Tlamacas
Is the really Important station on a trip to
the peak of , Popocatepetl , Bays a writer In
Modern Mexico. Here wo arrived at dark
after a ride of four or five 'hours ' on horse
back from Amecamocn , through n beautiful
valley at first with Indian huts on cither
side , then grain fields by the Bide of clear ,
limpid streams rushing down from the
melting snows of the two great mountains
which seems to gain In jjrandeur nnd ele
vation ns we approached their bases. Leav
ing Ixtacclhuatl to the loft , wo entered a
road which has evidently been In use for
many years , as It has sunken from the wear
of ages until It Is so deep for several miles
that wo , on horseback , could not ceo over
the "banks " of the almost level country on
either side.
Entering the pine timber wo found n
good road for a Ions distance , which Is used
In crossing to Puebla , However , near the
top of the saddle between the two moun
tains , wo left this road and crossed a small
stream which In Its violent descent roared
as If to scare us from our purpose. Wo
had now only hrldlo paths , In some places
very poorly defined , always very steep nnd
slippery , over fallen timber and rocks , un
der low-hanging limbs where wo were
forced to Ho close to the backs of our
horses , and on ascending steep places to
hold to their in an 0.3 not to slip out of tbo
saddles. Then came the rain to add to our
difficulties , and for two hours we were
drenched BO that we did not appreciate the
grand scenery through which wo were pass
ing. There are many deep gorges , but In no
place Is the trail EO near that It Is very
dangerous. I think there la not another
| high mountain In the world so accessible-
nnd attended with so little real danger In
Its ascent at Popocatepetl. In most places
, the soil Is n deep lenin , formed ot the de
composed nshcs cast out by the volcano ,
and which now produces a gradual slope to
the snow line , mostly covered by the zacnlon
grass nnd plno timber.
On arrival nt Tlnmacns wo found the
shcda where In years pnt the eulphur was
refined and In these wo tried to make our
selves comfortable until morning. With n
large fire In the middle of the floor nnd
the use ot some small earthen pots \\o pre
pared our coffee nnd supper. Wo spread
our clothing out to dry nnd passed n miser
able night wrapped In our 'blankets ' with
our feet to the fire. AtI o'clock wo nwoko
our guides and stepped out to see ot It was
light enough to prepare for the ascent of
the mountain.
Our guides told us to ent but little , hut to
take n lunch with us. They then wrapped
our feet In woolen cloUis , to protect thorn
from Ibo old and snow. Mounting our
horses wo rode through the timber and
across n barranca whose sides were soft
nshes In which our horses sank nt every
6tcp ; tlu-n nbovo the timber line , through
the zacnton gross , which reaches Into the
snow. Finding the show extending further
down the mountain than usual , our culdos
ndvlscd us to ride ns far ns pofslblo lu
order to save our strength , hut soon our
horses were punting nnd nWo to go only n
few steps nt n time. So wo dismounted nud
prepared for the Journey on foot. Wo had
yet nearly 4,000 feet to nsocnd over n smooth
surface of snow , so steep thnt wo went In
zigzag fashion , stopping ovcry few steps to
Ho down presumably to ndmlro the scenery.
To the left Iny the valley of Mexico , still
In the shadow , except In n few high places ,
which the early sun had tinted with gold.
Almost directly under us wo could see the
town of Amecameca with the Sacromonto
nnd tho'whlto ' convent buildings nnd beyond
the thrco lakes , Chnlco , Xochlmllco and
i Texcoco , glisten. The sun lit up the spires
j nnd lowers of Mexico City nnd It scorned
I ns It the whole world wns under us. The
I valley of Puebla was hidden by light , fleooy
! clouds driven from the Gulf coast nnd above
I them townrd Arlzaba's peak , with Us beau
tiful white dome , and the castellated towero
of Mnllncho.
Finally , at 11:30 : o'clock , our guides said :
"Alll esta el crater , " and In n few minutes
wcro on the rim , warned by the culdo
not to go too near Its edges. Wo throw our
selves down nnd at first could only pant
nnd gasp for breath , the only sound heard
being the loud thumping of our hearts In
chorus. In a short time wo were able to
reuse ourselves , take a swallow of cognac ,
cat a sweet lemon nnd a cracker and enjoy
the nwful grandeur of the scene.
Before us was a great black opening of
an oval shape , longest from north to south ,
with Its walls of obsidian to a depth of flvo
or six hundred feet. Owing to overhanging
walls wo could not see the lowest point.
On the further side was a great patch ot
yellow nnd from its crevasses rose n cloud
ot steam , or , as we were told , sulphurous
gas , which has melted the snows above. The
guides Informed us thnt this Is where the
sulphur rock was taken out , and ono said
ho had stayed down thcro for thirty dnys at
a tlmo , and the other had made a trip each
day from the sulphur house to the crater ,
taking down the rock to bo refined at
Tlamacas.
I found It took a great effort to walk a
few steps and moro to make n few pictures.
My body was as heavy as lead and my
mental powers seemed dormant. I seemed
as if just half awakened from a sleep. Af
ter a time our 'breath came moro easily and
our heartbeats became moro natural , but
yet there wns the dazed feeling. The snow
was too soft to permit our walking round
the rim , as it was liable to slide down with
the weight of a person. Hearing a strange
echo from our voices , I drew my revolver
nud fired several shots Into the crater ,
which echoed back and forth with a really
wonderful effect , followed In a moment by
a crash on the opposite side as a great mass
of rock and snow , loosened perhaps by the
waves of sound set , In motion or possibly by
a glancing ball , fell Into the abyss. It was
llko a great peal and roll of thunder amid
the awful stillness which soon settled over
everything as before.
We seemed to look over the top of Ixtac
clhuatl , and as 'tho clouds by this time had
covered the valley ot Puebla almost entirely ,
it looked llko a great white sea. with billows
rising nnd falling. The valley of Mexico was
as a flock of white sheep on a hillside , so far
below and so small did tho. clouds appear.
AJusco wns a great , black Island , ns the
misty haze was around -the Cuernaraca valley
and the little mountains or foothills looked
llko ant hills. Wo seemed as If suspended
In air , for so white nnd dazzling wns the
snow on the mountain below us thoit we
could hardly sco without the use of colored
glasses and scarcely no'tlced that wo had
anything under our feet. Tlmo seemed ages
and nftcr only twenty minutes our guides
suggested the return. I focused my camera
on. my guide , seated on the potato , or rush
mat , ready to start down on , perhaps , the
most wonderful coasting in the world , ana
then took my scat behind him and had my
companion press the automatic shutter.
In fifteen minutes we wcro at the snow
line once more , whence wo had boon six
hours ascending. Our guides sold they had
made the ( rte down In flvo minutes when
the snow was sufficiently hard. Wo found
fiomo Dlnccs so soft that my guldo pulled
mo on the improvised toboggan. Wo walked
to the ranch and , after a light lunch ,
mounted our horses nt 2 o'clock , looking
up to the great dome of snow with a differ
ent fcollnjf from thnt which wo had enter
tained In the mornlnir. Wo had been In
itiated Into its awful mysteries and should
ever nfter have much moro respect for
Popocatepetl.
OBEY THE ORDER OF COURT
County CoiiiinlKNloiuTH Aivarcl MIC Jnli
1'rlnfliif ? Conlrnut nnil Approve
Contract of I ) III dor.
The contract with the Festnor company
for county printing during 1899 was ap
proved by the Board of County Commis
sioners In accordance with the writ of man
damus Issued -by - the district court eonio
time ugo ,
On the recommendation of the finance
committee , the suit against William Coburn
for excess fees alleged to have been re
ceived during his term as sheriff wim or
dered dismissed. This was on the advice
of Attorney Ferguson , who was retained as
special counsel In the case , nnd who con
tended that the county has no chance to win
the suit.
A request that a member of the board bo
designated to prepare n paper on "Good
Roads , " to bo delivered at the Good Roads
convention at Lincoln , was placed on file , as
none of the commissioners seemed to care
to undertake the Job.
The resolution Introduced by Hcfcldt nt
the previous meeting , by which the employ
ment of Accountant Ituano for sixty days
wa"s authorized , was withdrawn with the ex
planation that arrangements have been
made by which the -work can bo done with
the regular ofllea force ,
Thu appropriation sheet contained an Item
of $45 for olHco rent for the county attor
ney. Harto called attention to the fact that
the resolution adopted by the board contem
plated an expenditure of only $35 for this
purpose , and the Item went 'back ' to the
finance committee.
The only reference to the charges mada
against Albyn Frank at a previous meetIng -
Ing was a communication from Frank , In
which ho explained that an Item of $90 In
his favor for service as an Insanity com
missioner bad been Inserted by mistake
and 'wos consequently withdrawn , The
communication vus referred to committee
ot tbowhole ,
STORY OF THE STARRY FLAG
Symptoms of Budding Nationhood Re
flected in Itfl Banners ,
BIRTH OF THE RED , WHITE AND BLUE
Orlulii nnil Tradition * of < lic Finn
Tcrncly Ilctlcvtril nt n Meeting
of the llitiiKlitcm of the
IlCVOllltllMI.
The Star Spangled Banner le distinctly
the emblem of a united nnd llborty-lovlng
people. History IB silent ns to Its orlsln
nnd traditions as to the probable nourco
from which the design was drawn or the
colors suggested are conflicting nnd unsatis
factory.
When all the circumstances of the times
are considered It seems reasonable to be
lieve thnt our stnrry flng was evolved from
Knglaud'i ) red standard when the events of
the period proved the necessity of the union
of the states and kindled the dcslro for
freedom In the hearts of the colonists.
The early English explorers nnd the May
flower pilgrims brought with them the ling
of England , n red cross on a white field.
The Dutch colony on Manhattan Island
was established under the Dutch East India
colors , which were three horizontal stripes of
orange , white nnd blue. In 1G50 the orange
was chanced to red nnd the striped red ,
white nnd blue flug of the Dutch waved over
Now Amsterdam until 1C64 , when the English
took possession , raised the Union Jack nnd
changed the name New Atnatordmu to New
York.
Symptom * nt llcvolt.
Englnud's flag waved over the American
colonies until 1765 , when liberty poles were
erected nnd flags of various colors nnd de
signs began to bo displayed by the unhappy
colonists. The king's colors were frequently
Inscribed with mottoes revealing the trend
of public opinion , such ns "Tho Union of
the Colonies nnd the Measures of the Con
gress" and "George HI. and the Liberties
of America. "
As the differences between the mother
country and the colonies Increased with tlmo
a rattlesnake with the words "Don't Tread
on Mo" became a popular design for banners
and Hags. Colonel Oadscn , a member ot the
marine committee , presented congress with a
yellow Hag bearing this design. The news
papers of the day ran at the head of their
columns a. sketch of a rattlesnake cut In
pieces , with the motto , "Join or Die. " The
necessity of the union of the thirteen states
for mutual protection was constantly upper
most in the publto mind and the rattlesnake ,
signifying defiance , was represented ns hav
ing thirteen rattles. Another design was
thirteen mailed hands grasping an endless
chain of thirteen links , and yet another ,
thirteen arrows in the talons of an eagle.
A Hunker Hill FlnR.
A flag carried at the battle of Hunker Hill
had a blue field with ono corner quartered
by the red cross of St. George , In ono section
of which was a plno tree , and tradition says
that a flag bearing the words. "Como if You
Dare" was displayed by the hardy con
tinentals during the battle.
A standard presented to the Philadelphia
troop of Light Horse In 1775 Is still In ex
istence. It Is made of yellow silk and Is
valued as being the earliest design showing
thirteen stripes. Below the elaborate
central design , which Includes a knot with
thirteen floating ends , Is the motto "For
These We Strive. " The upper corner next
the staff has thirteen blue and sliver stripes.
Washington's Life guard , consisting of ISO
men , was organized In 177C. The uniform of
this guard was blue with white facings or
trimmings. The flag of the corps Is pre
served In the museum of Alexandria , Va. It
Is of white silk. The design Is a. guard hold
ing a. horse by the reins and receiving a ling
from the Goddess of Liberty. At the feet of
the Goddess Is a shield which shows thirteen
stripes and a field of stars. An eagle stands
near the shield.
The Niitlonnl I < Mii > v.
A national flag was finally deemed neces
sary and a committee was appointed to con
sider the matter.
The members of the committee were
Benjamin Franklin , Benjamin Harrison and
Thomas Lynch , Jr. As the result of their
conference a striped flag was flung to the
breeze at Cambridge , Mass. , January 2 , 177G.
As the colonists had not as yet entertained
the idea of absolute severance from England
the new flag was merely the British union
Jack showing white stripes on the red field ,
the thirteen stripes alternate red and white ,
Indicating the union of the American
colonies. The crosses of St. George and St.
Andrew , the embUrm of English sovereignty ,
remained unchanged 'in the upper corner
next to the staff. Most of the colonists' flags
bore the words "We Appeal to Heaven , " but
the mottoes could not bo read at a distance
and wore unsatisfactory. Thus it was only
natural that when the yoke of British
authority was thrown off and the time had
arrived for the removal of the emblem of
English tyranny from the flag that a blue
field with white stars , symbolizing the
heavens , should form a part of the banner of
the now nation , whose appeal for Justice had
been Ignored by an earthly king.
DrnlK" AilontiMl liy C'oiiKrcxn.
It was not until almost n year after the
Declaration of Independence that the Ameri
can congress met on the llth day of June ,
1770 , and "Resolved , That the flag of the
thirteen United States bo thirteen stripes ,
alternate red and white ; that the union bo
thirteen stars , white 'In ' a blue field , rep
resenting a now constellation. "
Mrs. Elizabeth Itoss of I'hlladclphla was
the government's first flag maker.
The first military occasion on which the
stars and stripes were displayed was at Fort
Stanwlx , N. Y. , August 2 , 1777 , It was made
of white shirts and pieces of red cloth with
a blue union made from a cloak belonging to
Colonel Abraham Swartwout of Dutch ess
county , Now York.
It IH pleasant to know that the colonel
sallied forth under this hastily Improvised
Hag and captured five of thu enemy's colors.
Captain Paul Jones demanded and obtained
the iirst salute ever flred for the stars and
stripes by a foreign naval power on the 14ih
day of February , 177S.
His famous victory as captain of the Bon
Hoqimo Itlchard was gained under the same
flag , which Is still In existence and In a good
stuto of preservation. It was presented to
the Smithsonian Institute last December by
Mrs , Stafford , a daughter-in-law of James
Bayard Stafford , the midshipman who leaped
overboard and recovered the flag when It was
shot from the mast during the battle.
.SIjiiilflniiK'o ( if tinColorx ,
The red of our flag denotes courage , the
white , purity and peace- , the blue , vigilance ,
perseverance and justice. The stars on the
blue field signify "In Oed Is Our Trust. "
The red stripes are tokens of defiance to
the nation's enemies , and with the wblto
ones symbolize the original thirteen colonies
that by their united effort made America
free.
free.Father
Father Time has wrought changes In most
of the banners of the nations of the world
slncu the * stars and stripes became our
national emblem. Today our flag Is older
than those of Great Britain , Spain , France ,
Portugal , Germany , Italy , Sweden , China ,
Japan or any of the South Awcrlc in
countries.
The Star Spangled banner has been the
harbinger of law and liberty , peace and
prosperity , education and enlightenment , to
the people of the United States that honor It
as the emblem of their union. Long may it
wave. HLLI5NORB DUTCHBH.
Champagne on a restorer lisa no equal.
Cook's Imperial Ertra Dry Champagne la
pure , delicious and fruity. .
IN THE GRIP EPIDEMIC
Special Use of Hot Grogs
1IY
Dr CYRUS EDSON
of New York Health Dupt. nnd
Dr. LIBBRMANN
Surgeon General ot the French
nrniy.
It. Llbcrmann , iM. D. , surgeon general ot
the French nnny , In an article on "La
Grippe , " ( Influenza ) , recommends the fol
lowing hot grog : "One-third goblet of Via
Mnrlnnl , with two-thirds boiling- water ,
cloves nnd cinnamon , nnd with or without
sugar , makes a grog ot exquisite flavor ,
which produces Immediate beneficial effect
In severe casts of cold , attended by con
vulsive coughing and depression. It It
best takc.n nt bed time. In the grip epi
demics In France Itwas the tonic abso
lutely relied upon , and has received fre
quent deserved mention In the Medical
Pross. It has been shown that patients re
cover \cry slowly. There Is much general
weakness nnd lassitude Invariably calling
for something In nature of n mild tonlo
stimulant , and It has liccn found that
Marlnnl wlnp Is uncqualcd for such cases. "
r. Cyrus Udson of the Now York Health
Department has made a careful etudy of the
subject In his book on "La Orlppe , " pub-
llshed by Applcton & Co. On page 39 ho
writes of Vln Mnrlnnl nnd calls special at
tention to It in the form of a hot grog. In
speaking of the complete prcstratlon nc-
compnnlcd by the depression caused by this
disease , and nlso during entire convales
cence , his preference for a tone stimulant
Is a hot grog ot Vln Mnrlnnl. Ho says It
Is excellent for the purpose Intended , and
recommends Its use freely. The remedy Is
simple nnd within easy roach of all who
suffer from this dreaded disease.
A book with further explicit details will
bo sent by Marlnnl & Co. , 02 West 15th at , ,
Now York , to any ono who will -write re
questing same. It Is certainly -well worth
writing for.
In addition to the nhle authorities quoted ,
the book offered contains many moro simi
lar nnd most convincing Indorsements ,
thus proving It the most reliable of all
known products of ihls diameter.
There's
So
To
Say
And so little space to say It In that it Is
Impossible to tell all tha advantages In using
Itrttg
Cabinet
Every one who reads nt nil knows it's not v i <
n bnth cabinet thnt Is referred to , nor the
President's cabinet , because It v'ays Kru
cabinet. There's little use of adding tha
word beer , Krug Cabinet Is itbo beer that's
used 411 all the homes where pure , whole
some , natural flavor beer Is desired as tonic ,
beverage , stimulant or anything else for that
matter. To be up with your friends order a
trial case , You know the 'phone.
Kiiisu icituo JIIK\VI\O co. ,
Tel.120. . 1007 Jackson Street.
I will guarantca
thnt my Kidney Cur
will cure 1)0 ) per cent.
ot all forms of kidney
oomplnlnt and la
many Instances the
most Bcrlouo forms of
Brlfht's disease. If
the disease Is com
plicated send a four-
ounce vlnl of urine.
We will analyze It
nnd advise you free
what to do.
do.110NYO.V. .
all < Jni Kl t . 25o. a Tlol. Guide to Health
and fillol niKIro tn-t. JfUT ) Arcli si. . 1'hlln.
IS
fPfit
DR. CHARCOT'S TONIC TABLETS
rio the only iio'dtlM'ly cnnrantreil leincdylur tlio
Diliilcllalill , NmniiMicKs anil iU-lanclioly caused
liTMiniiKililnk.
U'U UHAItA.VTXn ronil IIOXF.K
niili'o firitfiml thn ninncy , nnd to de&lioy tlio
appoiltP [ or IntnilcalliiK liquors.
THE TtBLCTS CAN Rl ! OUTN WITHOUT
kNOWLr.DnE OP TIIH I'ATIINT.
linnHfi linirJICOMMWIMImry. . J'ovcrty
OlilUnU UlllnlNlllIlt Ilcillll. llnnn li > Mnt |
oiIO,00 un will mall jmi ( our m baits anil I'osl- '
llfii Avrlilrn iiii < rjiiiiIn ( cure 01 rofuuj
jo'irinoncriiir'i ! IPHT. $3m (
9Ier rM , Dillon IJriiK Co. , Solo Atrcnti
Hltli nnil l''iiriiiiin. Oiniilui.ul > .
WIII3N CONBOT/f
Searles & Searlea
SPECIALISTS.
\Vf ucern.fullr treat ull MSHVOUS ,
oiinoMO AU I-KIVATH iitheuie *
of in on null v\omeii.
WFAK mil SYPHILIS
BftXUALLT. cured /or life.
NIrht KmUiloriB , lost Manhood , Hy *
droceU , Verlrocele , Gonorrhin , fJleet , Byph.
Ilia , atrleturo. Piles. Fistula and ReotaJ
Ulctra , Dlabotei , Urieht's Disease cured
COKBUfcTATIOK Kit KB ,
and , Cured
nt hoim
by nw method without pain or cuttlnr. V
° r 'dllrM wlth tump. Treatment
by
fir"
