TTTP mrATTA T > ATTY , TVEE ! STJXDAY. .TAXUATIY 1. 1809. 10
LOW LIFE IN THE ARGENTINE
Queer Phases of Human Existence in the
Great Eonth American Republic.
WORK , WAGES AND TRADE UNIONS
The Conrcntlllo * of IlnctioB Arre * nnd
Their t'nrlou * Inhntittant *
Home * ntul HnlilU of the
ranina * Cowlioj-n.
( Copyrighted , 180S , by Frnnk O. Carpenter. )
BUENOS AYKES , Nov. 23. ( Special Cor
respondence ot The Bee. ) 1 have written
of high life In the Argentine Republic. The
country has Its low life , as well. Its poor
are In the great majority. It has tens of
thousands ot people who live in zinc sheds ,
and there are courts In Buenos Ayrcs about
which men , women and children swarm as
thickly as they da In any tenement section
of New York or London. Rents are very
high In Buenos Ayres , only the rich are able
to ha > e houses to themselves. The well-
' to-do Hvo'ln flats and apartments , and the
poor uro crowded into conventlllos. Con
ventlllos are a peculiarity of Buenos Ayrcs.
They are immense buildings of one or two
Btorlft ) running around narrow passages or
courts iind containing scores upon scores ot
one-roomed homei Each room Is the living
place for ono or mo/6 / families and In most
cases It has HO manIn mates that the wash-
lig aflj'cooklng must bo done outside In the
court. Th'jGo one-roomed 'homes ' are with-
if > . out ventilation , except from the front. They
t ' have no llzht but that which comes through
J the doorway , and their sanitary condition Is
bad beyond description.
Ii the Conrcntlllo * .
You find these conventlllos In every part
' of Buenos Ayres. They exist under the
ehadow ot the government mansions. Some
are to bo found on the by-streets of the
business flections , nnd there are others back
of the palaces of nabobs , each ot whose In
comes runs into more dollars per week than
any one of the inhabitants of the conven
tlllos receives in a year. Take one , for In *
Btancc , which I lately visited under the
ehadow of the Grand opera house. I had
just corns from the boxofflco , where I saw
a score ot men paying $16 a scat for tbo next
bight's entertainment , and where one man
had laid down $1,000 to pay for his family
box for the season. The conventlllo waa
entered by a door from the street. Passing
through this I came Into a court six feet
tvldo and about 200 feet long. This was
walled with a two-story building , made of
rooms About twelve feet wide and not much
more than twelve feet deep. There was hi ha
gallery along the outside of the second
etory and the two opposite walls wcro so
close together that the stone flagging of
the court oozed with moisture. It received
but little sun , and there was a damp- green
mold on the stones not tramped by the ten
ants' feet. Opening upon the court from
each room was a door. Just outside each
I room In the court was a bowl or box of
charcoal. This formed the cook stove of
' the family within. Upon some of the fires
nested pots of steaming soup , with ragged
Italian women bending over them. There
was a portly , gray-haired Italian dame in
one doorway , cleaning a cabbage , and next
to her I saw a lean woman with a Spanish
( ace cooking macearonl. Further on a girl
mother of perhaps 14 was washing
clothes , while under the tub her dirty baby
sprawled on the stone and squalled. The
most of the people in the court were Ital
ians , and many of the women were very
young. The Italians of Buenos Ayres de
velop young , and you may read any day In
the papers the records of marriages of girls
of i4. Big families are the rule , and sev
eral of those In this court comprised , I
was told , as many as ten children. Father
and mother , grown-up sons and daughters ,
children and babies , all sleep In a space not
over fifteen feet square. Many rooms have
one bed , which Is occupied by the parents
and a * many children as can crowd In , and
tha rest must sleep on the floor. There is
.no .way of heating the rooms. They made
ine think ot caves rather than the homes
ot human beings , and most of them were
quite as dirty as the average cave. Not
withstanding this , the children seemed 'to
be generally healthy , although I heard one
mother crooning away over her sick baby ,
her sad lullaby mingling with the strains of
the singers who were practicing a comic
opera in the great theater over the way.
The death rate , however , is not so high
s it is In some European cities. The
climate of the Argentine Is excellent and the
last general census taken showed that there
were then living 234 persons who were over
100 years old. A large proportion of the
population Is made up of Italians , Spaniards
and French Immigrants , the Italians pre
dominating. The latter have an annual birth
rate of 60 per 1,000 , which is 60 per cent
higher than the average birth rate of Eu
rope.
The Poor of the Argentine.
The working classes of the Argentine Re
public are largely foreigners. Tun native
poor do little more than herd cattle. The
real work of the country Is done by the
Italians and the Spaniards , furnished by >
the stream of Immigrants which Is always
flowing from Italy and Spain to the lower
parts of eastern South Atrierlca. Within the
last twenty-four years about 2,000,000 emi l-
grants have been Imported from southern
Europe , and today out ot the 4,000,000 people
ple In the Argentine Republic It is esti
mated that more than ono in every four is
a foreigner. The railroads ore built by tha
Italians , although the English furnish th
money. I am told that they make splendid
workmen. They are thrifty , economical and
generally happy. They send a large pro
portion of their wages back to Italy , Just aa
our Irish do with their wages In the United
States. The Italians are also the small
farmers. They work on wheat lands , many
of them taking tracts to farm on the
share * . They are , as a rule , thrifty and ac
cumulative , and many who have come foot
have amassed fortunes. The fact that n
man lives In squalid quarters is not a sure
sign that he Is poor , for in those very con
ventlllos I am told there are Italians who
have nice little properties , but who prefer
to save and starve for the time In order to
b the richer hereafter. The Italian * are
the masons , tbo carpenters and the me
chanics of the Argentine. They are very
apt at trades and will work for much lower
wages than those of the United State *
They can live more cheaply than our pee
ple. Many of them virtually have but on
meal a day , which la eaten after they hav
stopped work in the evening. They take
< nothing but a cup of tea and a piece ot dry
bread upon rising , and thla lasts them untl
tler
dinner , although they may have another
cup of tea at noon. As to the markets :
meats , with the exception of pork , are ex
ceedingly cheap , but other things are high ;
Mutton brings almost nothing , and bee
costs about half Its value In the United
Btates. Very little pork Is used by the la
boring classes. Most families buy ak ) !
bread , aa the poor'have no facilities for bak
Ing. Licensed bakers supply the demands
' and the bread man on horseback , with hti ' ,
II panniers filled with rolls , goes from bouse t <
house dally. The bread sold In Bueno
Ayre * Is as good as that which Is made In ,
our cities. Cornmeal Is not used , althougl
hominy Is common. Onions are everywhere
eaten and a frequent light upon the street
is the onion peddler who goes along carryIng -
Ing strings ot onions , the bulbs being braided
Into straw , so that they can bo thrown over
the two end * ot a pole and thus carried upon
the shoulders. Out In the country the labor ,
ers live almost entirely upon meat and al
though they could It they would have gar-
den patches , they leMom care to undertake
the trouble of raising vegetables.
Trailed Union * In the Argentine.
The different classes of laborers have their
own unions. I hove been told by railroad
rcen that they seldom have a strike among
their employes. There Is no great variation
In wages from year to year and In all
branches strikes are almost unknown , The
most of the employers prefer to get their
work d6ne as far as possible by contract or
by tbo piece. This Is especially so In railroad -
road construction , where excavation Is done
by the cublo yard , nnd other things In tne
ramo way. One man will hire a gang of
men to help him and bo will be responsible
to the contractors or their officials. Upon
all the laigo eatanclns or farms tbo pro-
prletor has a store and furnishes the goods
to his bauds , deducting a certain amount
from their wages to pay for them. The
railroads often carry provision cars with
them and sell at a little over cost price
A tables and other goods to their workmen ,
urnlshlng wine and clothes as well as all
orts of provisions , from London Jam to
ard-tack. Neither In the country nor In
bo cities do the laboring classes seem to
are for comforts as our laborers do. A
alvanlzed iron shed forms the home of the
arm or and a room In a conventlllo that of
ho city workmen.n American mechanic
would not live in this way and I do not
hlnk ho could make enough money In the
Argentine to enable him to buy the contorts
orts ho 'has at home. The Argentine laborer -
borer has to pay more for his clothing and
ho has nothing Ilko the educational or social
.dvantagcs of his North American brother.
Tbcro 'Is , In fact , no chance in South
America for North American laborers.
As to the women , those ot the poorer
classes have a much worse chance In the
Argentine than In the United States. There
are but few female clerks in the stores.
Women are not generally employed in the
government departments and the profes
sional typewriter of the Argentine has yet
o be born. In the government telegraph
office there are a few women operators ,
and at the telephone there are girls to
answer the calls. They are not "hel o
; lrls , " however. The Argentine man , when
le calls up "central , " yells out "olla" to
iet the young woman's attention , and often
alks to her a moment before he begs her
to have the graclousness to connect him
with his butcher , baker or candlestick
maker. I am told that It was first thought
the girls would not servo as telephone
operators. The young Argentine dandles
who were among the patrons ot the insti
tution made love to them over the wires
so that severe restrictions had to be Im
posed before the service could go on without
clogging.
Female School Teacher * .
There are a number of women employed
as school teachers in the Argentine Repub
lic. This is perhaps the most respectable
profession a young woman can have. A
Former president named Sarmlento Intro
duced the first female echool teacher. Ho
had been minister to the United States , and
bad there met Horace Mann , and through
him became Interested in our system of
education. It was through him that a num
ber of American echool teachers were im
ported and normal schools established
throughout the whole republic. There ore
no better equipped schools of the kind any
where than the Argentine now has. They
have some of the finest buildings of the
republic. They are found today In nearly
every province , and many young Argentine
girls are being trained In them. The native
Argentine women make excellent teachers ,
but there are not enough schools for them in
the cities in which the normal colleges are
located , and It is not considered just the
ihlng for a young woman to go away froft
ler own town to teach. The result Is that
most of them remain at home and stand In
the doors or lean out of their windows day
after day gazing at the passers-by. This la
the chief occupation ot the middle class
girls of the Argentine cities.
As to factories the Argentine Republic is
(
yet In its infancy as A manufacturing na-
lon and the females employed are compara
tively few , There are some glove-makers ,
cap-makers and umbrella sewers , who are
laid from 50 cents to { 1 ot our money per
day. There are some good seamstresses and
mllfloers. In private families women are
used as house servants , but about the hotels
and boarding houses all ot the scrubbing and
cleaning and much of the chamber work are
done by men.
Hovr They Wah anil Iron.
The washerwoman and the laundress has
not tlic chance in the Argentine that she has
n the United States. All families have their
washing and ironing done out of the house ,
and It is customary for ono set of women to
do the washing and another to do the Iron-
, ng. The washerwoman never Irons and the
roner never washes. Tbo corrugated zinc
washboard is not known. The clothes are
usually taken to the banks ot a stream and
rubbed with the hands on flat stones or upon
boards in the public wash houses , where for
a small sum for the week a woman can get
a place at the trough and use of hot and cold
water. There are many families who do
nothing but Iron , one woman employing from
five to ten helpers and paying each about 60
cents gold per day. The ironer usually ar
ranges with his or her customers for both
washing and Ironing , and lets cut the washIng -
Ing to the washers. The prices charged at
the hotels are by the piece , and they eeem
to me very high. I have had to pay 13 centa
apiece for linen shirts , 10 cents for night
shirts , 3 cent * for handkerchiefs and 20 cents
per pair for pajamas. These prices ore of
course reduced to gold.
The Cowboy of the Pamiin * .
A letter upon the poor ot the Argentine
would be Incomplete without the gaucho.
The gaucho Is the native Argentine of the
country. He is the cowboy ot the pampas ,
a m&n like whom there Is no other in the
world , a peculiar product ot southern South
America. The gaucho Is a cross of the
Spaniard and the Indian. If any part ot
hla blood predominates It is that of the
Indian , although his Spanish traits are al
ways to be seen. The gaucho will not farm.
He will not work in .tho cltlce , but he is at
home upon horseback , and Is always ready
to ride over the plains and to watch or
drive cattle. He docs not like to tend
.
sheep. Ha Is a nomad , and prefers odd
Jobs to steady work. You may see him
anywhere outside of the cities and wher
ever you see htm he Is the same. His com
plexion Is usually of a light coffee color.
He looks , In fact , like an American Indian
bleached. Ho has a full black and rather
heavy beard. Hla eyes are coal black ,
bright and fierce , and his form Is often short
and wiry. He dresses in a curious way.
His black head Is covered with an old skull
cap or a soft slouch hit. Upon the upper
part of hi * body hangs a blanket , often
striped in bright colors , through the center
of which his head 1 * thrust. Another
blanket is wound about hla waist and pulled
between the legs and fastened. Out ot this
lower blanket white drawers extend down to
his ankles. These are often edged at the
bottom with lace , while bright red or blue
slippers may cover hla feet. He usually
weirs a belt ot chamois leather , which may
be decorated with silver buckles and
bangles. Ho Is fond ot silver , and decorates
the trappings of his horse with It when ho
possibly can. He has the best horse he
can buy , steal or borrow , and his saddle Is
often adorned with silver stirrups , while
lej
tbo bit ot bis bridle Is often silver-plated
and usually ot great size. A gaucho late
never without a horse. Even If he has to
beg for enough to eat he will stick to bis
Isw
horse , the Argentine being one of the few
countries of the world where the beggars
really go about on horseback ,
The Homes of the Patapa * .
ilYou will see the homes of the gauchos
scattered over the pampas. Let me describe
one. It Ifl a mud hut fifteen feet square and
co low that you Iiavo to stoop to enter the
door. The floor Is the earth , and there is
no j furnlturo except the skulls of bullocks
which are used for seats and A table made
ot a board or two , which the gaucho has
probably stolen from some rich land owner
near by. The only table furnlturo to be-
seen Is a coupla of tin pans. The gaucho
dcos not need cooking utensils. He roasts
bis meat oa a spit over the fire he makes
outalde the door. As the meat cooks ho
bastes it with the juice which he catches In
the pan , and then cuts It off , a slice at a
timeHo docs not need a fork , but holds ono
end of the slice In his hand and clinches the
other end between his teeth , while he draws
hla knlfo across within one-sixteenth of an
j1
Inch ' of his nose at every bite. Hla favorite
dish Is carneconcucro. This Is meat cooked
with tlfo skin. The meat Is wrapped up
tlghtfy In the skin , and thus cooked over the
coals. The skin keeps In the juices , and the
result Is delicious.
The gaucho Is very hospitable. If you
eomo to his but ho will take you In and give
you the best ho has , although he may In
tend to ctab you In the back as soon as jou
have gene a few rods away. He cares little
for bfood letting , and Is always ready to
fight. Every gaucho has his knife , and Is
seldom backward In using It Sometimes ho
acts Ilko a demon , stabbing without cause.
I heard ot a gaucho who came along one
day where a woman was working with her
llttln boy besldo her. As the gaucho saw
the boy he Bald :
"I feel Ilko killing some one. "
And with that he took up the boy and
stabbed him. I heard of another gaucho
who shot a boy with no more provocation
than the above. Neither of these men were
hung for their murders.
The gauchos often have duels. Their fa
vorite method ot flehUns Is with knives.
The duelists upon some such occasions have
their left legs tied together , each kneeling
upon the right knee , so that they face ono
another. Each man Is now given a poncho
or blanket , which he throws over his left
arm and uses as a guard , and a knife which
ho holds In his right hand. At a word from
the principal the two men begin to stab
at each other and they cut away until one
drops dead.
And do such men have wlvee and fam
ilies ? Yes ; but they do not often waste
their money on weddings , for weddings ,
yo\i know , come high in all South American
countries. They are performed by the
priest , who must have his fee before ho
will tie the golden bands of matrimony.
The gauchos are good lovers as well as
good haters. They are said to be affection
ate husbands and good fathers when they
are eober , though very cruel when drunk.
Almost all of them are drunkards at times.
They like to gamble and play billiards and
scattered over the pampas you will find
hero and there little saloons , which ore kept
up by the gauchos. They do not think It
wrong to cheat at cards and the man who
can cheat best Is considered tbo most skill
ful player. These gauchos make good sol
diers and some of the beet fighting of the
Argentine has been done by them. Today
the bravest men In the army come from thla
class , the Argentines of the cities not com
paring with them In activity or bravery.
FUANK O. CARPENTER.
RELIGIOUS.
Phillips Congregational church , South Bos
ton , has just celebrated its diamond anni
versary.
Carlyle said the way to begin to reform the
world Is to make thyself night and then thou
maycst be sure ( here is ono less rascal in
the world.
The American Missionary association has
Just voted to send a delegation to Porto
Rico to study the ground with reference to
future Christian work on the Island.
Ian Maclaron says the anxiety among
British Christians to secure a titled person
to preside al a conference on religion is
snobbery raised to its highest degree.
Prof. Shields of Princeton has entered the
ministry of the Episcopal church solely because -
cause , according to tbo New York Sun , of
the refusal of the license to the Princeton
Inn after ha had endorsed and favored the
application.
Rev. Dr. W. D. Marshall of the
Methodist church is the latest claimant to a
safe trip to Thibet. He says he stayed there
for eight months and converted several
natives. The Grand Llama received him 09
an honored guest.
The Medical Missionary says the Ameri
can board established the first efficient
printing press In the Turkish empire , from
which it has issued 500,000,000 pages In the
Arable language , at which millions have
been pages ot God's word.
The Sunday Breakfast association of Phila
delphia now owns a church building In the
central part of the city , where It can feed and
shelter 900 men and where religious services
are held In connection with the meals , which
are served to the hungry.
The grand old man of the Roman church
Is not the pope , but Cardinal Mertel , who Is
now in his 95th year and Is so uotivo as to
bid fair to see the next century. He la one
of the few surviving princes of the church
created by the late Plus IX.
Rev. August F. Korfhage of Kansas City ,
whose death Is announced , was a pioneer cir
cuit rider and missionary of the Methodist
church. In his earlier years he often took
part In revival meetings with Peter Cart-
wright , the famous frontier evangelist.
It was a noble tribute which Senator Hoar
paid on the floor ot the senate to the
Christian missionaries of different denomina
tions when he said : "Thero Is not a story
of heroism or true glory in human annals
which can surpass the story of missionaries
In this or In foreign lands , whom America
has sent out as the servants of civilization
and piety. "
The American bible reviewers are in
dlgnant that the Oxford and Cambridge
pi-esses have Issued an edition of the bible
bearing the title of "The American Revised
Bible. " They state that they have been
precluded from Issuing an American edition
by their agreement with the British re
visers , which does not explro until next
summer.
Among the ministers who have been pre
senting their views concerning the theater
Dr. John Watson Ian Maclaren says : "You
con never reform by repressing ; the
Puritans tried that method , and the result
was the grossncss of the Restoration. You
only reform by replacing. I wish well to
every man and woman who helps to make
the stage a blessing and not a curse to
society. '
Mrs. Caroline Frances Fuller , a New York
widow , has given $20,000 worth of real estate
to the Salvation Army io bo used to carry on
the work of organization among the poor.
She did not want her identity to become
known in the transaction. Since she has
been found out she Eays she is estranged
from her relative * and wishes to dispose ol
her property before her death in order to
avoid lltlgutloo.
It was first announced that Rev. J. H.
Chesley ( Episcopal ) of Claymont , Del. , wouK
officate at the marriage of J. Edward Ad-
dlcks the other day. But Bishop Coleman
of Delaware , told him he must not do so , as
Mr. Addlcks was a divorced man , and the
Episcopal church forbids the marriage 01
divorced persons. Mr. Chesley obeyed the
bishop's injunction , but he acted as besl
man at the wedding , and the bishop has
written him a letter of sharp rebuke , In
which he Is told that bis conduct has brought
scandal upon tbo church of which ho is a
minister.
After having sung for fifty years In the
same church choir continuously , in Reading
Pa. , missing very few services , Danle
Shaaber , Jacob Shaaber and James Hill sent
In their resignations because their voices
wore possibly not as good as the large con
gregation had a reasonable right to expect
These singers are cow nearly 70 years old
They have sung to flvo generations In the
church and have kept it up so regularly tha
thousands ot people have been more than
surprised. The Shaabers sang tenor and Mr
Hill bass. Besides singing In the choir fo
half a century ot years they also sing a
church festivals and private gatherings o
the congregation , always without charge , as
the church bad no paid cbolr , and the singers
officiated aa a labor of love. Being com
fortably situated In life , they de lro no re
ward from the church.
i
,
i
(
SPLENDID TRAINS
Equipped with Steam Heat Plntsch Light
VIA
Union Pacific
TO AND FROM
I All Principal
Western Points
Two trains daily to and from Denver and Colorado points. S
f * Cars Dining Two trains daily to and from San Francisco and California points. Dining f
Meals Two trains daily to and from Salt Lake City and Utah points. Cars $
A Served lu Carte One train daily to and from Portland and North Pacific Coast points Served Meals
I with direct connections for Tacoma and Seattle. A la curto $
* January 1st , 1899 , ss
"The Overland Limited" s
Carries the Government Fast Mail to the Pacific Coast 8
§ Pullman Tourist Sleepers Free Reclining Chair Cars
Only One Night to Utah Only Two Nights to California and Oregon Only Line Able to Make This Time
* . 4
J ; For Rates , Tickets , Sleeping Car Reservations I
< ; and Full Information call at ;
City Ticket Office
1302 Farnam St. ,
AVERAGE OF THE PRESIDENTS
Composite Sketch of Twenty-Four Occupants
of the White House ,
FIFTEEN OF THEM COLLEGE GRADUATES
Three Inchon Taller Than the Aver
age American , Weight 180 Pound *
Peculiarities of Their Kyen ,
Nee * and ForchVad * .
Physically the average president of the
United States Is a magniflcent specimen of
manhood. He Is three inches taller than
the ordinary American. He weighs 180
pounds a heavy , broad-shouldered man , a
man ot Immense. vitality , and there
never has been a snub-nosed president.
In height our presidents have varied
from Lincoln , who stood 6 feet 3 In his stock
ings , to Harrison , who was only 5 feet 8
Inches. la weight they range from Cleve
land's 300 pounds to John Adams' 140 , giv
ing an average of 180.
The youngest president ever Inaugurated
was Cleveland , who was only 48 when he
took office , while the oldest was W. H. Harrison
risen , -who was 69. Plerco was 49 and
Buchanan 66. The average was 65.
The most youthful husband who ever be
came president was Benjamin Harrison ,
who married when only 20. The next
youngest was Johnson , who married when
only 21 , and whose wife taught him to read.
The oldest waa Cleveland , who did not
marry until ho was 49. Madison married
at 43 , and Tyler married for the second
time when 63. The average matrimonial
age was 29. Buchanan was the only
bachelor.
John Adams lived to the greatest age ot
all our presidents , reaching his 91st year ,
and dying In the house ot representatives ,
of which ho was then a member. Jackson
lived till 88 , and Madison till 85. Garfleld
died younger than any other president , hav
ing been assassinated by Oultean when
scarcely CO years old. Polk died at 54.
The average age attained by our presidents
great , being a little more than TO years ,
showing that they must have been men of
great vitality. This , Indeed , we should
have supposed In any case.
Several presidents were conspicuously
slender , among them Jackaon and Tyler ,
while others were as conspicuously stout ,
as Cleveland and Flllmore. Where any ot
them had a "corporation" Is a fact care
fully omitted by biographers. The bulk of
evidence seems to show that the average
president was a rather solidly built man ,
with a slight tendency to embonpoint.
Jackson , Jefferson , Tyler , John Adams
and Madison had narrow faces , while Van
Buren , John Qulncy Adams , Taylor , Fillmore -
more and Cleveland bad1 broad ones.
The rest were of normal width. Cleve
land and J. Q. Adams were wider in the Jaw
than through the eyes. Monroe and
Jefferson had oval faces. Tyler and Buch
anan had very long faces. A composite pic
ture would undoubtedly show the average
president to possess nn oblong face , with a
strong Jaw and faintly exaggerated cheek
bones.
Lonir , Straight Nee * .
The average president had a good nose ,
long and straight. Nearly every president
was excellenty equipped In this respect , no
possessor ot a really Inslcnlflcant nose ever
having occupied the White House. Van
Buren , Polk and Pierce had especially long-
noses and Benjamin Harrison's was prob
ably the shortest of the lot.
In another characteristic , too , our presi
dents have been strangely alike. They have
all possessed One foreheads , high and In
tellectual. Strange to say , however , the
facial angles are not large , the forehead , as
a rule , continuing nearly in tbo line with
the nose , and In some cases even falling be
hind It. This was conspicuous In the case
of Washington.
The tarty presidents wore their hair In a
peruke. Then cornt ft number with hair
fluffed out above their ears or brushed up
from their foreheads 'In ' a mop. Last came
the close-clipped fashion of later days , In
nearly every case the hair was plentiful or
capable of becoming so if allowed to grow.
There was little tendency to baldness until
In quite recent times and what there was
showed itself just above the forehead rather
than on the crown of the head. Jackson
had a mass of iron gray hair , while John
Qulncy Adams and Van Buren were nearly
bald. Most of the presidents kept the color
of their hair until qulto late in life , few
ot them showing more than a sprinkling ot
gray. The average hair was dark brown In
color , though Jefferson had red hair , Tyler
black and Flllmoro light.
John Qulncy Adams was the first presi
dent to wear any hair on his face , he having
a luxurious growth of whiskers. It was
not until Grant became president that any
occupant of the White House ventured to
wear a mustache or beard. Since then
every president has had a mustache except
McKlnley and two others Hayes and Gar-
flold.
flold.The
The majority of the presidents have had
blue eyes , though ot varying shades. Cleve
land and Arthur had dark brown eyes. Pierce
had back ones , white Jefferson had green
ones. The composite color Is a dark gray
blue.
blue.The
The average president , therefore , had a
good nose and forehead , the latter slightly
retreating ; a heavy chin , plenty of dark
hair sprinkled with gray , slight traces of
mustache and whiskers , a mere suggestion
of a beard , and a blue-gray eye.
Most of the presidents have been simple
livers , though nearly all felt compelled to
be extravagant in their official entertain
ments. Jefferson eet the fashion of French
cookery. Tyler followed the English style.
Buchanan had a negro cook. W. H. Harrison
went to market himself , while Cleveland
reft everything to his butler. Garfleld had
dyspepsia and ate very little at any time.
Arthur had only two meals a day. Madison
never had pastry on his table. Hayes and
W. H. Harrison were the heaviest eaters of
all. Jackson eerved lemonade and punch
and cheese to .the mobs that attended his
public receptions. Van Buren used to keep
open house for nearly any one who chose to
come.
Until recently the White House has never
been well supplied with silver or china.
Van Buron was defeated for re-election be
cause bq used gold lined silver epoons.
Jackson , who followed him , used plain steel ,
Hayes spent $500 for new china. McKlnley
now has an excellent outfit of sliver , gold
and fine china.
Provident * n Wine Drinker * .
The early presidents drank heavy wines ,
being especially fond ot Madeira. Jackson
preferred whisky , as did Pierce and Grant.
Arthur put one-third of the cost of his
state dinners Into wines. Hayes was a
teetotaller and served no wines on nls table.
Madison limited himself to one glass of
wine at dinner. Cleveland did not have
wine unless there were guests present , and
McKlnley has followed his example.
In the matter of dress our presidents , with
few exceptions , have been decidedly simple.
Jefferson received foreign ministers In a
soiled ehlrt and run-down slippers. Jackson
cared little or nothing for dress. Wash
ington and the two Adamses'wore the stately
old costumes of their times. Hayes ob
jected to a charge of $25 for a suit of
clothes and bad afterward most of his ap
parel made by a country tailor. Grant tried
hard to dress well , but his clothes looked old
after two or three days' wear. Lincoln was
never more than a gaunt frame on which
clothes bung loosely. Qarfleld and Arthur
were "dudes , " tbo latter at one time ownIng -
Ing eighty pairs ot trousers. Cleveland de
spised dress and dressy men , but Mrs. Cleve
land saw to It that ho was always well
dressed In public.
Taylor wrote the worst hand of any of
our presidents. It was a schoolboy band ,
cramped and awkward , while Jackson's
scrawl bespoke a nervousness and timidity
that were anything but characteristic of the
man. Cleveland's writing is small and deli
cate , while Jefferson's Is as easily read as
print. Monroe's writing was even more
feminine that Cleveland's and Lincoln's was
smooth and polished.
Prelilent > n College Graduate * .
Fifteen of our presidents have been col
lege graduates , three attending William
and Mary , two Harvard and one Princeton.
The rest were scattered among the smaller
colleges , none having attended Yale.
McKlnley Is the third Methodist to occupy
tbo White House , Grant being the first.
Washington and seven others attended the
Episcopal church , while Jackson and five
others were Presbyterians. The two
Adamses were Unitarians , end Jefferson
was a free thinker.
Most ot the 'early presidents rode on
horseback , the conditions of the roads and
streets1 making carriage driving a more or
less difficult operation. Hayes and Mc
Klnley both preferred this , in any case , and
were often seen riding about Washington.
Grant had a preference for a light car
riage , though he also waa fond of horse
back riding. He was once stopped on
Pennsylvania avenue by aa officer who
wished to arrest htm for fast driving. Ar
thur gloried in horses and used often to be
j seen dashing about Washington behind a
I four-ln-hand , Harrison abandoned the
practice of being drawn to his Inaugura
tion by four homes , a custom that had
grown up lu late years , and which was re
vived by Cleveland at bin second inaugura
tion. Every one knows the story ot Jeti i
ferson riding to bis Inauguration and
tying his horse to the fence outside the
capltol.
Little is known of the personal walks ot
the earlier presidents , but it Is believed
that they came and went freely about the
city. Grant and Pierce used to drop in to
see their friends whenever they chose- and
I ' -were familiar figures on the street. Cleveland - |
land -was never seen outside of the White
House except .In a carriage , guarded by I
'
detectives. McKlnley often takes rides Into
the country with a party ot friends. None |
of the presidents .has qs yet appeared In i
public mounted on a bicycle or In a motor
cab , but It is probably only "a question of
time until they do so.
In the matter of appointments to office ,
Jackson first adopted the plan of making
them for personal or political reasons.
Previous presidents based them altogether
on fitness. Tyler first utilized the office
holder in eeeklng a renomlnatlon. Lincoln
made his appointments In order to strengthen
the union. Ho would usually reply to an
application by a funny story that fitted the
case like a glove. Grant and McKlnley
threw the responsibility on the senators and
representatives. Arthur defied these nnd
tried to build up a personal machine with
his appointees. Johnson was limited by
the tenure of office act and would abuse
congress when asked to appoint any one. '
Garfleld would promise anything and then
forget It. Harrison would change the sub
ject. Cleveland would spend hours in pickIng -
Ing out the best man for a 10-cent office and
then refuse to appoint htm because he hid
held office before or had asked for the job.
Summing up all rthls , wo may fairly con
clude that our average president was a
simple liver , who yet liked good cookery and
liked it to be well served. He also liked
whisky , but did not care for wlno and did
not drink It except In deference to his
guests.
He was a plainly dressed man and cared
little for ceremonies. He had had rather
more than bolt & course at college. He
wrote a legible hand , though not an ex
cellent one. He attended the Episcopal
church , but preferred the "low" form to
the high. In making appointments to office
he was generally conscientious , but often
yielded to political or personal pressure.
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Elegant hotels , Arlington Park , and East
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Tbo Church Missionary Society will open
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Fashoda and the upper Nile nnd the mis
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stations by a 3,000-mile journey , going by
nay of the Nile , thus saving about half the
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