THE OMA1IA DAILY 1J33E : TFESDAY , SEPTEMBER 27 , 1898 ,
TllE FIELD OF ELECTRICITY
Peaca Proclaimed and a Trust Formed by
"Warring Electrical Firms ,
POWER FOR A LONG-DISTANCE TROLLEY
How the I.luc Iletvrcrn ChlrnRO nnil
MUtrnukcc Will lie Hnppllcd
The Klcctrlc Van Tele
phone education.
A protocol and peace treaty have been
signed and sealed between the Wcstlnghouio
company and the Walkers of Cleveland , O. ,
whereby the war on prices of electrical sup
plies comes to nn end. Tbo outcome of tbo
understanding is an electrical trust with a
nominal capital of $25,000,000.
This combination ends long litigation be
tween tbo companies. The most Important
question nt Issue between them was the
priority ot invention of the "broomstick"
trolley connection , and the courts recently
decided in favor ot the Walker company.
This Is believed to bavo been the Impelling
force that brought about thn consolidation.
Tbo officers of the two companies confirmed
the consolidation , which , they claimed , was
"merger , " rather than a purchase , of the
Walker corporation by tbo Wcstlnghouse.
They declared that it was a good thing for
both companies , and that each would bo
operated separately , but under a board of
control , made up from the directors ot each
company.
This merger reduces the competition In
the electrical business to the General Elec
tric , Wcstlnghouse , and Sprague systems.
An understanding has existed for some time
between the first two companies under which
they hod equal use of all tbo patents con
trolled by both companies. The financial
conditions of tbo business are much Im
proved and the Manhattan Elevated railroad
is likely to have to pay a much higher price
for its electrical installation than before.
Messrs. Gould and Sago will probably turn
to the Sprague company for relief.
ChlciiKO to Mllwnukcc liy Trolley.
Skimming over the ravines and through
the tree trunks of the pretty wooded coun
try around Fort Shorldan is an electric car.
It seems strangely out of place so far away
from the city , frightening the birds and the
rabbits with its noisy eong and whirring
trolley wheel. With the rails on which it
runs hidden from sight by the goldenrod
and wild asters , and with its trolley poles
concealed by the branches of the trees , It
hurries along , around curves , over hills
and throuch craves , a vision of the city
seen In tbo heart of the country. This Is
the beginning of the new Chicago & Mil
waukee Electric Street railroad. From
Highland park to Waukegan the line is
already in operation , whllo the rest ot the
route Is planned to bo finished this fall or
next spring. When It Is finally working It
will bo possible to rldo by electric cars
from Milwaukee , Wis. , to Hammond , Ind. ,
a distance of over 100 miles , through
three states. The Chicago & Milwaukee
Electric railway is the last link In this
chain of electric car lines. But It Is re
markable not alone ' tor that. It contalni
n radical and now departure In street rail
road engineering , which , It proved success
ful , Is ono moro step in advance toward the
goal of universal electric traction.
With a straightaway length of line of be
tween fifty and eighty miles , the Chicago
& Milwaukee line presented a hard problem
for a trolley equipment. It was just such
an engineering dlfllculiy as has stopped the
building ot hundreds of Inter-urban roads
throughout the country , or has rendered
their operation unprofitable. U la the same
trouble which has so far kept the steam
railroads from running their cars any dis
tance by electricity. The question was how
to supply the entire line with electric cur
rent from ono power station , with economy
and without the Investment ot great sums
of money in copper wire. This problem
I ) . J. Arnold of Chicago , the consulting en
' gineer for the road , has attempted in an
. \ entirely now way , and with the greatest
prospects ot success. If the system devel
oped by him proves economical and reliable
In operation a great advance will bavo been
made toward the universal electrification of
transportation lines. In the application of
electricity to the ordinary trolley line , a
pressure of COO volts , which Is safe for man ,
and a direct current is used. To transmit
electricity any considerable distance at this
pressure , -without suffering a serious loss ,
requires extremely heavy copper wires. The
scheme which has usually been employed
in long street railroad lines is to build two
or three power houses along the route of
the road , thereby securing several distribu
ting centers for the electric current. But
every engineer knows that two or three
small power houses cost much more and dc
not run nearly as economically aa one. In
mechanics , as In business , consolidation and
centralization produce the greatest econo
mies In operation , So to produce tha best
working conditions for a long car line there
should bo 'but ono power station , and several
distributing points for the current. This
atato of affairs Mr. Arnold has secured.
The essential points of the new scheme
are a power station located a't the middle
of the line and distributing stations at in
tervals ov r the entire route. The powci
station supplies direct current at the ordl'
nary pressure to the trolley wlro near by ,
end also sends alternating currents at the
high pressure ot C.500 volts to the sub
stations. Owing to the high potential used
this transmission can be effected econom
ically on three email wires. At the sub.
stations pieces of apparatus known a :
"transformers" and "rotary converters" re
duce the pressure to 600 volts , and change
the current.from alternating to direct , eult.
able for use on the neighboring stretches o
trolley line.
The possibilities In Interurban electrli
traffic ooened up by the 'new system bolnf
tried on this line are enormous. It 1
proves successful In the present case thi
Wisconsin and Inland Lake Electric Hall
way Is expected to adopt the same system
and possibly the Geneva Lake , Sycaroon
and Southern. Installations of It will bi
numerous In a few years and the posalblll
ties in the ease of the steam roads Immense
The Street Railway Review of Chicago glvei
the following expert editorial opinion ot
the outcome of the new idea ; "Althougl
there are a number of electric railways re
celvlng power from high voltage alterntU.
Ing current transmission this Is the pTo
neor road for which the current for trans
mission Is generated in a central sfean
plant and carried ut a high voltage to sub
stations placed at suitable points along tu >
route. Much credit Is duo the promoter !
ami engineers of the company for carrylni
out this bold plan , which. If successful
will bo ot inestimable value In furntshlni
data for projected Interurbans of grea
length. "
The Electric Fan.
The electric fan has sprung Into great ri
rule in medical circles. Ono well know )
practitioner in New York says that durlni
the hot months ono of the first things h
Insists on bla patients providing themselve
with is an electric fan , which baa an ad
mlrable Influence on the nerves , no Its
than the temperature ot the patient. 71
condemns , however , 1n the strongest term
all fans that make a wbirring , singing o
humming nolio , which has a most perul
clous effect on Invalids , and may even tel
ft seriously in the course of a few hours on
stroug man , unconscious though ho may b
of the cumulative ( train on the nerve ;
Nolay fans should bo absolutely tabooed , a
cocial evils , and In the sick chamber non
but the Bolieleea variety should , on an ; ac
count , bo admitted. Itt \ not always neces
sary to keep the fan at Its most rapid revo
lutions ; Its speed should bo varied accordIng -
Ing to atmospheric conditions. A banker In
a large city , who heard of the illness ot a
woman and her llttlo one , Instead of ( tend
ing boxes of dainties , had a wire run from
the railway circuit near the houto to the
Invalid's room and an electric ton placed I
nt the foot of the bed. The teitferaturo ot
the mother , whoec case had been pro
nounced hopeless , began forthwith to"m -
provo and she was eoon out of danger. The
physician said tbe recovery was duo far
less to medicine than to the soothing in
fluence ot the electric fan. Another source
of health , which doctoro are freely recom
mending to natlents who bavo no vehi
cles ot their own , Is tho. trolley ride. The
trolley goes right out into the suburban
and country districts and takes the pas
senger not only Into the freshest and best
air , but Into bits of country that surprise
and delight him. The benefits thus brought
to children are Incalculable. A physician
recently made the assertion that the num
ber ot children who actually ewe their
lives to the electric can may bo estimated
by thousands. Ho added : "Few people
can realize tbe eood that a * ride Into the
country does a baby which Is fairly pros
trated with heat. The cool , fresh breeze
after a stifling hot day , in a close room in
town , means a new lease of life for the
blld. Many places are run Into on tbe
lectrlc roads where the temperature 'U 20
cgrees lower than in town. I wonder thai
orao fresh air society doesn't charter a
: ar on some of the lines and reserve it In
ho evenings for mothers with sickly llttlo
hlldrcn , letting them rldo free. I can
hlnk of no finer bit of charity or ono that
rould glvo moro gratifying returns. " In
many cities during the late hot spell one
f the remarkable features ot the trolley
Inea was the number of people , having as
laggago a pillow and a covering of some
Ind , who late every night thronged the
ars , going out countryward. These pas-
engcrs would came out in thci woods , like
o many traveling bands of gypsies , and re *
urn to the city by the early morning * cars.
Telephone
The modern telephone exchange la a mar-
el of organization and of engineering skill
f the highest type , and very few people
ppreclate the complicated and beautifully
orked outopcratlon ot Its system. All that
subscriber usually knows about the cx-
hange is that through it ho can communi-
ate -with and bo reached by thousands of
ther subscribers. A telephone company baa
made a wise move in throwing its exchange
pen to the public , and thus giving Its sub-
crlbers an opportunity of studying the rne-
ihanlcal arrangements of the exchange and
ocomlng familiar with its many branches.
t is pointed out that these visits have many
lements of value. In the first place , they
.each the subscriber the possibilities ot the
.elcphone , and open his eyes to the fact that
.Is . individual co-operation is of the greatest
aluo to the telephone company. In the
econd place , they remove from the sub-
icrlber's mind many fallacies regarding the
handling- calls. Beyond this , they make
1m acquainted with tbo limitations ot the
elephone. Probably the two most common
omplalnta In the telephone exchange are
in regard to the reports by operators that
'the line la " " ' "
busy" and "they don't answer.
"ho Ignorance of the people who make these
omplalnts Is astonishing. A man recently
Iropped into a real estate office to use the
lay station there. The line ho wanted was
ironounced "busy" by the operator. The
proprietor of the office on learning thU
aid : "That's only an excuse. I'm dis
gusted with the tricks of these operators ;
hey'll say anything1 to save themselves
rouble. But whenever they try that 'busy1
dodge on Je , I always 'glvo It back to
hem. ' " A visitor to jt telephone exchange
earns that when an operator has answered
'
ils telephone she has 'done about four-fifths
f the -work necessary to make a connection ,
and it Is much simpler for her to make the
connection than to report the line busy and
have to go throuch the same motions again
a few minutes later. It la found that many
eports that "they don't answer" are caused
by th Indifference as to prompt responses
of a large number of subscribers , many of
whom are so constituted that they take a
distinct pleasure In "making the fellow at
the other end wait. " In tooth these cases
he absurdity of being Impatient with the
operator la palpable.
Xew Car Ininertloii SyMem.
The verarles of electric street railway
equipments are often sorely perplexing to
the superintendent. The causes for mechan
ical depreciation are strains , frictions and
vibrations , and the remedies for them can
bo cosily applied , but the electrical part
of the equipment depreciates from otfrer
causes , euch as heating , oveloadlng of the
motors , lack of equalization between the
motors , the improper use of tbo controller
by the motorman , etc. But these effects
are not necessarily visible , and they are
ordinarily only remedied after a breakdown
has occurred. An inquiry Into the various
elements of outlay In electrical repairs In
a number of car barns made It apparent that
a largo part ot the cost was chargeable fo
the time taken to locate them and often
in dismantling the equipment to find them.
Moreover , whllo the repair was made on
the broken part , the primary cause of the
breakdown was often left unrcmcdled. In
many cases the cost of these electrical re
pairs has been abnormal and quite out ol
proportion to the revenue obtained from
the operation of the equipment. In"wo
instances which came within the scope ol
an investigation on the subject tbe coal
of the electrical repairs of the equlpmenl
per car rollo exceeded the repairs per car
mile of a 100-ton freight locomotive on the
Pennsylvania railroad. An electric railway
testing sot has been Invented by A. 0 ,
Herrlck , which enables the superintended
to know just where he stands. This sys
tem locates any of the equipment trouble !
before they develop Into breakdowns and
so render the equipment inoperative. A
complete Inspection ot the line can be madi
in three minutes , and In that time the inspector
specter can bo acquainted with what Is goIng -
Ing on at all points of the line. How sure
and reliable ho regards this information ia
seen In the fact that In many shops ho wIT
write out the order for the electrical repah
of the car without having seen It. By tFe
adoption of a system which will thus enable
them to Instantly find out the nature one
the location of any trouble on their lines
many electric railway companies are no
only greatly decreasing their cost of main
tenance per car mile , but largely iniprovint
their class ot service.
Markvtlnnr in Sautlnito.
A friend of Miss Clara Barton , house
keeping In Santiago , says : "The first tlm
I visited the market a woman pursued m
from stall to stall , chatting Spanish like i
magpie. She only wanted to buy the clothe
right off my back , by beginning with m :
necktie and ending with my shoes ! Thl
female pawnbroklne business seems to be i
favorite method of 'railing the wind' ii
Santiago. Every day we are visited by mys
terious women , some ot them evidently be
longing to the better class , who wish to buy
sell or exchange all manner of truck , fron
a broken-nosed teakettle to a jewelled sword
The other day a young Jamaica negres
brought a rose-colored silk shawl , ruagntfl
cently embroidered , price not stated. An
other female brought an ancient mandolin
made of tortoise shell , that she said wa
'dirt cheap' at J75. Maybe , but we are no
investing in musical Instruments just now
A third had an old waihtub , ona hoop gone
which she offered for 2 and I bought II
A tub wo needed badly : a new one coats I
the shops of Santiago from $3 upward , an
th * extra dollar may go into tomorrow'
soup. "
You Invite disappointment when you ex
perlment. DeWltt's Little Early RUors ar
pVeatant. eaay , thorough little pills. The
cure constipation and sick headache juit a
lira u ran take them.
THE WORKINGS OF A NEW ENGLAND CONSCIENCE.
By HARRIET CARYL COX ,
Mlsi Hannah Davis sat In her accustomed
rocker and began to sway gently to and fro.
Rocking was helpful to thinking , and just
now she v'95 perplexed.
It was a question of conscience , n New
England consclenco at that , moreover it be
gan with a capital C ,
"I'vo got U In the house and I might as
well make It up , " she mused ,
"It" was a dress , a silk dress , a relic ot
days gene by.
"It'sjjeen lying there oil these years , "
she went on , "and It seems real kind of sin
ful packed away there and not doing a soul
a mite of good. It ain't right to have things
put away 'whcro moth and rust can cor
rupt. ' "
She quoted this bible authority with satis
faction.
"And 'twill look awful handsome made
up. I guess 'twould be becoming , too. "
She blushed guiltily as if the thought
ere too vain for contemplation.
"And it would save me buying , too , " she
udded hastily. "My old alpaca isn't very
ood. I'vo turned and washed it till it
eally ain't decent , and 'twould cost consld-
rablo to buy a new one. And this dross all
Ight In the house and costing nothing.
"I s'poso folks would think I was terrible
xtravagant , but then I don't care. I guess
f I give the money I'd take for a new black
dress and glvo It to the missionary society ,
and wear the silk Instead , nobody can find
fault , but then , I ain't obliged to tell 'cm
inyway.
'They ' don't know how much I give to
church purposes , and they couldn't say
nothing even If I bought the silk outright.
But then , I ain't doing that.
"It's really saving. And it's awful hand-
orae , too , " she added in an undertone.
Miss Hannah surveyed herself in the small
mirror. She readjusted the light and then
moved It from ono sldo to the other that
she might see the imago reflected moro
clearly. It was a very neat llttlo figure tbat
she saw. A somewhat wrinkled face , yet
with a touch of youth , and a pleased light
n the steel blue eyes.
The golden brown silk shimmered and
shone and reflected the rays of light. "I
shall look better than any ono there , " she
said half aloud.
"As well as any one , " she corrected.
"And I sha'n't tell any one tbat it's an
old silk made over. That ain't necessary.
You needn't tell all you know , Aunt Jane
used to say , and I'm sure she was a very
oed woman. "
She smiled happily , as she gave one
parting glance and turned away.
* * | * *
There was a perceptible stir when Miss
Hannah Davis , closely followed by her
slstcr-ln-law , entered the parsonage.
"Hannah Davis' got a new dress , " someone
ono whispered loudly as she passed through
a llttlo knot of women on the way to the
bedroom to lay aside her wraps.
"And It's a silk one , too. "
The eyes of the entire assembly were on
jer as she1 emerged from the llttlo room
and sank down Into the nearest empty
chair without making the usual round of
landuhaklng.
"She feels stuck up , " one woman whis
pered to her neighbor. "Well , I guess a
silk dress don't make her bettcr'n the rest
of us. " The speaker reared her head and
spoke across the intervening sewers to Miss
llannah.
"We were Just talking about a sub
scription. Miss IJannah , " she said In very
audible tones. "It's for the Leavltts. You
know them. They've had awful luck
lately , and we thought if we could Just
give them a little lift It would bo real
Christian like. "
"I think 'twould bo real nice , " Miss Han
nah asserted warmly. "I'll be glad to glvo
something , though I can't give much , you
know. "
She blushed as she spoke. All eyes were
on her in the most uncomfortable way.
Why did they kind of smile ?
They must know she didn't have much
money.
Could she afford to give 50 cents , ehe
wondered.
"Well , how much will you give ? "
The voice came with startling distinct
ness.
"Five dollars , say ? "
Mibs Hannah started visibly. What were
they thinking of ? Her hands fell into her
lap. They touched the smooth silk. It
must bo the dress.
"It's an old " she started to say , but the
words died on her lips.
"What did you say ? " Her tormentor
leaned forward.
The minister's wife was standing in the
door , smiling.
"Miss Hannah shut her lips tight.
"Yes , you can put me down for five , " she
said , In a metallic voice.
A thrill seemed to pass through the room.
Then somo'newcomers entered , and eager
attention was turned to them.
"I hope you realize that you are properly
punished for your sinful pride , Hannah
Davis. " she said , as she locked the door ol
tier llttlo room that night , and hastily took
off the offending dress.
"It was vanity nil the time that made
you do it , nnd you know it , but tried to salve
your consclenco with saying it was 'econ
omy. ' "
She spoke rapidly.
"If you was so terribly anxious about be
ing economical , " scornfully , "why didn't you
make over that mngenta delaine ? 'Twouldn'l
have been half as becoming , but 'twould
have been Just as economical. But you dldn'l
think of that , did you ? " a pause.
"And then you tried to hush your conscience -
science by saying you'd give the money a
new dress would cost to the missionary so-
clcty.
"And now now you've gene and given $ E
to that woman for her subscription , and yoi
couldn't afford It , and it's a sin to spend
money you can't afford. "
She stared hard at tbe dress.
"And then you waa scared into It because
you was proud , and pride la another sin
You didn't want them to think but whai
you could buy the dress and give awaj
money , too. That makes three sins. "
Sbo closed her lips tight , then resolute ! )
crossed the room and wrapped a clean pleci
ot cotton about the neatly folded dress.
Then she went to tbo llttlo davenport am
wrote two notes.
Into one she slipped a J5 bill and dlrectci
it to the treasurer of tbe missionary society
then she directed the other to the minister' :
wife and went steadily across the room am
pinned It on the bundle.
"I shall send It over the first thing In th.
morning , " she said.
A happier light crept Into her eyes as sh
blew out tbe candle.
"I guess my conscience will rest easlc
now , " she said.
JIISMAIICIC AND AMHHICA.
Didn't I.Ike Till * Country , lint Two o
111 * Heat Krleml * Were American * .
In the October Century there Is an artlcl
on Bismarck by Prof. William M. Sloan-c
Prof. Sloano says ;
Bismarck's feelings towards tbe Unite
States have been ot a composite charactei
Oa the one hand , he saw with dismay th
extent and quality of German emigration
A landed proprietor himself , be could no
but sympathize with bla fellow younken
wbftio ueiaant village * r re partly and i ;
nany cases entirely deserted by their In-
labltants. Labor becoming scarce and dear ;
American and English agricultural ma-
hlncry forced on unwilling buyers , who
retted under the compulsory use of what
tiey could not easily manipulate ; prices of
arm products no longer assured by the do-
mnds of a home market , but subjected to
lie fluctuations of a world market In which
he United States are the controlling dealer
all these things gave him pain and anx-
cty. He suffered , too , along with his class ,
s a patriot he felt It likewise to be a grave
matter that so many thousands should evade
heir military service , and still more grave
hat millions should substantiate the saying
hat Germans had little patriotism , exempll-
ylng , In the ease with which they acquired
new citizenship , the motto : "Ubl bcne , ibl
atria ( My fatherland Is where I am pron
erous ) . The prosperity and contcntedness
t the German-American were a menace to
h Institutions under which ho had been
neither prosperous nor contented. Ho alao
aw that the growing Industries of the
Jnlted States would make them a dangerous
Ival of Germany In the coming struggle for
ommcrclal supremacy with Great Britain.
On the other hand , two of Bismarck's
warmest friendships were with Americans
iancroft and Motley. It was by his favor
lololy that the existing emigration and
Ulzenshlp treaties between the German em-
ilro and the United States wore negotiated ,
hrough Bancroft. In 1SC9 there was a sus
picious outburst In the public prints of both
continents against the American historian.
This Bismarck attributed to the combined
lostlllty of England and of the German
larttcularlsts. Accordingly , ho wrote to
Motley with the frankness of Intimate ac
quaintance , begging him to do what he could
o prevent tbe threatened removal of his
'riend. ' Ills language In speaking of Ban
croft la remarkable : "Ho represents prac-
Ically the same great process of develop
ment In which Moses , the Christian revela-
-lon , and the Reformation appear as stages ,
and in opposition to which the Cacsarean
lower of ancient and modern times , the
clerical and dynastic prejudices of the people
ple , offer every hindrance , Including that of
nlumniattng an honest and Ideal minister
Iko Bancroft. "
\ < MV CitHi-N of Yellow Fover.
JACKSON , Miss. , Sept. 20. The Board of
Health Is In receipt of a message from Ur.
W. A. Hatllff nt Edwards , stating that a
case of sickness has appeared In the Tatum
family which shows symptoms of yellow
: cver. The tone of the message clearly In-
llcates that the case is u genuine one.
Three members of this family were exam
ined by Dr. Purnell on September 7 , but at
that tlmo the patients were convalescent ,
and It was Impossible to make a positive
.llaRnosla. The house has been thoroughly
Isolated and there Is , llttlo dancer of a
spread , an nearly everybody rn Edwards and
vicinity had the yellow fever during the
epidemic last year. The Board of Health
lias heard of no new cases of fever In Jack
son , but several are under survelllanco anil
the symptoms are such as to expect devel
opments.
America makes the finest brand of chaui-
lagne. Cook's Imperial Extra Dry. It Is
Jtllclous , fruity and pure.
Indian Sunn * In MlniH-Modi.
CAS3 LAKE , Minn. , Sept. 26. It Is rc-
> orted hero by a half-breed and others that
the Indians of Loch lake ore threatening
o burn and destroy the tulldlngo , bridges
and other property of the Grc.nt Northern
railway. The trouble is In part the result
of the road crossing , the reservation and the
arrest by the United States marshals and
a largo force at Walker of some Indiana for
selling whisky to their own trlbo and trying
to create a rebellion against peaceful In-
llans as well as whites. There is much
uneasiness among the settlers and the gov
ernment will likely be requested to Investi
gate at once. The half breed said that there
should bo a company of soldiers located at
this station.
Ilucklrn'M Arnica Salve.
THE BEST SALVE in the world for Cuts ,
Bruises , Sores , Ulcers , Salt Rheum , Fever
Sores , Tetter , Chapped Hands , Chilblains ,
Corns and all Skin Eruptions , and positively
cures Piles , or no pay required. It is guar
anteed to give perfect satisfaction or money
refunded. Price 25 cents per box. For sale
by Kuhn & Co.
LAIIOU AND 1XDUSTIIY.
Telephone lines use 12,000,000 pounds of
copper yearly.
Mexico continues to furnUU the United
States with more than half of its supply of
mahogany.
Southern cotton manufacturers nro taking
active stops to develop trade with Cuba and
Porto Rico. Representatives of the south
ern mills will canvass tbe Islands this fall.
It Is said that the sales of looking glasses
In the United States amount to about $8,000-
000 a year , and that the Industry gives em
ployment to more than 2,000 persons , not
Including , of course , those who use the mir
rors.
rors.The
The pay roll of the cotton Industry in
Massachusetts is much the longest of any
In the state. Boots and shoes como next
with 00,700 ; machines and machinery Is
third , with 20,607 : woolen goods has 18,913
and worsted goods , 13,783.
Almost 70 per cent of the foreign trade
of Mexico Is with the United States. Mexico
ice has great natural resources and their
development is progressing at a rapid rate
resulting In continuously increasing ship
ments of machinery and manufactured goods
from tbo United States.
A now use for a Minnesota product has
been discovered. It has been found that
the moss of the tamarack swamps is as
good as that of the south for upholsterers
uses , and there Is promise ot an extensive
Industrial development in the preparation
of the new commodity.
So successful has been the cxperlmcn
of Massachusetts capitalists In cotton manu
facture in the south that those Intercstci
In the mill at Rome , Ga. , have just decided
to double its capacity. The new venture
calls for an Investment of moro than a
quarter of a million dollars.
Winston , N. C. , claims tbe distinction o
selling more pounds of leaf tobacco dlrec
from the 'hands ' of the farmer than any
other loose market In the world. The pres
ent tobacco year tbe market will sell two
million moro pounds ot tobacco than it has
ever sold before , the sales reaching to more
than 18,000,000 pounds.
To supply the present demand of the
British market requires the importation o
more than 500,000,000 pounds of bacon a
year. This bacon la procured almost en
tlrely from three countries , the Unlte (
States , Denmark and Canada. The United
States Is the chief source of supply , sup
plying moro than 300,000,000 pounds pc
year ,
Reports from California state , that th
walnut crop this season will bo the Urges
ever produced. The walnut business Is on
ot the Infant industries nt California , bu
for the last six years has Increased rap
idly. Last year tbe output amounted t
3,700 tons. This year it is estimated at 5,00
tons , which will bring tbo growers mor
than $500,000.
Moro than 1,000,000,000 gallons of mlnera
oil and its products were exported from th
United States during the twelvemonth onde
JUDO 30 last tbe first year in tbe hUtorj
ot the trade that tbe billion export mar
has been passed. Foreign nations paid to
this oil $5tf,126.78. or about 19,000,000 mor
than was received for the 678,000,000 gal
Ions exported in 18SS.
Cotton Is the only one of tbe nine lead
Ing Industries ot Massachusetts whlc
showed a reduction of capital Invested I
1897. In the other eight tbe gains were a
follows. Woolen goods , 17,25 per cent
wbrated goods , 12.12 ; carpetlngs. 11.89
leather , S.08 , boots and shoes , 6,79 ; machines
chinos and machinery , G.S2 ; metals an
metallic goods , 1.20 ; paper , 0.00. ,
Are ft
$ Bright ftft
SnapShots and Full ft
ftft
I of Life ftft ftft
Shots ftft ftft
Forty-eight ftft
* ftft
ft (5x7 ( Inches ) ft
ftft
Covering ftft
ft
Every Phase ftft
of the ftt
t
ft Exposition fti
ft
ftft
ft At the Business Office of The Omaha Bee. ftft
ft ft
ftft .
ft N. B-BY MAIL 3 CENTS EXTRA FOR POSTAGE
ft
r H H H 4 0 j ?
PHOTOGRAPHY IN COLORS
Chicago Man Claims to Have Solved th
Problem of the Times.
HUES OF THE RAINBOW REPRODUCED
HomnrknUle Development of nil Iilea
Generated liy the Color * of fhl-
Prnitrnnt lllver
Story of the Proem * .
Chicago newspapers proclaim , with slight
qualification , that color photography has been
perfected by a Chicago man.
The process of using an ordinary camera
and in one-fifth of a second accurately pho
tographing nil of the brilliant hues of a
flower garden , all the contrasts In green of
a landscape , all the wonders of a summer
sky , the Jewel upon your fingr , the ribbon
at your throat , the stripes In your clothes ,
the decorations of your hat , the bouquet on
your lapel Is now a reality.
Not a canvas of the old masters but what
may be reproduced with every tint of the
original ; not a shade of color in the most
brilliant flower garden but what may greet
the eyes from a photograph ; not a color
line in the features and dress ot a friend
but may be retained forever upon tbo plain
panel of a photographic card and this all
done , not by retouching or tinting , not by
laborious processes after the picture itsclt
is taken , but done by the sunlight instead ,
In the same second tbat the picture itself is
taken.
This discovery and its practical applica
tion is the work of the late James W. Mc-
nonough of Chicago. Ho has been dead n
year , but what he discovered has been In
: ho hands ot friends and business associates
ever since.
CirnnpliiKr an liloa.
What ho discovered Is due primarily to
the dirty and nasty condition of the Chicago
cage river. Crossing the river on the Mad
ison street brldgo one day in 1S70 , Mr. Mc-
Donougu noticed on the surface of the
murky wateV the colors of the spectrum
caused by escaping oil from some near-by
warehouse. The thought came to him that
tbo river would present a beautiful specta
cle if covered with these colors. His second
end thought was aa to why that river's sur
face could not be photographed. I'Vom this
thought gradually developed and grew the
process of color photography the first ever
given to the world that will always be
known us McDonough's.
Mr. McDonough was , in the early years
of his life , wealthy and given to scientific
pursuits. Ills work in connection with tbe
telephone was primarily along the line to
the discovery ot the receiver , and he fought
his rights in the courts until he and all
others were defeated. Worn In health and
weakened 'In ' fortune , Mr. McDonough turned
from the telephone to his old dreams of
color photography and pursued them until
satisfied that the work could be done. Ho
died just as success was at hand.
The process which ho created Is a color
photography which is purely mechanical.
The ordinary camera is used , and tbo nega
tives are produced and developed by the
usual processes , but before exposing tbe
negative In the camera a transparent screen ,
ruled with the three primary colors , Is In
terposed between the negative and object to
bo photographed.
After developing the negative a positive
plate Is produced from It , which , viewed by
Itself , does not differ from the ordinary
black and whlto plate , but when It is laid
upon a viewing screen , ruled with the pri
mary colors , a duplicate of the taking screen
used In the camera , the colors in the object
photographed appear.
I'rlnoliilu and I'rocrim.
The principle of color photography Is a
mixture of colored lights on the retina.
A transparent medium is ruled in fine col
ored lines , 300 to COO to the inch. These
lines are red , blue and green , commonly
speaking. They are the fundamentals of
the spectrum the yellow of school days
now belnc rejected and their mixture pro
duces white llsht. In other worda , the
color of each is such as to absorb the re
maining two and transmit only Its own
light.
To take a picture , It is necessary to
place one of these ruled screens In Imme
diate contact with the sensltve surface
ot the dry plate and expose the same , as
in ordinary photography. The sensitive
plate must bo what Is known as Isochro-
matlc plates that is , sensitive to nil the
colors of the spectrum.
After a negative is made a positive la
also made by contact printing , as In the
usual manner. This positive Is then
placed over tbe ruled screen and brought
Into position with the colored lines on tbe
screen. When this Is done the picture Is
aeen In it * natural color.
Paper photographs are made by printing
In the usual manner on tbe sensitive paper
ruled with the three colored lines as on
the screen. Half-tone pictures In colors
are also made by printing with black ink
from a half-tone plate made from tbo
original upon paper having the three-
colored lines ruled on its surface , the
same as a screen.
Photographers and chemists of an In
quiring turn of mind have attempted In
various ways to make color photography a
possibility since 1870. The experiments
necessary were so costly , the possibility of
failure so great , tbat all ot them with the
exception of McDouough surrendered at
one time or another , and announced tbat
the camera would never be able to re-
picture the rose with all the gorgeousnees
In which It hung from the parent stem ,
FlrHt ii ml LuMt Picture * .
McDonougb said that It could be done ,
and the day before his death photographed
himself in one of the Mower gardens of
Jackson Dark. Ho never lived to see the
picture completed , but It stands today In an
ofllco In Dearborn street , with every hue
of the blossoms surrounding htm faithfully
reproduced the work of the sun and the
sun onlr.
Ho read In a newspaper one morning that
I.lppmnn , a foreign sclenllnt , had advanced
the claim that he could photograph in
colors. His process was what is now known
as the "interference" method. By "inter
ference" is meant that tbe rays of light an
they pisteil through a transparent medium
of unequal thickness , and were reflected
back to the eye by a mirror , interfered
with each other nnd created different color
effects. Llppmau'8 method was purely a
scientific experiment , and it was impossible
to see his colors or pictures , as he termed
them , except in a certain angle of light.
Llppmun'B work stirred McDonough , and
ho started to work out his own theory as
to bow the natural colors ot the sky and
earth could bo photographed. A majority
of his experiments for years were absolute
failures.
Ono effort after another was rejected until
he came to the correct principle , which
was to cover a flat nlato with very flno
Hues and then to endeavor to reduce these
lines to greater or less angles , FO as to give
off the caters from a picture photographed
on their surface.
Ills perpetual assumption was that the
sun would reproduce nature , after the re
ceiving plate was of the proper kind. His
work was to find that plate.
Developing ( lie I'roueN * .
The plato or block , which ho finally de
termined to be tbo proper one , Is what Is
known technically as a diffraction grating ,
and gives off colors when a beam ot light
strikes its surface at an angle. Tbo first
experiments with such a plato were more
than discouraging , and when further efforts
seemed useless McDonougli was about to
cast it aside.
The day that ho determined to do BO he
accidentally policed on the surface of the
block what seemed to bo spots of different
colors. The thought came to him Instantly ,
"Why not put on the primary colors , photo
graph through them and try nnd get some
color results ? "
He purchased an air brush , and , after
securing such colors as red , green and blue ,
began blowing them in small particles nnd
attempting to secure an evenly grained
plate. Every device known to photography
was tried , but McDonough did not get just
the result ho wanted until ho took up the
transparent screen. Then his scheme for
photographing colors by absorption worked.
Ho tried ruling lines with a common
draughting pen , but the lines varied so much
in width and thickness that It was Impossi
ble to make a good picture. He then se
cured a lithographic ruling machine and
with this made some fair screens with which
a few pictures were taken. After this so
determined wore his efforts that he devised
a machine which would rule flexible ma
terial llko celluloid , gelatines and mica. He
found that celluloid nnd gelatine were of no
practical use , owing to their expansion and
contraction under tbe Influence of heat and
cold. Mica could not be skillfully used be
cause largo shceta of it were dinicult to
secure. Ho eventually produced tbo ruling
process now being used for his pictures.
The work of this man was little short
ot heroic. He labored days and weeks to
secure a single color that would bo suit
able for making n screen. The shade ,
solubility , transparency and fading quality
of this color bad all to be considered.
Thousands of colors wore rejected by him
after tests.
I'rliillnir on I'll per.
When McDonouzh had secured a perfect
transparency he turned his attention to
printing on paper. His idea was to rule
the paper and emulsify or sensitize over
this ruling. He tested many methods and
filnally succeeded In ruling the paper BO
that a beautiful Picture could be printed
by simply using the negative made through
thla ruled screen over the ruled paper and
registering the lines created on the nega
tive by the subject through tbe screen , so
tbat they would bo parallel , and placing
this In the sunlight to print , and then ton
ing the print as Is ordinarily done , the
result being a picture in colors on tbe
paper.
Before McDonough succeeded In this
branch of hla work colors for papers hail
to be made. Ho was months finding UK-BO
colors , aa they had to bo Insoluble ono with
another , and also In the toning and flxliu ;
processes. They also must stand the wui-
llRht and not fade or wash off during the
operations necessary to produce a photographic -
graphic print on paper.
In astronomy the color work of McDon-
ough is already in experimental use In thd
Yerkes Observatory at Williams Bay , near
Chicago. Of the McDonough sensitive *
plates George K. Hale , director ot the ob
servatory , writes-
"With their old I bavo been able to pho
tograph for the first time the red portion ,
of the spectra ot very faint stars and it In
easy to see that plates of this character
will provu invaluable in both solar and
stellar upcctroHCOpIc Investigations. The
possibility ot photographing the rod region ,
of stellar spectra opens up an Immonsa
field of research hitherto unexplored. "
in the detection and prevention of crima
the color photograph promises to bccomo
an Important adjunct of the Berttllon sys
tem ,
Ono of the best experimental pictures re *
coolly taken by the process is that ot Ferd *
inand W. Peck , commissioner general of the
Paris exposition , where appears the lapel
of his coat with the red rose ho wore ,
radiant with all tlm colors It had blos
somed In.
Mr. McDonough Is dead , nnd cannot toll
hly own story , but there remains some
testimony from his own lips as to what ho
passed through whllo discovering color pho
tography that Is extremely Interesting.
More than EOO examples of the practical
working of the McDonough plates Rive proot
of the practicability of the process. Some
of tbe scenes from Douglau park others
from Jackson park , still others of promi
nent persons or of highly colored Japanese
screen and fan work are a continual do *
light and feast for the oye.
H is believed that Mr. McDonough's pro
cess will revolutionize all color work lit
magazines ; that the moie or less laborious
process over the lithographer's stone U to
bo done away with and that the color Il
lustrated magazine of the future will be a
thing of beauty , bcsldo which the produc
tion of today cannot hold up its bead.
The llewt Ilenu-ay lor Kin * .
Mr. John Mnthlas , a well known stride
dealer of PtilnDki , Ky. , says : "After Buffer
ing for over a week with flux , nnd my phy
sician having failed to rellove me , I wai
advised to tiy Chamberlain's Colic. Cholera
and Diarrhoea Homedy , and have the pleas
ure of stating that the half of one bo'tla '
cured mo. "
THK oin-TiMius.
Otis Allen , tbe father of the assistant
secretary of the navy , has Just celebrated
his ninetieth birthday in Lowell. MUBS.
Jacob J. Schwartz , who died this week
In Boston , had been fifty-eight years n
Boldlor , having enlisted In tbo German army
In 1812 , nnd left it and Joined ours In 1811 ,
serving In the Mexican and civil wars.
Mrs. Amelia Vollar. who died In Chicago )
last week , had Just passed her hundredth
birthday. For a score of yrors until over SO
she had been a peddler about the strcct
of the city , to which she had rome whea
It was only an extreme frontier trading post.
In a suit at Waco. TPX. . ta
settle a question of boundaries be
tween land owners , one of the wit
nesses was Captain Isaac Brock , wbo de
posed , when examined touching this point ,
that ho Is 110 years old. Captain Broclc
resided eighteen miles west of Waco , near
the Falls Bosquo. Ho fought In the war of
1812 , In the Texas \\ar of Independence , in
the war between the United States anil
Mexico and In tbo civil war. Ho Is In good
health , has a clear mind nnd is a strong
territorial expansionist.
Mrs. Rllzabeth J. It. Messenger of St.
Louis has just retired from active work a *
a school teacher after forty-woven yours
of unremitting service. In that time she
has seen the school system grow from the
old fashioned country school , where all
ages of scholars and all branches of learning ;
were taught In ono room , to the present
graded Hystem. Bho Is a bit in doubt , too ,
as to whether the old system or the new
produces tbe best results , whun she sees thn
successful men of the city about her whoso
young ideas eho first taught how to shoot.
The distinction of being the oldest singing
master In the world is claimed for the vet
eran Manuel Garcia , who at the mature
age of 94 Is still giving lessons. He Is the
only surviving brother of the famous singer ,
Mollbran. who was the chief star in the
musical firmament In the earlier part at
the century. Another and younger ulster ,
Mme. Pauline Viardot , is a famous teacher ,
but no longer gives lessons. Garcia used to
live In London when Mallbran was them
and ho delights in telling how tbo duke of
Sussex went to hear Mallbran sing at
\espera.
Mrs. Cynthia Conant of Springfield , Mass. ,
wbo has just celebrated her hundredth
birthday , U In excellent health and in con-
iersatlon is bright and lnterentng. ! Sbo na\v
I < ofayetto when he visited Boston and often
tells how handsome he wan and how < IU-
tlngulHhcd ho appeared. Still more vividly
she recalls the war ot 1812 and the part her1
father played therein , He wa ono of u
party that captured a British vrsxel that
bad been brought to HyaunlH harbor and
there set on fire. The fire was put out and
the boat was toned to Boston , with her
father in charcci
