t V t * I
THE OMAHA DAILY KEE ; SUNDAY , ATJOITST 28 , 1808.
Magnificent
Train Servic
Two Trains Daily to Denver and Colorado Points.
Two Trains Daily to Utah and California.
\
One Train Daily to Portland.
"The Colorado Special" "The Colorado Fast Mail"
. . "The Overland Limited"
To Denver and Colorado Points. To Denver and Colorado points.
. CS Ci Arrives :55 p. m. Leaves T6 Arrives a. m. Omaha Loaves :50 : nights to .
Omaha only California.
: J J : today
Denver tomorrow 4 Denver tomorrow
today 7 . .
p.m. p.m. a. in.
"The California Fast Mail" "The Portland Fast Mail' *
Leaves Omaha 4"The days to Lcavoa Omaha 4"The
: :
today 4 p. m. only San Francisco today 4 p. m. only days to Portland
Superb Equipment.
For rates , tickets , sleeping car reservations , and full information , call at
Union Pacific City Ticket Office , 1302 Farnam Street
. SASREES OF SODTII AMERICA
Glimpses of Business Life in Obili as
Seen at Valparaiso.
WONDERFUL RICHES OF THE COUNTRY
Amerlc'im Trnilc Ovpmliplmril by tlmt
of KiiKluml mill ( iermniiy How
Are Gohh
Up the Country.
( Copyright , 1803 , by Frank G. Carpenter. )
VALPARAISO. Chill , July 30. ( Special
Correspondence of The Ilee. ) Valparaiso Is
the New York of Pacific South America. It
Is the chief seaport south of San Francisco ,
hnd It Is by far the best business point on
iha west coast of this continent. It has
tt population of 125,000 , but It docs a busi
ness equal to any American city of twice
that size. The greatest part of the one
hundred and odd million dollars which con-
Jstltutes Chill's foreign commerce is con-
( trollcd here , and the city Is made up of
( business blocks whelch are more like those
lot n European port than any other on this
tcoast. Valparaiso ts beautifully situated. It
has a bay of the shape of a half moon , which
IB large enough to float the ships of the
world. Around this bay there ts an amphi
theater of great hills , which rises almost
straight up from the edge of the water and
JRhlch forms the site of the city. The bus
iness section , In fact , Is built upon ground
redeemed from the sea. and there are mil
lions of dollars' worth of property now
standfng where n generation ago thcro was
nothing but water. The wharves of Val
paraiso are walled with stone and Iron rails
to keep back the water , and the reclaimed
lands Is such that there are three or four
business streets , which run about the bay
between the water and the foot of the hills ,
Coming Into the harbor you find yourself
surrounded by shipping. More than a thou
sand sailings are made to and from this
port every year , and you look at the city
through the smoke stacla : of steamers and
a tlilcket of bare masts of sailing vessels.
The hills In front of you arc so steep that
you wonder how the houses can stand upon
them , and you see that they rise In terraces ,
boiiBO above houeo and street above street ,
until the buildings at the top hang out and
Bocm about to fall upon these below. Here
nnd there you see a break In the hills of
the amphitheater , nnd at a number of points
cable roads are crawling up and down the
Bleep Inclines.
An Uimllnli-fiprninn City , I
Landing at the wharves you are surprised
to find that nearly every business man you
meet speaks English , and you soon find that
the English and Germans monopolize the
business. The signs are European , and there
are few Chilian names upon them. You
pass book stores which keep only English
books. There are scores of Englishmen on
the streets , and you see many pretty Eng
lish and German girls shopping In the stores.
/Tho / Improvements nro more like these of
one of our cities than these of a South
American town , The stores have plate glass
windows , and the goods nro as well dis
played as dn Now York or Chicago. Tha
streets are paved with Belgian blocks , and
ite are drays , cabs nnd carriages moving
Song them. Hero and there you see a
iogctablo peddler or a baker with his stock
fc panniers on the sides of a mule , but the
nest of the trading and freighting Is done
mil carts. Valparaiso has cable connection
vlth Europe and the United States , It has
clegraphlc lines which keep It In touch with
U parts of Chill , and Its long-distance tele-
jhones reach Santiago and other points ,
rbo telegraph hero Is as cheap. If not
heaper , than In any other country , and at
ay hotel I m able tc | telephone to the
capital , Santiago , 100 miles away , without
extra charge.
Valparaiso has a tramway system operated
by horse power , which mleht be profitably
changed to run by electricity , especially so
If some unscrupulous party should pursue
the policy of n Spaniard who , If the story
of his Intentions Is true , has .made a good
but rather tricky speculation In the Santi
ago street car lines. These are now run
with horses , with very pretty girls as con
ductors , and they pay , I am told , a clear
profit of more than $200,000 In gold a year.
A short time ago the old charter of the
company ran out and the city , wishing to
have the system changed to that of elec
tricity , gave the concession to this Spanish
gentleman with the proviso that he deposit
$200,000 In Chilian money , or about $70,000
gold , as a forfeit In case he did not finish
and complete the electric system within
three years' time. My Informant tells me
that the Spaniard has no Intention of at
tempting a change. He will run the roads
as they are now , nnd at the end of the three
years his profits will amount to $600,000 , so
that ho can easily afford to lose the $70,000
forfeit. The street railroads of Valparaiso
are still run with horses , and I should think
that electric roads would pay both here and
In Santiago. Santiago Is a city of 250,000
people , and the cars are well patronized.
They are of the kind called double-deckers ,
with seats on the roof as well as below. The
rates are very cheap , being 5 cents in this i
money , or about 1.8 cents American. The I
pretty conductors wear sailor hats , and over
their dark dresses white aprons , In the
pockets of which they put their money and
tickets. There are similar conductors on the
tramways of Iqulque. Whllo riding upon the
cars tbero I noticed that men inspectors
often came In and counted the passengers ,
In order to see that the girls were not
"knocking down" fares , nnd I was told that
the conductresses had nicknamed these Inspectors
specters "Judases. "
American Commerce In Chill.
The foreign commerce of this country an
nually amounts to from one hundred to one
hundred nnd twenty-five millions of gold
dollars a year , and of this our exports and
Imports do not often exceed $5,000,000.
Within the last few years our trade has
been steadily Increasing , and today we are
ceudiiig many different kinds of machinery ,
cotton goods , lard , kerosene , railroad loco
motives and small amounts of hundreds of
other things to Chill. Quite a lot of our
agricultural machinery has been Introduced.
The most of the Chilian newspapers are
now printed from American type on paper
from the United States , and I see from the
trade mark that the stamps and postal
cards are made by an American banknote
company. Nearly all the flour bags of Chill
are made from cotton manufactured In New '
England , I see about hero steel wind-mills i
1
which come from Chicago , and much of the
electric machinery Is of American make. '
I found an agent of the Wcstlnghouse company - i 1
pany at Iqulque , and the General Electric
hus Its agents here. At present an Amer
ican electric plant Is being put In at Punta
Arenas , the southernmost city of our hemis
phere , and steel plates ore being sent from
Plttsburg to Valparaiso. There are now two
or three largo firms here which devote
themselves to the importation and introduc
tion of American goods. One Is that of
Grace & Co. . which has an English branch
as well as Its New York house , and another
is the old firm of Deeche & Co. , which has
lately united with Flint , Eddy & Co. of New
i York. Beecho & Co. handle nothing but
| American goods. They have theli agents
and traveling salesmen all over Chill , acd
, are anxious to push the sale of American
manufactures. Doth the Graces and Beeche
& Co , do a big business , and the general in
crease In our trade here Is largely due to
their efforts. I doubt , however , whether the
I United States can ever equal Germany or
! England In this market. Wo buy compar-
. atlvely little of Chill , and without the In-
I crease In the beet sugar industry creates a
demand for nitrate In the United States tha
bulk of Chilian exports will continue to go
to Europe. At present Chill sends about ,
three-fourths of her exports to Great Britain ,
but n largo part of this Is nitrate , which '
finally gets to Germany , and Is used there In
i
the raising of the sugar beet. We buy I
some nitrate and Iodine and a little wool and I
'
hides. About halt of the Chilian imports
come from Great Britain , the amount |
brought from that country In 1894 costing |
more than $20,000,000. Germany stands next
and , as I have said , the German Imports
have been steadily gaining. Of late , how
ever , the German merchants here have been
detected In a rtumber of attempts at fraud
on the customs , and their methods of trade
are carefully watched.
PnNNliiK of Spnnl'nli South America.
South American Is fast passing out of the
hands of the Spanish-American natives. I
mean as far as the valuable properties and
business of all kinds are concerned. From
the coast of Lower California to Valparaiso
there has been of recent years a great Ger
man commercial Invasion , which has been
crowding out the English who had come
before. The strongest forcjgn element In
Central America today Is the German. The
Germans own the best of the coffee planta
tions of Guatemala , and you find their Im
porting houses In every Central American
city. The most of the business of the Isth
mus of Panama Is done by the English ,
French and Germans. There Is at Panama
nn American banking establishment , that of
Felix Ehrmall & Co. , and the Panama rail
road , while owned by the French , Is still
managed by Americans. In Eucador I found
a largo colony of Germans , Italians and
English. The chief business establishment ! }
of Guayaquil are In their hands. The native
Peruvians have long since sold their best
properties out to the foreigners , and among
others the Chinese own millions of dollars
worth of Peruvian estates. The sugar plan
tations are chiefly In the hands of the Eng
lish. The oil fields arc owned by English
and Italians. The railroads and the guano
beds , as well as millions of acres of coffee
lands In the Interior of Peru , belong to the
English syndicate , called the Peruvian Cor
poration , and the silver nnd gold mines of
that country are owned to a large extent by
foreigners. The native Peruvian Is either
ashamed of trade or he does not know how-
to go about It , and the stores of Lima are '
managed almost altogether by German , Eng-
llsh , Italian , French and Chinese mer
chants. In Arequlpa I found that the Ger
mans did the most of the trade , although
there were several English and American
raining companies which made this their
headquarters. It was the same In La Paz ,
whore there were about thirty American
miners. The English have a number of
the best mining properties of Bolivia. They
practically control Antofagasta , and Iqulque
is more English than Spanish. I have already -
ready told you that more than $100,000,000 of
English capital Is Invested In the Chilian
nitrate fields , and other millions from the
same source are working some of the mines.
Southern Chill has a large colony of Ger
mans , nnd there are English and German
sheep farms in Patagonia. Both Santiago
and Valparaiso are full of German firms.
Many of tbo large estates here which are
owned by natives are managed by foreigners' ,
and this Is so with nearly all of the mines
and other large properties of the different
countries. The railroads of Chill and Peru
were built by English and American engi
neers , and the most of them are managed
by Anglo-Saxons today. In short , the real
work of South America as far as big things
are concerned Is now In the hands of for
eigners , and even hero In Chill the natives
who are wealthy are chiefly so from the vast
estates which they have Inherited from their
ancestors. They own also valuable mines ,
but only the fewest of them are rich as a
result of their Individual efforts ,
The YunUeoK of South America.
And still the Chilians are by far the
most progressive people In South America.
This Is , In fact , the only live country that
I have so far visited in my travels on this
continent. Colombia ts a slice out of the
middle aces ; Ecuador has the same
customs that it had when the Spaniards
owned It. It Is priest-ridden and Its people
are 300 years behind the times. The
Peruvians are further advanced , but they
have little snap In them , nnd , as to the
Bolivians , they are waiting for some other
people to como in and gobble up them
selves and their country. You notice the
difference the moment you step on Chilian I
soil. I was delighted with Antofagai'a. al
though It Is a town largely built of corrugated -
|
rugated Iron and driftwood. It had nn air
of business about It , and the spirit of
get-up-and-get was abroad everywhere. |
When I asked ono of the citizens whether j
I could post my letters without danger of j
the postal officials destroying them In order I
to steal the stamps , ns I had been told was i
sometimes done by the clerks of the post- '
offices of Bolivia , he replied : "Certainly [
you can. This Is Chill. " Ho was right. !
Chill is a land of Its own kind , and for
South America it is very much up-to-date.
It has Its railroads , telegraphs and telephones - '
phones nnd Us people have as much patriotIsm - ,
Ism as we have. The Chlllnos , ns they
(
call themselves , number about 3,000,000. I
They are , like the other peoples of the ]
west coast , of Spanish descent nnd of the i
product of the union of the Spaniards and
the Indians , hut the Spaniards who came (
to Chill were largely from the Bosquo ,
provinces of Spain. They were the best of j
the old Spaniards and today about onoi i
third of the population are their descend
ants. These constitute the ruling and
wealthy classes of the Chilians. The other
two-thirds are formed of the mixture of
Spanish and Indian blood , but the Ipdlans In
this case were far different from the Incus
and other tribes further north. The In
dians of Peru , Ecuador and Bolivia lack
manhood. The most of them have always
been slaves and they nro contented to re
main slaves today. They have no vlrllo
qualities whatever , and the mixed breeds
which como from them partake of the same
spirit. The chief tribe of Indians here Is .
the Araucanlans. They nre undoubtedly I | '
the strongest Indians In North nnd South
America. It was long before they were
subdued , and they caught nnd put to death
Pedro Valdevla , ono of Plzarro's lleuten- '
nnts , who carao south to conquer them. It
was with these people that the Spaniards
united , and It Is a question whether the
masses oC the Chilians of today get most
of their strength from them or the Span- i
lards. The Araucanlans are big-boned and ,
|
muscular , nnd their women are especially '
well built , recalling the words of the old
saw :
"If strong bo the frame of the mother ,
her sons shall make laws for the people. "
There nro still about 60,000 of these pure
Araucanlans who have settlements of their
own In southern Chill. These I shall de i
scribe more fully after my travels In that ] '
part of the country. The remainder have .
|
been assimilated with the Spaniards , and
they form to a large extent the working I
people and the rank and file of the Chilian ' I
) army. The temperate climate of Chill has
also had an Influence In making the
Chlllnos stronger than the people of the
semi-tropical lands of the north.
Chill Th < > I.oiiKCit of CouiitrlCH.
My voyage down the coast of Chill gave ! ,
me some Idea of the enormous length of j
the country. I spent five days In coming
by steamer from the nitrate fields to Val
paraiso , and tbo German ship on which I
shall sail within a few weeks for Tlerra del
Tuego will require nlno days to reach
Punta Arenas , on the Straits of Magellan.
Chill Is wore like a long drawn-out sau
sage or a worm than any other country of
the world. The only country that compares
with It Is Egypt , which drags Its weary
length for more than a thousand miles be
tween deserts along the valley of the Nile ,
Chill begins In a desert and continues In
It for more than a thousand miles. Later
on It bursts out into a green valley be
tween high mountains and ends In the
grassy Islands of the southernmost part of
the hemisphere. It Is nowhere over 200
miles wide , nnd In some places It Is not
more than fifty , but It Is so long that If It
were laid upon the face of the United
States , beginning at New York , It would
make a wide track across It to far beyond
Salt Lake , and If It could be stretched from
south to north with Tlerra del Fuego at the
lowermost edge of Florida , Its upper prov
inces would be found In Hudson bay , almost
even with the top of Labrador. Chill Is
2GOO miles long. It embraces all of the
land between the tops of the Andes and
the Pacific ocean south of the River Saraa ,
which divides It from Peru , and It has , In
addition , most of the Islands about tbo
Slratts of Magellan. The question as to
Just where the boundary of Chill and the
Argentine Republic lies Is ono of dispute
between the two countries , and jono which
promises to bring about a war sooner or
later. Just now the relations of the Chil
ians nnd the Argentines are strained al
most to breaking , and no ono knows how
soon war may result. Of this , hotievor , I
will write In the future.
Winter In Chill.
A land of this kind muet bo one of many
climates. It Is now winter on this side of
the equator , but I found It qulto warm In
the north. Here at Valparaiso one needs
an overcoat when the sun Is not shining ,
nnd at the Straits of Magellan I am told
that the ground Is now covered with snow
and that night begins at 4 o'clock In the
afternoon. During my travels In western
Peru and Bolivia weeks passed without a
drop of rain. It never rains in northern
Chill , and everything In the cities I there
visited was as dry as Sahara , The great
question In most of the towns along the
coast Is where to get water to drink. At
Mollcmlo , Peru , a little above the Chilian
border , the water supply comes from the
Andes , near Arequlpa , through an Iron pipe
more than 100 miles long. At Iqulque water
Is piped more than eighty miles , and Anto-
fagasta gets Its drinking water nway up In
the Andes 180 miles back from the coast.
This Antofagasta aqueduct Is , I believe , tbo
longest In the world. In coming from
Bolivia down to the sea I visited the great
reservoir within a stone's throw of a dead
volcano , down the sides of which this moun
tain water flows , and rode on the cars for
almost a day over a thirsty desert along the
line of the aqueduct. At other ports I
found them selling water. This Is tbo
case In many of the nitrate settlements.
The steam from the engines of the nitrate
factories Is condensed and there are engines
used solely for making drinkable water
from that of the sea. As you sail from this
desert region south you now and then pass
valleys In which n little river from the
Andes makes everything green , but It Is not
until you reach Valparaiso that the rainfall
Is heavy enough to cover the whole country
with verdure. Further south of here the
rains steadily Increase until at a distance
of 300 or 400 miles you come Into a terri
tory where the people facetiously nay that
It rains thirteen months every year. At
Port Montt , In south Chill , the rainfall Is
118 Inches every twelve months , nnd hero
It Is only fifteen. In this part of the country - ,
try nnd In the northern part of the central
valley the climate Is much like that of I
southern California. The skies nre bright
for nt least eight menthes nnd during the
remainder of the year there are only occa
sional showers. This region has , In fact , nn
almost perfect climate , nnd this Is so in all
of the provinces of north and central
Chill.
The Illchm of Chill.
The long sausage which comprises the land
of Chill Is full of excellent meat. There are
few countries of Its area which have such
wonderful natural resources. I have
written of the nltrato fields , which
have already produced hundreds of
millions of dollars , and which have
a supply which cannot be exhausted fern
n half century to come. A member of the
Chilian congress , Senor Roberto Edwnrdson
Meeks , with whom I talked last night , tells
mo that there are deposits of guano near the
nltrato beds which surpass those of the
Islands of Peru nnd which are worth thou
sands of millions of dollars. Ho says they
llo several feet below the surface and that
they are on the mainland. All of north
Chill Is full of minerals. In coming to Val
paraiso I stopped at a number of ports which
have copper nnd silver smelting works. At
Antofagasta there Is a smelter which Is said
to bo the largest In the world. It Is used to
smelt the ores of only one mining company ,
nnd when I visited It I saw several acres
covered with bricks of silver ere which had
been ground to dust nnd put Into this shape
that they might be the more easily smelted.
That Is perhaps the most valuable brick
yard on earth. At Iqulquo there Is a smelter
which belongs to nn American , a Mr. George
Chase. Ho comes , I think , from New York ,
and he has , I am told , some of the most
valuable silver mines In South America. The
ere Is almost puro. The mines nro so profit
able that they have roado him rich , and have ,
I am told , netted him so much that ho has
laid aside 3,000,000 ( $15,000,000) ) as n re-
eervo fund In the Bank of England. This
seems to mo a big story , but there Is no
doubt that Mr. Chase Is worth his millions.
Ono of the chief copper ports of Chill Is
Coqulmbo , a town of 7,000 people , lying on
n beautiful bay about 130 miles north of Val
paraiso. It Is In the center of one of
the richest copper deposits of the world.
The metal Is nearly pure , nnd some of the
mine owners tell mo that there are almost
Inexhaustible quantities of it. Chill has
already produced about four billion pounds
of copper. In 1S9G it shipped about 00,000-
000 pounds , but the most of this went to
Europe , ns wo have all the copper we need i
of our own. From Coqulmbo they are now
exporting something like 1,000 tons of cop
per a month nnd several smelters arc kept
busy turning the ere Into bars. Chill has
also largo deposits of Iron , manganese ,
quicksilver and lead. There are a number
of gold mines In the south , and much gold
washing Is done In the streams of Terra
del Fuego. There Is also gold In the north ,
and I am told that a large part of the mountains - i
tains have not been well prospected , and '
that the mines so far developed have been
worked after the most wasteful methods , so
that the waste ere on the dumps could bo
smelted with profit. As to the agricultural I
condition of the country , I will wrlto after
1 have visited some of the great haciendas.
The central valley , which lies between the
range of mountains that borders the coast
and the main range of the Andes , Is COO
mllfs long , and It Is divided up Into vast '
estates , upon which all sorts of fruits and
cereals are grown. Chill produces moro
than 28,000,000 bushels of wheat a year , and
she ships her products to the other coun
tries of this part of the world by the thou
sands of tons. It has thousands of acres
of vineyards and exports a great deal of
wine. The ca'ttlo ' consumed at most of the
coast ports come from Chill , and the best
horses to be found In South America are
Chilian bred. FHANK O. CARPENTER.
A .NnrrxTr Ii.nuiiic. |
Thankful words written by Mrs. Ada E.
Hart of Groton , S. I ) . : "Was taken with a
bad cold which settled oa my lunig ; cough
let In and finally terminated In Consumption. '
Four doctors gdvo mo up , Baying I could j
live but a abort time. I gave myself up to
my Savior , determined If I could not stay .
with ray frlenelw on earth I would meet my
absent ones above. My husband woa ad. j
vised to get Dr. King's New Discovery for '
Consumption , Coughs and Colds. I pave It a
trial , took In all eight bottle * . It has cured I
me , and , thank God , I era Hired and now a j
well and healthy woman. " Trial bottles free i
at Kuhn & Co.'s drug store. Regular fcUo
We and $1.00. Guaranteed or pi lee refunded. J
I
SOMI3 I..VTK INVENTIONS.
To indicate stoppage in drains , sinks , etc. .
a flexible diaphragm Is placed in the outlet
trap , which rises ns the. water backs up
and closes on electric circuit to ring a
bell.
Railroad cars are being fitted with small
burglar and fireproof safes in the aides of
tha car near each seat , to receive llio
valuables of passengers , the safes being
locked with keys.
To allow steam to escape from teakettles
the lids are made with one or more per
forations In the flange , and corresponding
holes In tlio rim , the lid being also appli
cable to other kettles.
A new clectiic sign Is fitted with n key
board at which an operator sits and touches
the keys to close circuits leading to tha
loiters In turn , thus spelling out an ad
vertisement or message.
Sugar bowls , salt cellars and other dishes
requiring a spoon or fork to distribute the
contents are formed with n central tubular
receptacle fastened to the interior of the
bowl to receive the spoon.
To prevent the entrance of vermin Into
pianos and organs by way of the pedal
groove a piece of sheet metal is attached
to the pedal insldo the case to cover the
opening and move with the pedal.
To prevent articles from sticking to tha
bottom of a sauce pan while cooking a falsa
bottom la provided , consisting of a stout
network of wire , with n detachable , hooked
handle for lifting out the netting.
A handy lawn raVn IB formed of a frame
wheel set , In a casing and carrying rows of
rake teeth along Its surface , which gathers
up the grass as the carriage Is pushed along ,
depositing It lu a basket at the rear.
Pulley clothes-lines are automatically
cleaned ns they are drawn through the
pulleys by means of a spiral strap of metal
wound around thn line and having bristles
on Its Inner surface to brush the Hoe.
Buttons are displaced by a new garment
attachment for suspenders , n metal strip
with eyelets for hooks In the ends of the
braces being sewed to the band of the trou
sers by means of perforations along Its
edges.
A double safety pin , Invented by a
Pennsylvania woman , Is formed of n slnglo
pleco of wire , with a T-hcad at Its center ,
the ends of the wlro being sharpened and
bent around until they enter loops at tha
ends of the head.
Carriages can bo quickly washed by a new
apparatus which has a water supply plpo
suspended from the celling with a circular
track around it , on which a section of plpo
Is supported to revolve freely as the noz/lo
is used on different parts of the vehicle.
A New York inventor has designed n
fireproof mask , which Is formed of two
hemispheres of nonconducting material
hinged together at one side and provided
with a sponge holder at the top and open
ings In the front , covered by mica sheets to
protect the eyes.
A combined watch pocket and guard , In
vented by a Colorado man , has a pair o {
hinged metal bows to be sowed to the top
of an ordinary pocket , with projections on
one side , which cntrr a combination lock to
prevent the pocket from * lng opened by a
thief , a bell also ringing when the device-
Is tampered with.
A newly-deslKiicd cuff is divided through
the center into two sections , with a slngla
band at the bottom , by which the ends at
the cuff may bn fastened , each section
being separably attached to the hand and
having both ends provided with holes to
carry two sets of link buttons.
Runaway horses can be stopped by a new
device , consisting of a rein running from
the hit to a chain fixed on a wheel loosely
mounted on the axle of the wagon * nd
controlled by u lever , which throws It Into
contact with the hub of the road wheel to
wind up the chain and pull the horse's head
dawn.
A Colo-ado Inventor has i ntentcd a Ml
for atttachment to the pedal , to bo runs
by the foot , the end of the pedal shaft belne
bored out for thn Insertion of the BMV
on which the bell ts mounted , whllo th
lever extends over the end of the pedal , eq
that a Blight turn of tha foot will ring th
bell.