20 Thin OMAHA DAILY i1EL SUNDAY , JULY 10 , 1898.
RE AT 1)I ) FENSfS OF HAVANA
Vastly Improved and Extended Since the
War Began.
MANY NEW BATTERIES ON THE SEA FRONT
II ngC Still it I IiiIu nknlrnls nod lfcnvy
Arllllery InerenNe IIii Ullflcn111ca
of 'Finking ( Iii CII-ixletlt )
or tilt Inud IefrnseN.
Had the United States declared war
ngalnst Spain two years ago the taking of
Havana would have been a comparatively
easy matter ; the fortifications which
guarded the city were few and of antiquated
type , and a few well-directed ahots from
our war vessels would easily have silenced
them. But the government waited and the
Spaniards , taking advantage of their op-
portunitius , set about erecting a new , more
modern and heavier cannon. While General
Campos was governor general of the island
i of Cuba , he foresaw the war that has finally
come and he began the elaborate series of
fortifications which have been In course
of erection ever ainco , reallalug that da !
vana waa the key to the island and that Its
capture meant the capture of Cuba. Cam-
pn5 was a good enough soldier to realize that
the stone walls anti tnasonry of liorro castle
and the old fortiflentlons would provide lit-
the fiftyfnot bluff and that behind them
were three powerful eight-Inch guns. I'Ive
hundred yards further to the eastward My
Another battery , which 1 knew was sltualed
upon PlayA Chive Foal beach ) and which
Is called the Colima battery No , 1.
I halted for a moment debating whether
or not to make for the Colima , which I knew
to be strongly guarded. As the moon was
very bright , It would be no dlflcult matter
for one of the sentinels to espy me before I
could gala the shelter of a friendly wall. I
had started out , however , resolved to examine -
amine the Spanish fortifications and my
hesitation was but momentary. Moving as
cautiously as possible , I eklrted the more
open strip of land between the batteries and
gained without mishap the shelter of the
land wall of Colima No. 1 , Above my head
I could hear the laughter of two Spanish
officers and catch now and then a word of
their conversation ; 1 was not twenty feet
from them , and if they had looked over the
wall they would certaily base discovered
me. The five minutes during which I
crouched beside the wahl seemed an hour ; a
sentinel passed me , whistling to himself a
Spanish air , but his gaze was turned sea-
word , where the moon made thin curling
waves look like a silver sea. The beauty of
the scene was near to being my undoing ,
for the soldier dropped the butt of bis gun
to the ground with a thud and remained
motionless within six feet of me for almost
a quarter of an hour. To stir meant cap-
tore and perbaps long imprisonment ; lying
tint upon my slomacir i left the Spaniard
get lla 1111 of sea gazing , praying fervently
that ho might fall asleep and release Inc
1 place Is doubly guarded and even at night
there is a good chance of being discovered
N and arrested by one of the sentinels. It is
from the Stn. Clara battery that the Amen-
can ships may expect the most resistance in
case they make an attack upon the fortinca-
tions Situated upon a natural stone bluff
sixty feet above the level of the sea , the
battery commands a wide extent of tern-
tory , is furnished by effecllve modern guns
and mortars , well protected by walls of
earth and stone.
Having gained the rear of tills formidable
fortification 1 crept to the summit of one of
the embankments and looked down over
the whole extent of the works , Not more
than 100 feet from me I saw the gilslening
barrels of two powerful twelve-inch guns ,
their muzzles pointing seaward. Beyond
was mounted a rifled ten-Inch cannon , still
further two eight-Inch , and , where the em
bankment swept in a curve along the summit -
mit of the bluff , a secondary battery consistIng -
Ing of three four-Inca rifled guns. The
shells from any one , or all , of these powerful -
ful modern cannon can be sent down upon
the decks of hostile vessels.
Passing westward from the Stn. Clara
batteries one comes uyon what are known as
Nos. 1 , 2 and 3 , Vcdndo batteries ; these are
built of sand running from the coast hue to
the lop of the guns , and in each are modern
cannon of six and elghl-Inch caliber , twelve
guns in all. I also disrovered that besides
their big guns each of the seven batterlea
given above are furnished with one-pound
Maxim rapid-firing guns , mounted at the
flanks of the emhankments.
The great strength of these batteries lies
-fG'ii w,1 ,
n -
MEXICO pJSU , r - - ' -
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rttnr G : / ' 4' / ? rr HAVANA N
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MAP OF FOILThFICAT1oNS OF nAVANA HAIL BOR.
tin protection against the relied cannon Of
modern ships. In the past ta'o years all
that money and engineering could accom-
1)11511 has been info to put the city of Havana -
vana in condition for a first clans defense ,
and the work Is still going on.
on n ccounl of my knowledge of engineering -
ing and any ucqualntance with Cuba , gained
during six years of residence there , I was
selected by Admiral Walker for thu task
of flndlug out the character and extent of
these new . This work was
not especially dlflicult or dangerous at first.
It was not pe3sible to get Sato all the fortl-
ficallons , 1)111 It was eany to get near enough
to get their plans , the mounting of the
guns and tim g'nernl strength of each one.
hut after the departure of General Leo the
work was touch more dllflu ht , livery
American w ns regarded wllh suspicion and
the Spttnlall oiliciala somehow got wind of
what I was after. Iuring the last three
weeks of my slay a reward was publicly
offered for my capture.
Even after i got all the Information I
was after I had hard work getting out of
Ilavann , but at Iaat I got away and was
1)101(0(1 lip by \Vihnington twenty-five
miles down the coast.
The Inspectlon of the older fortifications
was amt a very dllicslt natter. Old Morro
mid limo water batteries on the Oast sldn of
the entrance to limn burlier , Cabana , San
lllego fort , La I'unit battt'ry , Atarna fort
and the Castillo del Prluclpu have been Unproved -
proved but little ; they would be practically
valueless against an attack by either sea or
land. Thu work of the Spaniards has been
conflned to the erection of other fortlllca-
tions , lhrer in the eastward of the entrance
of the harbor , old four to the westward ;
all seven run parallel wllhl the coast and
are intended solely to ward off an attack
front thu sea. Those seven strong batteries
were constructed prlor to the departure of
General Lae from Ilavauu
: 'petit I IIMIIIM'111IIIN ,
1 began my iuvestlgallon with the Nelasso
battery , the first cast of Morro castle , and
sltualed Upon the saute ledge nod almost
colder the shadow of the castle wails , Knowing -
ing that the Spaniards allspected me , and
thin to ho found wauderimg allout near the
battery WOnld In all probability result 1n my
arrest old Imprisonment , i chose thu night
tiulu for rut luepeetio of the earthworks.
I V. us thus enabled to uppronch near omongll
to discover that the walla of l11u fortlfica-
tlons were but a few feet (10111 the edge of
from my uncomfortable position. Finally
ho moved on , and. Ile coast being clear , I
crawled forward to a safer locality. Gaining -
ing , at length , a favorable position , i was
enabled to look down upon the forllfcation.
It was ImpOSSlble to make any plans , although -
though I had provided myself svlth paper
for that purpose , but I found it would be
no difficult matter to carry the Information
I might vain In any head.
I saw that the fortification was about 200
yards long , its front running parallel with
the seacoast. Frown the water's edge a
great bank of sand sloped gently upward
for a dlatance of G00 feet , to the very
muzzles of the guns ; these I made out to lie
two 12-Inch Ordonez rifles , separated from
each other by a thick hank of sand. On
the land side the battery was protected by
a ten-foot wall , pierced at regular Intervals
by slots , through which the garrison could
pour a fire of musketry if an attack were
made upon that side.
stopldlly of a sealiuel. l
Being satisfied with my Inspectloni of battery -
tery N0 , 1 , 1 heat a hasty retreat , but , instead -
stead of returning the way I hail come ,
pushed further eastward about live hundred
yards to Colima battery No. h here a
sentinel accosted me , and I was preparing
to snake a run for it , when , to my relief bu
accoplevl my answer , given in the best Spanish -
ish I could commmmd , and went about hla
business , a piece of stupidity for which I
1
duvoutly thanked blur My stay nt the second -
end battery was short ; I found that it
closely resembled Cojhna No , 1 , except that
it was oval hl forum , mounts four 6-Inch
rifles and is furnishcd with four 8-inclm
modern mortars , slhateil ten feet below the
level of the gums and well protected from
a sea fire.
Two miles cast of buttery No. 2 Iles the
small village of Cojina , where Iho Lhglish
amid Anmerleaus lauded wlmen they captured
iilvalma in 1762 , There Is situated the
thdrd eastern battery , consisting of a number -
ber of tleld pieces surrounded by itrencim-
Inents , nut guarded by 6,000 regulars , This
Is the nearest point eu the coast , to the cast
of the city , where n landing can be effected.
My sceomul expedltlon was to line Ilrst battery -
tery lying to the west of Mono Castle , a
mile distance and thu most powerful of limo
seven medern fortifications erected by the
Spaniards for lhu defense of liavam. It is
luiowu as Iho Sta. Clara battery.
'limo itvcntigntions at this palm hail to be
carried out with uxtrento caution , for the
Damagee
You see that common soap shrinks wool , and
t- that's why you use 1Vool Soap
, f There is no other soap that careful
.
1 ' people use on wool.
Use common soap on tide skin Q
I ' and you doh 't notice the harm 6
so quickly. 'T'hc skin re1)airs )
, itself , But nI time tilt , skin lases
"M its softness. Its natural tint red-
o
UuucMAoMA 1WI51/MINE NAa dens. Your complexion is spoiled.
A
w
preserves the softness of wool just because its in Q
gradients are pure. For just the same reason , it
preserves the skin's softness.
You need Wool Soap in the bath room and
the toilet roonl. 'T'here are plenty of soaps costing -
ing several times as much as Wool Soap , yet they 0
all shrink wool. They cannot keep the skin soft.
IT 8WIIVI8.
"Wool Soap l5 an excellent article , and every woman wlil be benefited by
, ? using It.-lisaaM At. lIAtltlalt , Treas , Nat'l W.O. T. U.
I
_ _ - _ . . -
In the fact that the guns arc protected by
thick emnbankmets of sand , sloping from
the ( nuzzles of the cannon to , or toward , the
water's edge. A vast amount of labor has
been expended in the construction of these
sever forlificatiolts , and it is the opinion of
those to whom I submitted the result of my
investigations , timt , according to the latest
engineering ideas , their strength could
scarcely be Inmproved upon ,
Bcfore leaving Havana I also had time op.
pnrtmtity to examine other harbor defenses
erected by time Spanlerls. Opposite Morro ,
and at the entrance of the harbor , close
beside the old La Punta battery , is a great
sand enlmnlunent which thoroughly u rn-
tecta three 6-Inch rifled guns. After time
opening of the war there was alcn erected
a strong battery just beyond Sta. Clara. . Up
to May 3 this battery coninned , beside eight
old mortars , only three 6-inch guns , but it is
probable that others have been mommted
since that date. It was also the plan of the
Spanish engineers to erect yet other bal-
tersest east of Morro castle , and to rebuild
time ancient San Diego , or No. 4 , which com-
means the Inno harbor and mm lmproaches
trout the east. When I IcR Havana , however -
ever , tlds work had not commonccd.
'rho land side of thin city is also well forti-
fled , for the Spaniah propose to be ready
for an attach ( roam that quarter. Strolling
into the country beyond the city limits , I
ifouud the hills and ridges entrenched and
fortified by works of sand and earth this
is especially so along the r hltoads and prune -
e clpal turnpikes lending into the interior of
tlici Island. On several ditferenl occasions
I came upon parks of artillery ussenbled at
'various ' points , which calm he quickly moved
whom' such action In necessary. There Is
probably , also , a concealed battery between
Morro castle and the Cabana fortress , but i
seas omnhlo to obtain any definite hmforina-
tion regarding it.
No khan of fortification can stmid the hammering -
mering of 12 and 11-Inch guns such as are
carried by nor battleships. But time defences
of Ilavalma Ora now very rompieto and the
sand of which they are built is llmo best
resisting materlal to he found. They have
i modern , highpower guha anti vast stares
of mnmunillon nccunnAalcd just before the
outbreak of the wnr , if the men behind
i
the guns were Americans , or coild shoot as
well as Americans , the taking of Havana
would be a long and hard task. As it Is ,
the city can hardly offer any prolonged no-
at3t mce. CIiAItLES 11 , TIIItALL ,
$ O1t1c. ' ' ' '
hA'l'II I\t'l N'VIJNS ,
A new metal clothespin Is formed of a
aingie gim'm'e of aprdig tare b-nt into tan
contp1mIa cotta to forni a rhurlp when slipped
over ( lie lim thin ends of the who being
learned into eyes to prevunt catelming in the
clutters.
A newly deaigned font scraper and wiper
is formed of a ccnnl ( plate with a scraper
at the lop Ond umrojccl11ig arms at the sides
lu suppor'L oval pads of svopimmg malurtaI ,
whlcli enable a person to reach all parts of
the shoe.
lilllha nil piayera will apprecito a new
chalk hiodir , which consists of a metnl
plate , to bo screwed on the svnll , to sup.
port a piece of chalk , which Is hollowed oat
hl the center to recelvu thu tip of time cmiii.
Mucilage carnet dry up nor ( lie brash be-
cnnlu hard is a now bottle which lilts a rubber -
ber ntopper , in the ester of vhicti the
short brush htimid lo iii formed. the brindle being -
ing adjusted by a acruw social as the
rim cilugo is exhaused. (
A humid ) ' kReimon Ionplonent him formed at
n ( hut , fiat metni plate , adapted fur see
as a cutler , with eiola it Iho surfoc , to
ttllosv lhu passage of vegetables whet time
rani is used as a nut slier. a curved handle
hieing alitehiod to mimic and of thin plule ,
In a recently patented bottle-tilling tip-
pnratus ( a0 tubes are ullached to a faucet
phterd in the barrel or tank , wItb a valve
in the faucet svldcht feeds ammo tube al a
time , allnwhng the tubes to ho alternately
plnc zd in a mica' hottlo wldlu the other one is
1It use.
A Now York woman has patented an etlu-
calionnl du' Ice hl Ihia slotic of a sued-hoard
welch has /lunges / around time edges and is
provided with u glass cover to protect a
dcslgn when once fanned , ( be board being
useful 11n illuatrallpg geography.
.Conlcnl holes can ho bored by a nav pin-
glisit tool , which has a sltalghl spbmdie svilh
a screw tip and a pivoted /lungo / at the
aide , which lit forced out against tutu wall
of lhu polo imy means of a screw on the
side of time apindlu.
Shoe brushes are being manufactured with
convolutions of fabrle covering the bristles
mid held is p10Ce by wires between the rows
of bristles , the cloth pullshhmg better than
the brush and not wearing out as rapidly.
An improved nut for wagons and other
utaclminery wheru the nut would soil this
hunds If touched has a projecting knob on
One side which tits h1 a hole drilled In one
jaw of the wrench to prcveut the nut from
slipping out ,
. , _
I l'ERR TC Z ( Oh IR [ ORY
Points AbAnt a Little Machine that is
Supposed to Road the Mind ,
DISCOVERIES OF A PRINCETON PROFESSOR
lm'
A Uenns of Gking Tenehers a Better
UndetilA'ndlumi ' of a I'npll's
111bd-ItesmihI of hix-
' ' critmietut A ,
1. , , , ,
-
Recent experiments al Princeton , relates
Prof. Mark Baldwin in the New York 11cr-
aId , have demonstrated an interesting connection -
nection between science anti the mind , and
how the services of one may be employed to
rend the other. One experiment was this :
To find out bow long it took a person to
receive a sense impression of any kind-as ,
for example , to hear a round and to move
his hand or other muscle to respond to the
Impression. For instance , I seated one of
our students with Ida finger close to a bell ,
which lapped would start a clock. Then I
told hini to press a button with his finger
as soon as possible after lie heard the bell ,
the pressure to be made 'sith the finger of
time hand wlthi which he did not tap the
bell. As soon as he greased tint button an
electric current was broken , amid the clock
stopped , the dial fudlcallng tbo exact tune
which elapsed between the fact of time sound
and the response of limo finger mantle by
pushing the button.
tl'e learned In our experiments that there
was a very important differenee with dlf-
ferent pcoplo In the time that elnpsed from
the sotumd to the response umde by pushing
the button. Thus was caused by the dlrec-
tlon of the attention of the student during
the time of the experiment , neanhmg by
that the particular thing toward which 1113
nilitd seemed bent. If ass found , for ex
ample , that the student was IIkely to 'it-
tend strictly to the bell , letting his finger
push the keyu'Ithout direct sup"r'visioa
from biro , it was never wise to interfere
with hIm by ( clung biul that he must attend -
tend to his linger and let the sound like
care of Itself. We found 1t we did Interfere
he bad great dlfleully in doing as sve wanted.
He became nervous , and the that. between
the sound and the response averaged much
longer.
That was one instance , IVItlm another
student we found just the reverse to be time
case-that when be paid nit"noon to the
hand he got shorter and nnore regular time
than when he paid attention to the round.
the found that , so far as our experhucnts
will enable us to judge , witch i believe is
the exact truth , that buuantly is divided
111(0 three types-those who receive Impressions -
sions through what are ermlled muscular
Images , others who use sight Images of
words and still olbeis who use sound
Images.
' 1'11 ' '
1)eternllne 'I'rntpernnlent
Should this fact be applied to the assignment -
ment of chitdren or students to the classes
of study which best suited theta , these
facts must ins considered : That soured and
sight images are peculiar to those persons
who are naturally keen and alert-what
nmost persons term "quick to learn. " Those
to wholmn nlttscufar images are peculiar are
of plllegmutic temperanenl. They realize
mt fact with more deliberation than the
other two , 'amid , consequently , whdle in a
way they may b6 capable of absorbing quite
as much infornston as the other two
types , they can never learn with gnod rev
stilts through the methods that are per-
Ilmy 'They ! feel : .
Washington Star : "lie you know a good
cure for sicepicssness ? " asked the tired
1Jolttlg man.
"My boy , " replied the oilier promptly , "if
you find anyone"who has a good cure for
siCgdessnes3 yon take my advice anti shun
ilia. There isn't anything him this wide
world that ahll keep a man awake as long
as wondcriig whether mho latest cure fo'
11tson11la is going to work. I have tried it
and 1 know. I have tried eight and each
additional one kept me awoke a little longer
thnu the previous ones , I would find myself
lint only ss ondering whether it would do
the job , hint also how long it would take ,
amid in about ( en minutes I ss ould worry
myself into a fever heat speculating upon
1t and trying to maize comparisons with
previous tests. If youl want to sleep my
advice tim you is to keep just as far away
( rani thin insomnia cures as you calm. "
sued with the quicker and more active.
1 bellevo that the result of these expeu'1
bents , which i propose to give to the world
in book form before snug , will , In a great
tnrnsare , chat , a the curriculum of the
schools when they are once appreciated , it
Is posslimhe , and a very easy matter as well ,
for nay school teacher , by means of the
sinmplo experiment I have described , to determine -
tormine accurately the exact temperanent
and disposition of every pupil , amid thus
classify them In a mmianner which would result -
sult In the schoolifg they receive being of
luestimably greater bemmeflt to then lhun it
could possibly be under present netbods.
In order to demonslratu whether a person
was lnorc quteuly ( Impressed by a sound impression -
pression um' by 1111 Ibpresslori of feeling I
rxperinieulyd by menus of a little ilstru-
bent , Imiverited by nne , called a mouth key.
Tills nsdu jt pozsibie for the student. by
merely cinllimg a pa ft of btca Ihi from hla
hips , to Break an elech'ic current , old thus
stop the 'lock I have already spnlcen of ,
ns senn ns he 0ottld cm ftrr hea'immg the signal.
'l'ids mouth key is nut mAiho a rornncopia
In nppea'ance Thin experiment was rarrird
nut On five students , none of therm having -
ing any knowledge of what we vomited to
deteflnlne. In every case the resaits shoved
the eameetfe't Iii princlp1o-mintncly , limit
time student sunlit respond Iho quickest
wbu ho paid nttenllom to ( lie einns of
Images , as wo trill llmrm , for which he had
a general preteroeo. For Instance , In elm
case of one student w'o ( nand Ihat the time
it took him to speak was nnmeh shorter
w'heh to pall nttrnlimit to time sound Ie ex
pecteul to hear-tlint in , when ho was in-
t mitly listening for It-than whiei his attention -
tention waimdiriwted to ids m01ltlm pressed
against time aloutlt . One furl was main.
ruined thtnughgpj the experhnents-tlmat is ,
( lint time majority of people are inure affected
by muscular i i mi gt' that by the images of
sight or aouiui By muscular images Is
nlenlit time eft'tt , of touch.
Another lult'rutmtlug series of experiments
we eanducted atr Princeton was to find out
enrnclhlhg nbeut1the rate at which memory
fades ahlh (1111 ( ) gpse of time. 11'u began by
formulating tla ; , different ways In which
tests may bq , putde on iadlvidualn , to see
how accnralp tjmplr memorles are after dlf-
ferelt perigdp at Buts 1'O found that
lllreo differt't4 .vymts ailghl be employed , aul
called lbemn mfltthlods of lnvestlgatlhg memory -
ory u , , '
First-The tnetliod of reproduction , which
asks lhu ! nQ } Ideal to reproduce , as in al
oral or ss'rlt cI ; P gxamination , what lie rev
members of soutethlug told llnm a certain
titre before. , Tubs Is the ordinary method
of the schools and colleges , and of clvll
se vice examinations.
Second-The method of Idea tlfication
s'Ilclr calls upon the person to identify a
certain Objcct or sentence a at'Cond or Baird
tune as being the sane lu all respects as
( lint which he experienced Iho first tlmo It
appeared ,
Third-The nethod of selection , which
sttavs to the person a numbt'r of objects or
sentences. drsenlpltons of objects , etc. , and
requires heat to select frog theni time ones
whlelt exactly fit the experiences he has
really had. These methods were carried out
by a largo number of stideuta ,
A 'l'est of 1lentory.
The instructors showed to the class certain -
tain squares of cardboard of sullablo size
- . .
s.
' and at different times asked them to do
three diUct'nl things.
First--To reproduce from memory with
pencil and paper squares of the same alto
as those shown , after intervals of one , ten ,
twenty and forty minutes ,
Second-To say whether n new set of
squares shown them after the same intervals -
vals were the same In size or smaller or
larger than those which they had originally
seen.
Third-They were shown a number of
squares of slightly different sizes , during
the same intervals , and asked to select
from them the ones which they thought to
be of the same size as those originally
ahown to them , Thus were Illustrated the
methods of reproduction , idenlitieation and
selection.
It was found that the three methods
agreed In showing that during the first ten
minutes there was a great falling oft In the
accuracy of memory. Between time ten and
twenty mlnuto intervals the memory ro-
nmincd relatively faithful. Between the
twenty and forty minute intervals there was
a decided failure of memory. Now , supposing -
ing each of these divisions of time to be a
curved Tine , each curve would show either
that memory failed greatly , or only to a
slight degree. The curve that was selected
to represent the memory of the student when
lrhilg to reproduce the squares shown llitn
glv'es results which are the least accurate.
Tim reason of ( tits is that in drawing
squares to reproduce the ones remembered
the sttldent is lntlucnced by thin size of the
paper he uses , by the accuracy of ills control -
trol over his hand and arnt , and by all
sorts of associations with square objects
svldch may at the thine be prompting hini to
action.
That this is time real difilculty with the
Ineniury no one who hias examined students
will be disposed to deny.'hen ire ask
them to reproduce what the text books or
( ho professor's lecture has taught we also
ask them to express themselves accurately ,
Now , the science of correct expression is a
thing in which the overage student has had
no tra11ing. 11'itli his difficulty In remea-
bering is connected his difficulty of expres-
slon , turd with it goes all the result of em-
barrassluent , responsibility , personal fear
and loam' of disgrace. And the results whirl
we. finally get are really a very complex
oulcone of all this state of nand.
The lIleou ul of CuotrmtML
Another of these coves , ( limit given by
the method of selecllnn , shows itself interfered -
fered with b ) a certain Influence. I saw , in
connection with the experiments I have just
described , that even in time briefest posstbln
presentation to the eye of the arraigrmonl
of squares , au element of contrnst came in
to interfere with the judgment of size , 9'iiis
fact was further continued in these experl-
lnelita by 'the method of selection ; for by
this method we showed a member of squares
side by side , asking the student to pick out
the cues he saw before. Alt these squares
were , of course , in contrast with one another -
other , and in this way ( lie student's judgment -
ment as to the size of the one lac remembered -
bered was actually distorted.
This is a real influence in our mental
lives , amt leads to actual illusions. Au tun-
scrupuioms lawyer can gradually nmodify the
story which his client or the witnesses tell
by constantly'oddiug to what they really
remcmher details , with the details so expertly -
pertly contrasted or so nearly interposed
that the witness gradually Incorporates them
11m ids memory and so testlfles as the lawyer
desires.
In our daily lives there is another and
very- strong element of contrast. It is that
of social opinion. We constantly modify
our menories to agree more closely with
the truths of social belief , tearing down
unconsciously the dhfferenccs. between OW
own and other reports of things. If sev-
o al witnesses of an event be aiiowed to
compare holes torsi time to time they will
gradually come to tell the same story. All
this is because of the very fact regarding
nmemom'y which this experiment hiss shown.
The third curve , as I term It , represents
time result of time method of Identification ,
hl welch the student selects certain objeca ,
as behig those which lie has iireviomsiy
seen. Bxperihiemtt pros'cd to umy satsfaetion (
( lint time greatest accuracy of memory w an
shown here , for it was not subject to the
errors due to repruductton and to contrast ,
and it had the advantage of allowing the
subject the right to recognize the object or
square. In our experiments it was shown
to the students again and again , with no
informatlou as to whether it was the same ,
and he decided from hits memory of the one
origiaally seen if it was thin same. In a
greater proportion of hmstanccs the student
was correct in his decision.
Bevivni of 11enurtes ,
This last point tnlroduces an Important
dlstluction , ( lust between results obtained
from one individual and those obtained from
unamiy. ! n the last cxperincnt , a great many
trials were necessary svllh individuals in
order to get an average reliable result , because -
cause for one or two trials a student may
gimens right without remeubering at all.
fly tolling a large cross of studeuls , however -
ever , and expo Intenting with many of them
at the same time , a reliable average result
was secured and we avoided the error of
snaking am average on a purely Individual
dlifemeucc.
In the rase of ( lie experiments with the
square , time average error was found to lie
always lu one direction. Thin nmiswers of
the students tended to show that they look a
{ square which w as really larger than time
ono originally shown tor time original itself.
Tim reasomi for lhla is Iiint Ill sonmo svay
the squae imi ( lie memory had lu the Interval -
val timot had elnpsed betccu the first mind I
second looks became enlarged. Th Is may be
lime result of a purely rental process , 11mo
Image of thin square becoming a little larger
1
, very ilumu we lhlnk of it. or it may be due
to a soil. of spreading out in time brniui ,
( lie result lmetug that whenever by ( hla brain
ptoccss of revival Iho mental lnmge is I
lit uught Panic ugaIa to am nd this spreading
I
mIt shows itself by an otlargeutent of the
imatu.
This uxplaihs to ute limo reason of Ile
I ( aluilirlr fact ( lint scenes lu our early lives
teem , whet we return to them , nmtuclm uun o
muodltled than no hail thought them , ' 19ma
I haute of our childhood , tlio ( lover garden ,
Iho szo ( of the house. , thin height of our 1
Belo uncle' , nil these scent to us after thin
i lupso of years ridiculously small when con-
' parcel to tint which we have been carrying
in our memory ,
1 thick one of time most Intrrcsling expert
ntells with tine senses and limo mini whiten
has been carried on at l'rluceton Is that of
I
i time serve of teuiperatura. For a score of
y'ea's ! t has been suspected tint we have a'
I distinct amen with nerve npparutus of its
own for the faaling of ditleroul temperaturca i
of lima skis. Our experiments have domon- I
atstcd not only limo truth of tats , but an
certnlmi places on our holds , for tustahca , we
cat feel cold but not beat , whlio perhaps ill-
rectly alongside Iheso places are spots where
we call feel heat and not cold.
It is a well known fact that certain drugs
deaden the feeling of ( lie skin to hot turd' '
I cold stimulation , and it has also been found
that sensatiomis of heat or cold stay be limed
from regions whmleh are insenslblo at the
lama tine to the other sort of simulation.
Certain mlnuto lwints were food wIdch
would feel cold only when touched with a
cold point amid give no reshmouso 10 a hot
object , whllu other poluts would respond
only ws'ith an object healed , 'this , therefore -
fore , establishes ( hue fact that we have two
temperature scenes , one for heat and the
ether for cold ,
1)It111ts nth' ' 11111 III ) lilt. CI'I'll S.
ConsUnipllon of Idyuor In Lnndon/
I'Ilrls laid :1t. : + r Yor1 : .
Drunkenness and the disorderly acts comm.
sequent upon it are decreasing in time eu-
lurgod New York , reports the Sun , In I'uris
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R'hot doctors give their patients up as
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sufferers have becmt cured by the remarkable -
able remedy for rheumatism discovered by
John A Smitht a well known and highly re-
speced citizen of .Milwaukee , Wis. liii is
sending free trial paektlges to nil who
write alit ) whether it he the hard workingman -
man or the rnillionaire It makes no difference -
ence to Mr. Smith , lie sends me free ttial of
Gloria Tonic to all who send him their
name and address. As lie generously says
It : "Nearly every one who suitors with
rheumatism has tried a score or more of
renedles and doctors svlthout vuecaas. They
vIll rather suffer than squander any more'
money- for experiments mind no I send a
good fair trial of my remedy , pay the pest-
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that Gloria Tonic really cur's the most
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N. II. Spafford of Milton , Mass. , says that
through the kind 7'rovidetce' of the Lord
he was directed to Mr. Smith's tenedy end
\as cured. Joseph Hoskins of todgevllle ,
\Vls. , sent for a free trial of Glotht Tommie
which helped him so much that lie bought
regular ; , arkage of her remedy hunt
Pryor C R'Itlhanis , the leadhig aruggists of
lils town amid lie now rejoices iii a complete
cure.
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Job C. Atkinson of Capo Ishillld , I < ns
Scotia , sent for a trial package fur hL r ( ' 1
w hlo w'as Ill a critical condltbJum. His pl , , i
clans hind given him up as huuru'tie ' , f
nil preparations were made to senI tm t
la Ihtlifax Ilospilnl. Ills father had n I
about Gloria Tunic and perautded Ili n
anti ( lie doctors to wait till he ire'1 a u' w
experiment ltnving said nothing ail 11 t mu
trial package he hind sent f : r. lie t mt
his son the romcdy as soon am' it 'anie , mid
wonderful was the result. A regular I' h
age was inunedintely sent or and bel nl
this lad been used up the boy wts um , , uu
about his work. ' 1'Imose who arc In n iiml
tar condition will simake their hems Ir
doubt of this instance but fir. Atkum ui ii
a ninn of uudoulitcd integrity rind 1m" 'r
is a Ii Ilug wllneas to all the lie lghbors u ;
Cape isbuul. l
Mr. Smith tells of numerous other , .
just its rema kntble as the nbnve and It
would seem that anyone suffering am' a
knows of a rheonatic suffe"er shoiAd wr11e
today without full and get mu free Irial p , , , 6
age of this marvelous remedy. 1liite it
John A. Smith 4131 Su nnerlleld c'hurtl
lluilding , Mliwmmkee. tvis. Thu. tclnedy it
sold by all druggists at 8.00 n box um' all
be sent direct by 1l. ' Smith upon nit' Iju
price. Try the sample pn"kage first , , um'
hue the regular package if the trial reel , s ' 1
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E have just secured a limited ninnber of a conl
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a work , rl'his atlas contains 23 large pabcs ( ] tx1T inch
es , ) of maps , tables and other information , useful in fol
lowing up our war with Spain.
IIere the rr'n' you a list of flaps- :
The World. Spain and Portu al.
North America. Azores Islands , y
The United Stales. Canary Islands.
Europe. Cape Ycrdc Islands.
The IVest Indies. Numerous Smaller Islands ,
East Indies , Cuba and lla 'ana ,
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The United States Government.
Navies of the United States and European countries ,
War strength of the great powers ,
llistoryoi' the war with Spain , with a elirouologyof :
the war u1) to May 2.1 ,
1'11(3 dilferett flags of this conutry , in color : ,
' ' 1'lde FlAgs of all nations , in colors ,
Arms of all nations , in colors ,
The United States and Spain compared.
Condensed history of Spaiu for 6 S years , with list of
V ; area and population of its various provinces , strength
of its army and navy.
A similar condensed history of Cuba ,
List of famous naval battles ,
This Complete Atlas will be sold at The Bee office IOft H
CENTS , or 1Ntl BE MAILED foil la CENTS. Orders by mail
should be addressed to Atlas Department , Omaha Bec.
AUASS
L 4
the I1ollcc figures show that they are imercas
trig , and in Loudon , where systeumtle lcur
perancu agitalinn Is kept up , fha arrests for
drunkenness and offeasea caused by it keep
pace with the expansion of the popuL toi. (
fn New York there are now approxhnulely
12,000 liquor saloons , hotels , restaurants ,
taverns and road houses , tire present population -
tion being about 0,300,000. Three years ago
mho number was greater by nearly 2,000 Time
annual consuuplioa of intoxicating hover-
ages includes 7,000,000 barrels , or about
200,000,000 gallons , at beer and ale , and
about one-fifth as much whisky and other
ardent spirits , tbouglt this portion of New
York's liquor bill cute ho less accurately
canpuled. Relallvely very little wino is
drunk , even among the foreign-born lnlabl-
tams from wlhe-drinking countries , Italy
and Hungary notably , About 000,000 barrels -
rels annually may be estlmulud as time quantity -
tity , bringing up the city's entire cousump-
4
tloti of beer , ale , wine amid whisky to 8.bOO.OD
barrels a year.
A recent onlcial report gives time number
of drhlming places ( mm London as 14,000. The
dally consumption of whin is l,6DD gailoma ,
besides lC,6uO gallons of spirits , nod time
quantity of lilt' , beer aid porter drunk yearly
may ho cslioated fatly at 200,000,000 gal- i
ions , or about 650,000 gallons dngy.
Thu population of Paris returned by cPn
alms of 18OC Is 2,600,000 , Tlme consumption of
beer is mnuch greater Thal formerly , but is
yet much less liar in either London or Nuw
York , amounting to no more than 10,000,000
gallons annually. I'arls , however , uxcecds
ieq other cities iii its consummptiom of wine ,
taking 125,000,000 gallons yearly ,
Of Iho three cities , London consumes in u
year tee nmost beer amid ale nail Parts time
most wio , Now York is second to l.oudon A
111 Its consumuptlomm of alum and beer and 1s
i ahead of Paris lu its consumption of splrlta.
*
w b"
