ftit T5 A ft
EDISON ON HIGH EXPLOSIVES
8p3ulaUoni on Death-Dealing Implements
in the ( torrent War.
DYNAMITE THAT WOULD NOT GO OFF
Chrntlcnl Compound * ( tint Will E -
plode If Von Shout nt Ttirin-lloir
lh Inventor Scnrrtl n Tarty
of Minuter * .
"It Becm * very odd to me , " laid Thomas
A. EdUon'the other day la his laboratory
near Orange , N. J. , "that In all thin talk
of jrar.and battles and military equipments
there should b no little said of what might
be called the familiar performance of high
explosives. I do not believe these pros
pective volunteers , who are so anxious to go
to war , realize the nature of the compounds
which will be used for ammunition in the
battles of the future. I have"een some of
these compounds do very wonderful things ,
When carefully handled. What will they do !
during the rush and bustle of an engage
ment ? Why , some of them cannot be used
for practical purposes , they arc so very
powerful. That Is one trouble In making
an explosive for use In guns.
"A gun Is an engine , lust as much BO ns Is
a steam engine , and you have to work It on
an economical principle. You must save
your powder Just as you must save your
coal In the steam engine. Hence these gun
powders are BO composed that , when Ignited ,
they will drive the bullet along the gun
barrel , gaining In power as It goes , but so
nicely balanced In explosive action that the
last speck of powder Is not utilized until
the bullet has reached the muzzle and Is
about to leave the gun. Thus , a gunIs
really a heat engine. Dut , as I have In
timated , the rending power of some of these
explosives Is EO great that the bullet can
not , so to speak , keep ahead of It. Ilcfore
the bullet reaches the muzzle of the gun the
accumulated gases behind It have Increased
to much In volume as to overcome the lateral
resistance of the barrel , and the gun bursts.
Threw IlnckH nt 1) > nnniHc.
' 'You hear people talking of the dangers
arising from the handling of dynamite , "
continued Mr. Edison. "I never could see
that It was very dnngcroun to handle , in the
ordinary sense of the word , at least , I re
member once taking a quantity of dynamite
out In the woods near my Iron mine up thu
fitato and trying to explode It by such means
as might enter Into any accident likely to
'x. ' occur In general handling. We did It as an
object lesson to the men as much as for anything
t
> thing else. We burned It , threw big rocks
at It and tried other ways of exploding It ,
but we couldn't make It go off. We use lots
of It for blasting purposes , but we ocvcr
have had an accident. Of course , It produces
frightful effects when exploded In conjunc
tion with some other high explosive. Nitro
glycerine , on the other hand , Is to be feared
nt all times. I have heard of a blacksmith
who placed one drop of It on an nnvll and
then struck It a hard blow with a hammer.
It must have been a hard blow. It blew ut
the side of the shop and made a big hole
under where the anvil had stood , and the
blacksmith did not even need burial , nut
even this IB not to be compared to Iodide
of nitrogen. Its explosive power Is equal
to 4,000 feet a second. That Is , If you laid
a train of It 4,000 feet long and exploded one
end of the train , the explosion would be
transmitted to the other end of the train In
one second. I don't know but that under
these conditions the cumulative character of
the effect wollld cause the other end of the
train to become Ignited even sooner than In
one second. That speed Is greater than the
accredited velocity of sound , which travels
I nt the rate of 1,400 feet a second.
I Kxiilndcd hr n Shout.
"In fact there are explosives of such
tremendous power that no ono dares make
but a very small quantity at a time , and I
doubt If they have ever been seen outside
of laboratories. I have made them , a drop
at a time. But , O , how unstable they are !
.Actually , I have made explosives of this
nature which have gone oft when I yelled
at them. I simply placed a small drop on
a table and shouted at It. It exploded In
stantly. You see , the thing is in a state of
very delicate equilibrium. It Is a question
depending on surrounding conditions as to
which It will do remain a liquid or turn
Into a gas. When , as In the case just men
tioned , this balance is about equal , It takes
very little to incline It toward a gaseous
form , so that even the sound of the voice
will cause the change. A violent fit of
coughing will produce the effect , and so
would a heavy weight dropped on the floor.
"Speaking of this explosive reminds me
of how I got rid of some ministers who
once Insisted on boring me In my laboratory
when I had some Important experiments on
hand. I treated them courteously as long
as I could , but they grew more Interested
as the day wore on and seemed to have
no Intention of going home. Finally , as a
last resort , I told them I was going to
make some highly explosive material. This
made them only the more interested , and
they got In my way as much as they pos
sibly could. I do not suppose they knew
much of the nature and appearance of high
explosives , for when I placed a number
of drops of the material in various parts
Of the room , so as to scatter any accidental
explosions , they seemed not to notice it.
At last , when they got crowding almost
between me and the workbench , I very
carelessly pushed a board off onto the
floor. Well , It was worse than I bad In
tended It to be. It nearly shattered the
window glass and Jostled things around
ronerally. The ministers seemed scared
halt to death , and from the way they held
Ihrlr cr you would have supposed * omc
one had bumped their heads together.
When I told them how It bad happened
and discussed the possibility of more acci
dents taking place they said It really was
quite wonderful , but they guessed they had
better be going. I urged them to stay and
see morn fireworks , but they all bad very
Important engagements , and hurried oft ,
A Griming Science.
"But to return to the subject In hand ,
the science of explosives U a very In
teresting one , and If some way Is found
to utllltc the tremendous forces which arc
engendered when the chemicals are prop
erly combined nnd exploded , we may yet
come to respect them more than we do at
present. Our knowledge of the very high
explosives dates back buta _ few years. The
present war spirit may provoke enough
activity in the line of explosives to cause
their development not merely as agent * of
destruction , but , whatIs better , In indus
trial lines. Here , then , is a chance for
budding Inventors. "
Mr , Edison's Joke on the ministers I * In
the same line with one be has played sev
eral times on obnoxious callers. For In
stance , a reporter from a paper whoso
methods do not entirely agree with the In
ventor's ideas of fair dealing recently
called to Interview him. * Not wishing to
bo rude to him , Mr. Kdlson asked htm If
he objected to his continuing his experi
ments while he talked. Of course the news
paper man WHS delighted. It really added
the splco of human Interest to the affair.
He conducted his caller Into a little room
where be had a certain form of oxygen ap
paratus which charges the surrounding at
mosphere In a manner very unpleasant to
one not used to It. Mr. Edison did not
mind It In the least , but bis visitor could
not ask questions for choking and coughing.
Ho shortly excused himself In a most em
barrassed way and left without asking n
question , all of which was rendered still
more ludicrous by the apparently offended
manner with which the Inventor regarded
the reporter's actions. Probably that re
porter docs not even yet know a trick
was played on him , but he Is not likely
to revisit the laboratory.
co.\\tni.\iiTiis. : ;
The woman who marries a man in order
to reform htm has a steady job for life.
It Is reported that Miss Marie Van Zandt ,
the American soprano , who has won suc
cess In opera In I'urls and other continental
opera bouses , Is to marry a Russian
nobleman.
U Is whispered In European court circles
that Prince Albert , heir apparent to the
Belgian throne , who lo now touring on
this continent , Is to become betrothed to
Mercedes , the sister of the little king of
Spain.
Princess Fuerstenberg , daughter of the
late Due de Sagan , Is engaged to her
cousin , the Comte de Castellane. who Is
much younger than herself. Shi5 gives
up the rich dowry from her late husband ,
who died two years ago , In order to contract
the marriage.
Miss Emilia Teller the senator's daughter ,
who recently married , was a member of a
Wcllesley alumnae club called the "Satur
day Afternoon Spinster's club. " There were
ten members and Miss Teller's the ninth to
get married.
Miss Katherlne Duer , who will marry
Clarence Mackay , Is a daughter of one of
Now York's oldest families. She was a
bridesmaid at the wedding of Consuelo ,
duchess of Marlborough , and it was while
en route to visit her friend at Dlenhelm
palace last year that she met iMr. Mackay
on shipboard. It was love at ilrst sight , th
gossips say , and In proof of It they poliu
out that she refused the young Mr. Wilson
of thri Tranbycroft family , while at Bleu
helm , and the gallant Marquis Guy do Lucr
later in Paris. This latter was probably
after more "lucre. "
Six weeks ago Mabel Smith , 13 years old ,
of 1065 DcKalb avenue , Brooklyn , who has
been playing with a variety company , dis
appeared from her home , and wa found a
few days later at 1043 Madison street , that
city , with Harry Plckford , a midget , to whom
she was married January 4. Plckford Is 2"
years old and had lived with his parents at
1095 Madison street In that city. Plckford
Is a variety actor. Ho met the girl six
months ago. She had for years been play
ing juvenile parts In variety theaters , and
they formed a partnership In a sketch en'
titled "The Two Companions. " When th <
girl disappeared the parents suspected thai
she had eloped with Plckford , as It was
known he was attentive to her. The police
of the Vernon avenue station sent out a
general alarm for her. The continued
absence of the girl so preyed on her mother' ;
mind that she became III. Mrs. Smith re
celved a note from her daughter telling he
she was married and happy.
NEW ARTIFICIAL STONE.
Lime. Kami nnd Hot Water Succe
fuMy I'med by a Scotch Firm.
A Scotch firm Is manufacturing an artifi
cial stone which Is said to stand every tes1.
and to be Impervious to all vagaries of the
weather. The process is a simple one , and
the Ingredients of the stone , chiefly limp and
sand , are not expensive commodities , so that
It Is believed that the artificial product will
be able to compete with the real. The lime
and sand , having been thoroughly Incorpo
rated , are passed Into molding boxes , which
may be of any convenient size or shape , and
these arc placed within the converter. Water
at high pressure and having a high tempera
ture is then pumped into the converter to
cause the necessary chemical union between
the lime and sand , and the molding boxes
are also submitted to a temperature of about
400 degrees fahrenhclt by the action of
superheated steam. In about thirty hours
the surplus water is run off , but the beat
la continued , In order to remove moisture
from the molding boxes , for another fifteen
hours. The boxes are then removed from the
converter and the stone within them la prac
tically ready for use.
Experiments are now in progress from
which U Is hoped that other products of
nature's laboratory , such as slate and mar
ble , will presently be successfully Imitated.
5,000
WEAK MEN
were restored last year to manly vigor
by my wonderful Invention , the Dr.
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DOW used the world over for all result *
of youthful errord , nervousness , drains ,
Impotency , weak back , varlcocele , etc.
No drugs to wreck the stomach. Send
FREEBOOK
which explains all. Mailed in plain
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DR.IR.UIDEI , 183 S. Chit SI. , GHIGMO. -
ESTABLISHED 3O YEARS
MARKSMEN ON HORSEBACK
The Value of Mounted Infantry Proved in
the Giril War ;
OPPORTUNITIES FOR TEDDY'S ' TERRORS
' e of Monntctl 9hnrtnhanter * In
Dhrrfunn'n Army T > llln Shot of
au IltlunU Wuoilaman Ue-
fore Corinth.
_
"Mr. Roosevelt's Idea of a regiment of
mounted riflemen , " said a veteran of Sher
man's army to a New York Sun reporter ,
has a good deal of merit Both Grant
and Sherman found use for regiments of
mounted infantry , armed with something
heavier than the cavalry carbine and with *
out the sabre , but Sherman had the greater
opportunity to find their value. The same
reason that led Grant to depart from the .
radltlonal European methods In employing '
a thin skirmish line the lack of roads and
bo rougher country with lt heavy under-
brush made the opportunity for such an j
rregular arm as the mounted Infantry. My
own regiment hod the good fortune , after
fighting an Infantry In many heavy battles ,
o be mounted. The men had , at their own
expenses , gradually armed themselves with
.be Henri ( slxteen-shooter ) rifle. This put
them under constant call for the skirmish
Inc. which was their first object In buying
the guns. Being Irregular , they were not
assigned to a place In the marching columns ,
except that "they were to be well at the
front. In the Atlanta campaign they
straggled a good deal , getting off the line
and Invading country where the main body
never went. Some of them picked up horses
and mules and became self-constituted
scouts. This led to the mounting of the
whole regiment , the men finding their own
animals. They did work that could hardly
have been done by the cavalry with their
equipments. i
"Their rifles were effective , and they could
feel of the enemy In spots where It would i
bo unsafe for troops otherwise equipped to
go. Often It was touch and go , and somea
times they created
consternation by appear
ing between two columns of the enemy and
giving rise to the belief that he was out-
flanked , It could not be supposed that any
thing less than a large force would venture ,
In such quarters. To have Infantry flre and
Infantry organization on wings proved to
be an Important advantage. The regiment
was especially useful on the march to the
sea , as It must always bo when an army
cuts loose from Its source of supplies and
depends largely on the country for support.
The men were scouts , skirmishers and forag
ers , according to circumstances , and when
they found the enemy away from the main
columns they dismounted and served as
Infantry. In this way they aided In keeping
the line of march of their corps , and some
times of a corps on another road , free from
obstacles. Among other enemies they en
countered were the Georgia Home Guards ,
made up of confederates who were at homo
on account of wounds and of all the various
men who for any reason were not In the
field. At times these homo guards made
trouble by destroying bridges on the approach
preach of the federals , and sometimes they
showed flght. But the best service of the
mounted Infantry In that campaign was In
guarding forage trains when It was neces
sary to gather supplies at a long distance
from the main body. The first of Sher
man's 'bummers' were stragglers from such
Irregulars.
A Itcirlment of Hunter * .
"In the case of such troops there was no
better marksmanship than In the army gen
erally. Their guns were lighter nnd better ,
but the chief advantage was In the rapidity
of their flre. There were , however , Infantry
regiments here and there In which most of
the men were crack shots. One Illinois regi
ment In particular , the Sixty-sixth , I think ,
was recruited from men who were experi
enced hunters , capable of hitting the bull's-
eye at a distance that would tax 'the skill
of the ordinary soldier to hit the target at
all. The regiment had more old men than
any other that I ever saw , and It was al
most conspicuous for Its lack of style in
drill. The men looked the hunters they
were men of the woods mostly , with the
long stride and rounded shoulders of the
traditional woodsman. Their dress was _ dis
tinguished from that of the other men by
green braid. Probably everybody knows
that the braid of the cavalry Is yellow , of
the artillery red and of the Infantry llgtit
blue. Most of them were armed with their
own rifles , perhaps used long before the
war , of many patterns , and not BO well
adapted to the manual of arms as the army
musket , but much better for fine shoot' '
Ing. This was not a new arm of the service ,
but probably regiments of sharpshooters , aa
distinguished from squads and Individuals ,
were rare before the American civil war. In
the main they performed the same service as
other Infantry regiments , but they had the
preference on the skirmish line. The con fed
crates made more use of sharpshooters than
the federals. Wherever It was possible In
an engagement the enemy posted sharp
shooters where they could command certain
points , for the purpose of picking off gun
ners and conspicuous officers. Such a sharp
shooter killed GeneralSedgwlck when In
apparent safety he was examining the
ground In front of his command. It was
this service that was most often required o :
the confederate soldier whose aim was true. .
The federals , on the other hand , trusted to
the ordinary pickets , most of whom were
not marksmen , 'to prevent confederate gen
crals from approaching too close to our llnei
In search of Information. In the event o
a charge on a line of confederate works
there was always a sharpshooter on duty to
pick off anybody who appeared to lead and
give dash to the enterprise.
An Effective Shot.
"It was In the battle of Corinth In Mis
slsslppl that I first saw an effective shot by
one of the Illinois sharpshooters. It was
just before the final desperate and unavail
ing assault on Battery Roblnet. It was said
that the confederates who made the charge
were a forlorn hope men who bad volun
teered for an almost hopeless undertaking
which no officer would order his men to at
tempt. Unless the battery could be silenced
Price and Van Dora could never enter
Corinth. The men know where they were
going and why , and could have little doub
of their fate. They were all veterans , and
the courage required of them was as reck
less as that displayed by the Light Brigade
at Balaklava. The most desperate of al
was the chaplain of a Texas regiment , who
charged pistol In band. The enemy had
posted sharpshooters In the trees nearest
the battery for the obvious purpose of pickIng -
Ing off gunners when the assault should be
made. We were lying , many Infantry regi
ments , In the rear of the battery , to be used
or not , according to the success or failure
of the attack. While waiting for the move
ment , a sharpshooter in our front amused
himself by shooting at conspicuous mounted
men , such as aides and orderlies , who came
riding up the hill. Ho was a very uncommon
marksman. The distance seemed too great
for effective shooting , yet he had wounded
two officer * , shot the horse of an aide and
sent his bullets whistling so close to the
ears of two other officers that they dis
mounted In haste , though they must have
knowta they would be chaffed by the Idle
soldiers , aa they were.
"An infantry officer who sat on a cracker
box with bis back against the earthworks
smoking bis pipe , undertook to warn
mounted officers who came that way. Boon
he called one of hU men and Instructed him
s
to KO to the next regiment , , the SIxty-ilxth
JlllAoli , I think for i'cVl'ck shot. The
soldier returned with a mail whoso aUfoptd
Ihouldera made him appVar' ! anything but
oldlerly. This shtrpibooker carried his
rifle , not a muiket. In tiji h'and , Dice a. cart
ful hunter , Instead of ojuil * shoulder. Ai
he stopped to talk with vthe officer , who
now itood and pointed withthli pipe toward
a clump of distant treed ) h took out a piece
> if chamois and slowly riibed his gun sights
Ike a man about to ihMt for a prize.
While the officer aiSf'the sharpshooter
were talking an ordetlri" mounted on a
big l horse , came tearlnfittp'trom the town.
Obviously he had a tacMag * , was In haste ,
01at
and was uncertain white to go. He had
it topped below to oik ar.tuMtlon , then dug
a showy Mexican iptir Info his horse , which
almost leaped up the ilope. The rider
topped him with a Jerlr to speak to the
ifflcer with the pipe , but"1 his question was
never asked. He raited his hand to a salute ,
gave a gasp , clutched at the air , and fell
aver , to be dragged , with one foot .In the
tlrrup down the slope by the frightened
horse.
"After a single glance at the body of the
orderly bounding -away over the rough
ground , the sharpshooter adjusted hit sights
with deliberation , reited his gun on the
e larthworki and fired , at a spot where a
juff | of smoke Indicated the marksman who
had shot the orderly. It was a long shot
and the chances seemed all agatnst Its be
ing effective , , at least at a first attempt.
After the shot a cheer went up along the
line back of htm ; the men rising In dis
order. Something had rolled out of a tree
across the open space.
"A mounted officer In brilliant trappings
came up and stopped , but no shot disturbed
him. There was no doubt that the some
thing that had rolled out of the tree was
: he confederate sharpshooter.
"Without looking again In the direction of
his great shot and without paying any at
tention to the cheers , the old marksman
took out his pipe with ostentatious Indif
ference , lighted it and walked slowly back
: o his regiment.
Hotter Sliootlnff Now.
"Such shooting is for the born marksman.
, ,
It was discovered that most soldiers did
not shoot well. They were unable to resist
the temptation to flre too high. This was
the case with both federals and confederates ,
and | It partly accounted for the comparatively
few men who were hit In battle. It was
only when there was work at close quarters
that | the danger was really great , and even
then the proportion of killed was surprisingly
small. In recent years the regulars have
had to do target practice , a thing positively
unknown to the volunteer army. There
were thousands upon thousands of men whenever
never fired a gun until they were In battle.
The examplcyof the regulars has been fol
lowed by the National Guard In many states.
The Continentals knew how to shoot , but
a majority of the volunteers In the civil
war knew nothing about the elevation of
their pieces for long-distance firing. Except
In close quarters war between the armies
of the sixties was not nearly as dangerous
as the roar of the battl/fleld seemed to
Indicate. The loss o . 'lite and limb , too ,
from shells was Insignificant among nSen
In line of battle. I
"Tho Invasion of Cuba tiilght make the
Roosevelt regiment useful'but nearly half
of the 36,000 Cubans In arms are mixed cav
alry and mounted Infantry , accllmatod and
familiar with the cowitry. That remarka
ble triumphant march , pf pomez and Macco
In the autumn and winter of 1S95 made them
there Is likely to be any Inland fighting.
Still. It Is well that this arm of the Fervlcc
should be maintained. Mounted men have
acquainted with most of the territory where
received too little encouragement in the
state military service , considering tlio proof
they gave during the 'ilvil'fyar'of ' their uso-
fulncs's. There are a.j . opd naiiy riflemen in
this country wh'osc "a'Ttt , Is1 true. 1 In every
town , nearly , there'are rlfl-5 clubs with n
long-distance range on which the record
would not disgrace the crack shots of Crerd-
moor. There arc also many toraemen , al
though the English field sports have never
been popular enough to make rough riding
an object of ambition. A modern army ,
with ! Its bicycle corps and balloon apparatus
Is Incomplete without mounted rlflemei
armed with something heavier than the
light cavalry carbine and capable of hitting
things at which they shoot. In our former
war it was the rarest thin ? for a man or ,
the skirmish line to be bit , although the
line was in advance of the Hue of battle
Only a sharpshooUr who could hit an ob
ject no larger than a. single man was a
menace to the skirmisher. "
THIS OLD-T1MEBS.
Dr. Mavrogenls , 100 years of age , who Is
now living In Greece with a sister ten years
older than himself , Is the last survivor o :
the men who fought in the Greek war oi
independence.
The father of the French chamber , Henri
de Lacretelle , who la 83 years of age , has
retired from parliamentary life. He has
represented Macon , but recently became so
Infirm that he bad to be carried in and out
of the chamber and appeared to be perfectly
indifferent to the speeches and scenes which
went on around.
Levl Bradshaw , a farmer living In the
wilds of Maine , hag forty living children ,
and , as far as he has been able to count
them , 150 grandchildren also alive. Ho has
been married three times , the first time
being not quite 14 years old. He Is now In
his seventy-first year. His eldest son , now
44 , is also a grandfather.
Ninety-eight years old , but still hearty
and self-reliant , John Beetle of Lancaster ,
N. H. , who has already led to the altan six
different women , Is looking for a seventh
helpmate. Mr. Beetle says a number o
women are anxious to have him , but de
clares that before making a selection wll
carefully "look them over. "
Miss Blanche Sully , who has just died In
Phlledalphla at the age of 84 years , was a
daughter of Thomas Sully , the famous per
trait painter , and had the distinction of
posing In royal robes and jewels worn by
Queen Victoria at her coronation , for her
father's portrait of that monarch , now
owned by the Society of the Son * of St. .
George , in Philadelphia.
The French composer , Theodore Gouvy.
baa just died at Leipzig"-Where he lived the
greater part of hls'lte.4lHe | was 76 years
old. His studies wer beteun In Paris , but
were finished in Berilii/ and the German
influence was paramount in his productions.
He wrote much chamber and planfort
music and also several larger works for or
chestra and chorus. \
TUB DAXCElt OF IIKAL'TV.
Brooklyn Life.
I never read the papersfwlthout feeling BI
content
That both my eyes afo.twlsted and my nos <
Is slightly bent : kV
I'm glad my mouth IsXAut of line and thai
my teeth are few , \ %
And If I had a "wealtK of hair" 1 don'
know what I'd Uf.- . \
Uf.OJ
A "tiny foot" or "illy Hand" would fill ra
with dismay , r
And If I had a slender wmlst I'd sicken In
a day ; I
For I have noticed from the first , a
strange as It may seem ,
The girl who gets the worst of It Is "lovely
as a dream. "
The papers never tell about a woman bcln ,
shot , '
Or mangled by a trolley car , or married t
a eot ,
Or forced , at point of pistol , her last fifty
cents to lose.
But that her eyes are "limpid" and he
boots are number twos.
So I can live In sweet content , without th
slightest fear
That trouble or calamity will ever hove ;
near
And when I see my misfit face It's som
relief to know
That I'll outlive the beauties by a hundrci
years oreol
Mapi of Cuba at The Bee office Omaha-
Council Bluffs or South Omaha. Cut
coupon from page 2. Address Cuban map
deoU
QUEEN RECENT OF OLD SPAIN
He ; Struggle to Prewrre the Throne for Her
Only Son.
MOTHERLY DEVOTION AMID STATE CARES
! rly Disappointment nt
ChrUtlnn of Aantrln , Her Saline-
qacnt SncctM unit Life In
Land of Her Adoption
On September 19 , 1S68 , writes Alice Gordon
Oullck In the Independent , the harbor of
Cadiz , In southern Spain , was filled with
men-of-war gayly decorated with the
rlrason and gold of the national flag. The
Ity Itself was In a state of great excitement
nd the people , thronging to the wharves ,
welcomed with shouts of acclamation the
n who decided to flght for liberty and
eform. The cup of Iniquity of Queen
Isabella II. was full , and this demonstration
was the result of a long prepared and now
iuccessful revolution headed by General
Prim. At this time Queen Isabella was In
he beautiful watering place" of San Scbas-
lan. The news of the pronunclamento was
elegraphcd to her by her friends and sup-
lorters In Madrid. After a short struggle In
ier favor by several of the generals the will
t the people was clearly shown and Isabella
rossed the frontier into France. It is said
hat she sat In the carriage that took her to
he railway station with her face burled In
ier handkerchief , 'bitterly sobbing with
grief. .Her four children were with her ,
sabcl , Paz , Eulalla and Alfonso , who was
1 years of age.
Ex-Queen Isabella little thought as she
Journeyed northward to Paris , which was to
be her home , that Alfonso would one day
< Hurn to Spain as king. He was carefully
educated in school and college In France ,
England and Germany. After varied and
nterestlng attempts at different kinds of
government a new pronunclamento by thd
army restored the Bourbon dynasty , nnd
Alfonso XII. was placed upon the throne
nmld the shouts of the multitude who six
hort years before had cried : "Afuera cones
os Borboncsl" ( "Away with the Bourbons
bens ! " )
In about three years the question that
preoccupied the nation to the ex
clusion of the affairs of state was
the marriage of the young King
Alfonso XII. Suitable alliances were sug
gested , but ho could not even consider them ,
ns years before he had given his heart to his
ovely cousin , Maria dc las Mercedes , daugh
ter of the duke of Montpensler of Scvllla.
Among the ladles of royal birth who had
been proposed for Alfonso was the Arch
duchess Maria Christina , niece of the reign
ing emperor of Austria. It Is said she was
so disturbed when she heard that the objec
tions to Mercedes had been overruled and
that the marriage was to occur that she
entered a convent. Her rank gave her
precedence , and she was made Lady Abbess.
The love story of Alfonso and his young
bride Is very short. Tolling bells five months
later announced the death of his Mercedes
after a brief Illness , and. Spain mourned
with the disconsolate husband the loss of
one , who bad conquered all hearts by her
gentleness and grace.
Wedded n Klntr.
When the nation demanded that Its iovor-
elgn should have a wife , the choice now fell
upon Maria Christina of Austria , who , for
tunately , had not taken perpetual vows in
. the convent. She was married by proxy , and
I entered Spain as queen In the spring of 1879.
Maria Christina was not as fair in appear
ance-as Mercedes. She carried herself , however -
over , with queenly dignity , and , being A ell
educated , soon gained the respect of the
court circle.
The first child was born , and although
there was disappointment that the little one
was a girl , she was tenderly welcomed , and
the name Mercedes was given her In mem
ory of the lamented young queen. Alfonso
XII'died on November 25 , 1885 , of quick con
sumption , In the city of Madrid. It was re
ported that his Illness was caused by ex
cesses. The son of Isabella II died in early
manhood , and many who realized his Inher
itance were not surprised.
The Austrian widow and her two little
girls could hardly be acceptable to the pee
pie and yet there was no special expression
of Espanollsmo at the time of the death of
Alfonso XII. It Is said that the day after
the burial of the king Maria Christina called
the ministers of the government to the
palace and told them that she wished to be
instructed In all the affairs of state.
Hitherto she had taken little apparent In
terest In government matters , but from that
day to this she has studied the different
questions that have harassed the ministers
and with rare skill and tact has given ex
pression to wise counsels which have some
times been followed. The birth of a son , on
May 17 , 1886 , six months after the death of
his father , caused great rejoicing In the
kingdom and gave to the queen regent a
place fn the affections of the people which ,
perhaps , as a foreigner she might never
have secured. The child-queen , Mercedes ,
became again the princess of Asturlas , but
Maria Christina continued queen regent , for
Alfonso XIII , was born king of Spain.
Devotion of the Qneeu.
As he inherited a somewhat delicate con
stitution , the mother has cared for him with
jiost tender , self-denying devotion. Tht
nursery and playroom have been under her
immediate supervision , and highly educated
V > vernesses have been provided , that the
children might be caretuuly trained , and
the young king be especially prepared for
the responsible position he was to occupy ,
There was some restlessness at first at the
thougnt of the years that must pass before
ho could sit upon the throne. Spanish
chivalry , however , came to the rescue ; and
Emlllo Caatelar , the great orator , voiced the
feelings of the majority when he said :
"We cannot make war against a woman
and a child. " The court of Maria Christina
Is said to be one of the most moral tha
Spain has ever known. The queen regen
Is generous to her friends and charitable to
the poor , and baa shown a strong religious
nature.
In San Sebastian , her summer homo In tbi
north , Queen Christina throws off all cour
etlquet and lives simply without display In
dress or equipage. The family goes to thi
seashore In the morning ; then the queen
receives the minister of the day and signs
such papers as may be presented. In th <
afternoon a drive is usually taken over semi
of the hills to enjoy the fine views , or In
the valley through which winds the beautl
ful Urumea ; or the family gather in th
rooms of the palace to listen to music ,
After a few weeks the pale faces take on
color , and the weary , harassed look of tb
queen and mother changes to one of res
and peace. Alfonso XIII , from the time
when be was a few months old , Is carried
by bis nurse and placed at the right hand
of the queen regent on all state occasions.
Today the sympathies of the clvlllsei
world must be with the woman who ha
endeavored so bravely to hold an unbroken
kingdom for the son of Alfonso XII , Beln
an Austrian , a foreigner , she must out
Spanish the Spanish In expressions of loyalt
and , therefore , she cannot yield ono Inch o
Spanish territory at the demand of a forclg
power.
It Is stated that of all the Immense sum
spent In India to repair the damage
wrought by plague and famine , near ]
everything came from Christian England an
America and scarcely a dollar from th
thousands of rich Hindoos and Moham
aedans.
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