THE OMAHA DAILY BEJCi g , MAY 10 , 1807.
IIIUIOSS OF CLAY PIPES
They Are Made in an Old Shed in a' Snburb
of Now York.
HAS A MONOPOLY OF Tilt BUSINESS
I'rliulllve MHhiMlH SHU I3ni | lnril llt"
cutiNC .Nil Int cntlti' ( Si-iiliM Han
Deri if it a .Mill-Ill ne fur
. . Tliflr Miiiitifneturc.
The humble white clay pipe Is attracting
attention because of the attempt of the
American manufacture to secure legislation
regulating the Importation of European made
goods. The only clay pipe factory of note In
this country U a one-story affair with a tinKle -
Klo kiln , Iccatcd up a side alley In a New
York suburb , hence the special need of gov
ernment log-rolling may not strike the aver
age person very forcibly. Yet , as over SOO-
000 pipes arc annually made In the little plied
and an many millions are Imported , It will
be seen that the Industry In not such f.
small ono after all. The contention Is that
a revised tariff would broaden and extend It
and make It a means of support for many
thousands. As It now exists In New Yorlt It
In perhaps the most picturesque of the still
surviving ancient trade.
The making of clay pipes was an aboriginal
Industry In this country , and many really ar
tistic specimens made by the Indians arc
preserved In our museums and In private col
lections. The colonist , too , finding the
proper material at hand , took to supplying
out a mass of pipe clay upon a hoard until a
thin sheet resembling n "IHj Jack" Is
formed ; a second boy stamps out the birds
with a cutter such a Is usoJ by a house
wife In making fancy cookie * . This class of
labor acquaint * the boys with the nature of
the clay and fits them for the move Important
work In store for them. The MlUe flat birds
are stacked In the kiln within lue * pace be
tween the seggara and are burned with the
pipes.
T o clay employed In the manufacture of
wh'jc ' clays Is , In Its natural state , of a slate
color , and may bo depended upon to como
from the kiln snowy white ; with the red clays
there Is less of a certainty that the hue will
ho the one required. Some clays originally
red have only a pinkish tint when fired. The
rod clays derive their color from the solution
of Iron contained In them nnd are not always
of a uniform character. Strange to say the
black clay pipes , which one occasionally sees ,
are made from the same material as the white
pipes ; the Inky hue Is produced by partly
filling the Beggars with oak sawdust or the
dust of bituminous coal , and placing these
soggars at the top of the kiln , where the
heat la least , the carbon of wood , or coal ,
combined With the clay nnd the pipes como
out of the kiln dull black In color ; the pipes
are then dusted with plumbago and polished
off with a cloth.
Coke , obtained from the gas houses , Is the
fuel used to hc.it the kilns andi the burning
process lasts throughout the day unless , In
deed , there Is n demand for Immediate de
livery , or that a very soft quality of pipe Is
dcalred ; In the latter case a few hours' burn
ing with a hot fire will suffice to whiten the
clay and give the pipe sufficient stability ,
A PIPE A MINUTR. i
Thr time actually consume. ! by an expert
workman In molding n pipe la about seven
seconds ; It will , however , require fully n
mlnuto's work to complete n pipe COO pipes
being considered a fair day's work. A rapid
workman will sometimes make six grots a
day and oven eight gross have been turned
out by hands employed In some ot the old
Scotch factories. In Scotland men only are
EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR OF CLAY PIPE FACTORY.
their own wants In the way of plpas , and
eomo very early attempts.at clay pjpe mak
ing are recorded. The ' aboriginal pipe wao-
burncd In an open 'fireplace ' , and BO , of
course , lacks the chasto-appeafcnicc ot the
- ' " " wnlch burned In
white -man's "clays , are
scaled crucibles In n kiln similar to an or
dinary pottery kiln.
Vast numbem of white clay pipes are annu
ally sold here by the agents of the various
European establishments and , with the lnslg
nlflcant duty of about two cents a gross , the
American makers have of late been able to
keep up only because of the low price of labor
which during the recent depression has , In a
degree , approached the European scale. Made
from material which costs next to nothing ,
the clay pipes owe theu- value almost en
tirely to the labor expended upon1 them ; and
when tie many handlings are considered It
! t Is remarkable that "clays'1 can be made at
F. profit In view of the low price placed upon
them. Fully a dozen handlings are required
to fashion u pipe from the mass of clay after
It has been properly prepared and delivered
to the bench. Experience and Judgment on
the part of him who prepares the clay and a
certain deftness on the part of the artlaan
who forma the finished product are the" quali
ties requisite In the plpcmaher's staff.
MADE H 'n
The art of making clay pipes- has ex
perienced little or no change In centuries.
The pipes are still as they were of old-
produced almcHt entirely by hand. A press
Is now used to squeeze the molds , but even
this appliance Is operated by hand. For
merly a screw clnmp was employed directly
upon the molds , but a lever press has the
advantage of speed.
The New Jersey clay which Is used In the
manufacture of white pipes Is of such a
fineness that no preparation , other than the
"milling" or "pugging" which reduces It tea
a plastic state Is required. Having been
"milled , " the clay Is next cut Into pieces of
HUfllclent bulk to make a pipe. These plecco
are then rolled out beneath the palm upon a
table until a tall Is drawn out and a knob
left at the endj these pieces are then known
as "rolls , " and are ' piled In heaps of a dozen
each , resembling'bunches of radishes. The
" " boards and left
"rolls" are next placed upon
In the sun to dry. When thoroughly dried
the "rolls" arc soaked In water until n cer
tain temper Is obtained ; In this condition they
are placed upon the bench and within con
venient reach ot the operator who Is seated
by hln prccs ,
Taking ono of the rolls In his left hand ,
the pipe maker Inserts a wlro which he
holds In Ills right hand Into the end of
the embryo stem , and carefully draws the
clay over the wire until the point nearly
approaches the knob. The whole Is then
placed between the casllron molds and slid
Into the prtea at the workman' ) ) left. The
press Itself Is a rather crude affair , having
two motions ono lateral , the other vertical ,
The lateral movement equeezci the molds
together ; IJio motion from above forcra a
plug Into the open spate In tbo mold , where
the bowl -hi tq bo formed ; by this combined
movement the cavity In the bowl Is formed
and the clay made to fill all parts of the
mold. The wlro li forced home against the
plug within the bowl , the lever released , and
the molds withdrawn from the presi ; both
the wlro and molds having been previously
well lubricated with oil , the parts are easily
removed from the clay , and the plpo In this
stage Is subjected to a Eimdrylng , after
which the clay to again fioakcd to prepare
the pipe for the ha idling necessary to
" /InUh" / It for the kiln ,
TUB FINISHING PROCESS.
The "nnlahlng" con A ts In the case of
the common uort of f < -4n merely remov
ing the little "spurs" bent the seams of
the molds , In stralghtci the stem , or curv
ing It It a curve Is desired , and filling up
ellght defects , In the finer grades of white
clays all the accessible parts are gone over
with an agate , or glars , tool ; this IB a sort of
burnishing process by which the pores of the
clay are closed on the outer surface at the
pipe , and a hard and glossy appearance U
produced. When they are thoroughly dried
the pipes are then plaied In "icggars , "
which are made to contain about 200 pipes
each. The "Beggars" are * lmply circular
boxes made of burned clay , and rcporuble the
ordinary old-stylo cheese boxes ,
.The "seggars , " before being placed In the
niln , are hermetically scaled ; the kiln will
probably contain about seventy or eighty
Beggary , so a day's baking will perhaps result
In about 16,000 pipes ready for the market ,
Some few of the pipes are slightly damaged ,
both In the firing and during the subiequent
handling preparatory to shipping. Those that
have yet an appearance of being nearly whole
or , merely warped are uld to the cheating
galleries , where they are made to servo as
target * for ambitious marksmen.
The plpemaker apprentices are first put to
work upon clay blrda , .which also servo ( u
UrgeU Jn the galleries. Ono bby will beat
employed nnd they receive from $ C to ? G.GO a
week. The Scotch workmen receive 17H cents
a gross for making pipes and they are sold
hero at wholesale In cases of three gross each
for $1.36 ; this Includes all charges for duty ,
shipping and commission. Pipes are made In
Canada by girls , who receive 13 cents per
gross ; the same rate of wages Is paid by the
plpemakers of Germany , where children are
largely employed. In France good workmen
receive from $3 to $3.60 a week. In America
men make about $9 a week , being paid at the
rate of 28 cents a grass. The iilpemakers ask
In the proposal for tariff revision merely a
return to previously existing conditions.
Under the old McKlnley bill there was a
rpeelflo duty on pipes of 1C cents a gross.
The Wilson bill reduced this to nn ad valorem
duty , which , after all , amounts to about 2
cents on the gross , a provision of benefit only
to the Jobber , since clay pipes are still sold
for 1 cent each. The proposed clause In the
still pending Dlngley bill will bring the
duty up again to the specified 15 cents a
gross , which will In a measure protect Ameri
can workmen.
The most familiar form of clay pipe seen
hero Is a plain specimen known " "
as a "T. D. ,
so ea.lled from the letters T. D. stamped or
molded upon the back of the bowl. This
class of pipe has been In use for many
years , certainly for more than one generation.
A person making a study of white clays
will be amazed at the variety of designs
produced. Every maker has at least a hun
dred different molds , nnd judging from the
mold numbers on some of the productions
of the French makers , their designs may
run Into the thousands. Of course , a pipe
maker will not have all his molds In use
at the same time , no matter how largo the
force .of men he may employ. Smokers'
tastes differ fiom time to time , and certain
designs In pipes are produced for marketo
having'a demand for them. All nationalities
differ In their Ideas aa to just how a pipe
should be formed , and it ha * even been sug
gested that trades may have their prefer
ences. There may be a field here for the
ethnologist ; there certainly Is scope for the
student of human nature. The Scotchman
prefers his "cutty , " while the son of the
green Isle la universally ehoNvn with his
"dudecn ; " both pipes are made of the same
clay , arid burned together In the same kiln.
A visit to the New York pipe factory men
tioned above convinced the writer that all
"llilstlo" ptpeo arc not made In Scotland ;
neither are all the specimens ot "Dublin
pipes" made In Dublin.
FRENCH CLAYS.
About thirty years ago white clays , made
In fancy designs , sonic at a very pronounced
and "Frenchy" character , were In every one's
mouth In this country. The molds from
which these plpce were made are no longer
In existence , and the pipes themselves bring
a good price from collectors. Specimens are
ocoanloimlly found , laid away on a high beam
In some old tavern or outhouse , or are recov
ered from between the walls of dwellings , ,
whore they have been thrust through holes
In the plaster by Infanta , to whom they had
"been glvrn for the purpose of making soap-
bubbles. The delight which very young chll.
drcn Experience In thus disposing ot their
playthings , " lucluJtng coins , has served to
enrich the collection of many an antiquarian ,
Speaking seriously of French clays , Btich
as are now on ealo , they are "workH ot art , "
both In regard to the designs and the per
fection of finish. U is : ald that the French
makers usi * a variety of substances , among
which Is m.irble dust , to give "body" to their
plpo clay. Klrat-chiss artists are employed
to design the plprs , and regular dlo-slnkcrs
make the molds , In the nue of some of the
elaborate designs the mold Is made In
three or four , and sometimes even flvo , parts ,
where there are "undercuts" In a figure
which would not otherwise clear. Such pipes
are sold hero for G cents , and they are worth
It to any one , even though he bo not a lover
of the "weed. "
The perfect "clay" Is , of course , the long
"churchwarden , " which , however , Is not
adapted to general use , The ordinary "T.
D. " will probably hold Its own eo long as
the practice of smoking exists ; or at leant
so long as the "weed" haa Improvident dev
otees. Selling at 1 cent apiece , the "T D"
has not aa yet reached the limit of cheap
ness. They might , by the Ingenuity * of the
professional advertiser , bo made to "puff" the
particular brand of smoking tobacco with
which they are given away.
Aside from national tastes In designs ,
there seems to be In this country a prejudice
against American-made pipes. In the man
ner suggested above , the uocr of pipes m y
be catered to. but even the Importation of
English clay by American pipe makers has
not satisfied the dealers. As a mutter of
fact , the European clays are of superior
flrmnom and somewhat tougher than the
Ameilean-mado goods. Yet the Idcul clay
pipe Is a soft pipe , as the majority of smok
ers will probably be willing to lettlfy. A
French clay bowl , with au cg8- hell ( lutsU
and a coupleor little cherubs hovering
around It , n ay yield an abstract pleasure td
a smoker ot esthetic tastes , or a atyrbc-
deckcd stem m y eervo to trim a show ease
or street window , but a plain "T I ) " of Jer
sey clay will Absorb more * nicotine ) than a
dozen such "works of art. "
CCKVX cm A I.ITI is.
London's fire chief , who Is n commander In.
the royal navy , was married recently In
style a proccrolon ot 100 firemen In full
uniform and a. police hand accompanying him
and his bride to the church.
The Carson ( Nov. ) News says Judge Me-
Carty , editor ot the Hawthorne Bulletin ,
officiated at a marrlnge recently , and con
cluded : "I now pronounce you husband
nnd wife. Shako hands. Take your cor
ners. May the best man win and the Lord
have mercy on the loser. Sail In. "
The Dachclor Girls' association , which IB
organized In Michigan i > nd Is organizing-In
Indiana , pledges Its members by solemn oath
not to marry until they arc 25 years old. It
li easy enough for n girl not to marry un
til she Is 25 without the aid of an oath-bound
organization. The sort of organization that
many girls are looking for Is one that will
enable them to marry after they arc 25.
north ? . Howcll , the 17-year-old daughter of
M. V , Howell of I.eodn , Ind. , and Lewis
Richie , a farmer , living nrar Lcoda , eloped
recently and were married by Squire Peter.
At daybreak the girl climbed from the second
end floor window of her home and walked
flvo miles In her bare feet to meet her
fiance. She was pursued by her father , who
reached Squlro Peter's house Just a few
minutes after the'couple had been pro
nounced man and wife.
Mrs. Katharine Cronan of Crawfordavllle ,
Mo. , celebrated'her golden wedding on the
Cth Inat. , by filing suit for divorce against
Cornelius Cronan , to whom she was married
fifty yrnra ago In England. The complaint
wca drawn up by her lawyer In March , but
was , by her orders , withheld until thb
fiftieth anniversary of the wedding. She al
leges that her husband Imprisoned her for
two tlayn in a dark closet without food In an
endeavor to force her to deed him an In
terest In her elegant farm.
The culmination of a romance was reached
In Plttsburg , last week when James n.
Hopper and Miss Florence Cochran were
wedded at the omco of Alderman David Mc-
Kelvcy. The couple live In Fort Wayne ,
Ind. , and the I OUHB lady Is the daughter era
a wealthy Iron man. Mr. Hopper Is a young
railroad employe , and the beginning of the
young people's acquaintance was when Mr.
Hopper saved Miss Cochran from death at a
railroad wreck on the Lake Shore nnd Michi
gan Southern railroad two years ago. '
Society circles of Milwaukee , Chicago and
St. Louta are just now deeply Interested In
the announcement of nn engagement be
tween Colonel C-ustav G. Pabst of Milwaukee
and Mlra Hilda Lemp of St. Louis. In the
two cities named it Is almost the sole topic
of conversation among society folk and In
Chicago , where the families of the contractIng -
Ing parties have many friends. A few years
ago Colonel Pabst was married to Margaret
Mather , the celebrated actress , nut the union
proved uncongenial and the couple were
divorced. ? ;
OUT or THI : OHDIXAUY.
A Moscow bell weighs 423,000 pounds.
Gas Is 75 cents per 1,000 at Wheeling.-
Bank of England has 11,000 employes.
Emperor William's household employs 500
housemaids.
Two ounces of attar of roses represent
the refined product of a ton of rosebuds.
It Is stated 'that ' every year the railway
servants of Britain get no less than $1,500,000
In tips from the public.
In , Marlon county , Tennessee , n farmer
driving a cow stopped to throw a stone at
It nnd was seized with a pain at his heart
Just as he drew back to throw. He , fell
over and died within a minute.
The railway companies of Great Britain
carried 030,000,000 passengers In 1895 , of
whom 38G were killed. 'During the Bame
jear , Iu the city of London alone , 5SO per
sons were killed by falling from buildings
or out of wlndq > vs. }
According to Pliny , Lollla PaullnaT" , 'the
wlfo of Caligula , wore on her hands , arms ,
neck , head and waist pearls and diamonds
to the value of Jl.CSO.OOO. Faustina had a
ring worth $200,000 , Domltla possessed one
worth $300,000 , nnd Cacsonla had a bracelet
worth $400,000.
' .Miss . Stella Evans of Colorado Springs was
boiling a can of lard over a/ cook stove , and ,
.picking up an egg , thought she would boll It
In the red-hot grraeo. The egg no sooner
touched the boiling lard than a loud explosion
occurred and the young woman was literally
covered with the flying lard.
The following arc the commonest names
In New York , according to the New - York
City directory for 1S97 , from which they are
selected : Smith , 3,183 ; Brown , 1.GG2 ; Miller ,
1,405 ; Murphy , 1,210 ; Meyer , 1,103 ; Johneon ,
l.OSC ; Kelly , 1,074 ; Cohen , l.OOC ; Levy , 061 ;
Williams , 893 ; Jones , 802 ; Murray , 8S4 ; Wil
son , SS3 ; Clark , 848 ; Sullivan , 820 ; Mar
tin , S1G ; White , 782 ; Davis , 7C2 ; O'Brien , 760 ;
Hyon , 752 ; Moore , 752.
Hardham's tobacco shop In Fleet street ,
near Ludgato circus , London , Is to be torn
down after nearly a century and a half's ex
istence on the same tpot. The fortune of the
plnco was made by Garrlck , who , to help
along the proprietor , a former actor , praised
on thfi stage his "No. 87" snuff. The shop
became fashionable and Hardham left $110-
000 to charity at his death In 1772.
A report of a queer lawsuit comes from
Eastkill , a hamlet In the heart ot the Cntsklll
mountalnri. The plaintiff la Ole Ilalverson , a
Swrde , who cultivates a small farm on the
mountain side. He Is suing IIov. J , G. Itcmer-
ton , a German Lutheran minister , for dam
ages for christening his baby by a n : Tie
which was not to his liking. Ilalverson Is a
patriotic Swede and wanted the child named
after King Oscar. The minister claims that
he christened the baby according to the wishes
of Its mother.
JACK'S MSTTISH TO HOB.
The Lotus.
Dear Bob : I am going to bo married.
Hut before saying moro I must write
About something vvhlph weighs on my con
science.
Of course , you remember thnt night ,
In the Carnival season at Venloo ,
Whc-n wo trained througti tliu dampest of
towns
With that pnrty of Jolly Venetians
That nt first wo mistook for the Browns ?
How , after the ball , I was married ,
In joke to nn nngcl In black-
To that ghostly nnd dark-haired marchesa ,
That madcap queen of the pack ?
Her mask ulinply heightened the romance ,
And the Joke seemed Iriimensc , till I knew
That thnt rascally priest was n real one ,
Which made mo uncommonly blue.
For they said that the marriage was legal ,
And things took n Berloua shape.
Till you got up a'duel and killed me ,
To got ma out of the scrape.
And I took tin * next learner for Naples ,
And left my fair widow to fate-
It's queer how her eyes come nnd haunt
me ,
\Vhenever I'm thinking of Kate ,
I rould kick myself well , when I think that
I played such nn nslnlnc role.
And I pray tli.it you'll bury the secret -
ler.p down In your Innermost soul ,
For my Kato would make things rather
lively
For mo , If she ever found out.
And now I will tell In what manner
Our little affair c.imo about.
We met on the steamer from Naples ,
Whence I failed , aB you know , for the
states ;
And at table kind fortune had placed me
In the chair which was opposite Kate's.
Shf > ' n friend of the Browns , Hob. n beauty
With manners both arch nnd demure ;
And she's tall , and her eyes. If you saw
them ,
"Would remind you of Venice , I'm sure.
In the nook just back of the wheel-house
We talked of things joyous ana grave.
Sr.w the wuterH grow dark In the twilight
And the moon's silver bridge cross the
wave.
The rest In the usual story , /
Which no one known better than you.
We'll be married tonight , and I'll pause
hero ,
And write you some moro when we're
through.
POSTSCRIPT.
Well , It'o done Hob , and would "ou be
lieve It 7
HIio knows nil about that affair.
And that was the UroiviiB' party great
Caernir !
They did us up brown , I declare !
And I love her.tne moro ( but this follows ,
Of eourue. when such cagea arise ) ,
For I've married Just think-my own
widow ,
Je ruaaleml Youru ,
JACK VANSIZB
TRIUMPH OF'THE ' ISTLLLECT
Supremacy of BrainsfGvor Mnsclo in the
Animalr World.
QUEER ANCESTORS OF SOME COMMON BIROS
The CrcntrHl llmlrt nVI 1it Piimptmrd
li.v < lu > .InnnncNf U'lll Tliey He-
ciinie the IDiiUihiniit Hnoo
i of tliti K < it ir 'f
( Copyright. U97 , by Hie S. S. McCJure Co. )
Prof. O. U. Mnrsh of the United States
geological survey and Yale university 1ms re
cently concluded a series of comparisons be
tween the drains of fofslt and modern ani
mals , which Rive a new turn to the theory
of the "survival of the fittest , " When the
Investigations of Prof. Marsh arc accorded
their true scientific weight they will show-
that the struggle for existence among pre
historic beasts , birds nnd reptiles has really
been a. bnttlo of brains. It has been suggested
that these resjarchcs Involve the question of
the future dominating rncoof the world , and
select as candidates for the coming honor a
class of people from n totally unexpected
quarter. No less a race thnn the Japanese
arc said to be the coming domltutors of nmn ,
nnd this simply tocrauee , ua a class , they
posscra the greatest brain weight of any
people In the world.
U has always been a popular notion that
when that old phrase relative to the
"weakest going to tha wall" was uttered that
lack of brawn , nnd not lack ct brain , was
meant. Hut It seems now that the latter
BRAIN 0V ANCIENT AND MODERN
TATIR.
conception of the phrase would have more
aptly fitted geological conditions. ' .
In a general way , the truth has long been
known , for , of course , It could not escape the
attention of the most casual observer among
naturalists that lower forms of life have
smaller brains than higher formo , man hav
ing proportionately the largest brain of all.
But the full significance of this fact was
never understood by .naturalists until a com
parison was made between the brains of
living animals aud the casts of brains of
fpssll species. Of counc , the actual brains
of fossil species cannot be studied , as they
went the way of all flesh some hundreds of
thousands or even millions of years ago ; but
the bony brain cases ( that Is , the o'.tulls ) have
In many cases been preserved , and for this
purposes these answer equally well. It re
mained for Prof. Marsh to develop the forre
of the theory by the systematic study which
he made ot the brains of the fcrnil creatures
he had uncarthed.ln Rocky mountain region.
Almost from the flrot he was struck
with the difference between these brains r.nd
those of living animals of related specl s ;
and very soon he was able to formulate as a
general law the striking statement that "AH
tertiary mammals had small brains" tcrtl-
'ary mammals. It being explained , meaning
nnlmals.that lived In the "age ot mammals , "
some millions of years ago. .If , for example ,
a rhinoceros of > this tertiary age were com
pared with a rhlnoeorosi oj today of , equal
bulk. It Would * bo .foundjirtlmt the ancient
beast had a much smaller brain than Us
descendant.
URAINS OP THE MAMMALS.
But this was not all. The "age of mam
mals" was a very long period , extending over
some millions of years probably , and geolo
gists had divided It Into three minor period ? ,
known as the Eocene , or earlyithe ; Mlocpne.
or middle , and the Pliocene , or later , tertlarj
epochs ; and Prof. Marsh found , when he com
pared the fossils from the earlier of these
periods with those from the later , that there
appeared a difference In the average size of
brain. During this time many species ot
animals had died out and their places had
been taken by new species , and on an average -
ago the now species always had larger bralna
than their predecessors. This certainly was
Interesting. It suggested that something
more than mere "brute strength" had entered
Into the struggle for existence among these
animals , and had helped determine which
ones should go to the wall , and which be
perpetuated.
Here , for Instance , was a great beast called
dlngceras , which roamed abundantly over the
plateaus of western America 2,000,000 or
3,000,000 years . .ago. He was a massive
creature , almost as large aa nn elephant , and
In general appearance something llko a
rhinoceros. For a long time his tribe flour
ished , and'by mere force of bulk , dominated
the animal f world.But It chanced that the
huge creature , while abjndantly supplied
with brawn , had the very umallest brain , pro
portionately , of any known animal , ancient
or modern. His body kept growing and de
veloping , but his brain did not keep pace with
It. What was the result ? Presently there
developed other animals of similar habits ,
less In bulk , but with lar&er brains , and these
relatively brainy creatureu , having Just a. jot
moro wit than the dlnoceras , finally were
able to adapt themselves to changing climatic
conditions , to migrate , perhaps , or to roam
widely In search of fresh pastures ; while the
dull dlnoceras did not know enough to change
his habits , and BO his tribe perished alto
gether , leaving no descendants whatever. In
the final turning of the scale an ounce of
brain matter In a smaller animal outweighed
the tons of bone and muscle with which the
dlnoceras was cumbered.
THE DOOM OP DRAWN.
And this particular case merely epitomizes
a record that has been repeated over and
over millions of times during tliu process of
animal evolution. Indeed , Prof. Marsh has
found , after studying a largo collection of
elculls of different periods , that the epccles
of animal which was In the ascendancy In
any geological period , and transmitted Its
traits to a persistent and developing line of
descendants , was always one that had a
brain larger thnn the bralna of contemporary
species. On the .other hand , wherever a
creature was fouid.llke the dlnoceras , with
a brain smaller than lhe average of Its con
temporaries , that species was doomed to annl.
filiation. The whole ; struggle for existence
among mammals , ihen , has been very largely
a battle of brains , inrawn might win for
a time , but In tho' long run the little beast
with a big brahvannlhllated the big beast
with a little bralm1 No doubt the mighty
dlnoceras looked itlih utter contempt , If bis
dull brain was equal to euch an emotion ,
upon the little fox-like creature which wae
the horse of thafporlod. But the little fox-
llkq creature hod a. ready anil plastic brain ,
and so after the last descendant of dlnoceras
had perished the descendants of the little fellow -
low remained as tbt blg-bralncd , Intelligent ,
modern horse , Qnorof the Illustrations , hero
given shows tlieo brains of dlnoceras and
the horse drawn IMbe same sc&lo. Without
that larger nugget tl nervous matter In his
skull the horse nevr would have won the
battle and come to be what he Is.
Having found thl law to hold everywhere
among mammals , I > rof. Marsh was Interested
to ascertain wheth/er / It applied equally to
other claezeo of vertebrates. In the ago
that proceeded the tertiary there were
strange birds Inhabiting the lakes ot western
America , which have left their , skeletons In
the muddy lake bottoms , since turned to
rock. One of these birds , which Marsh
named bc&perornle , waa like a gigantic loon.
What manner of brain had this bird as compared -
pared with the modern loon ? The briefcit
comparison eufllced to answer that question.
The ancient bird had a brain not one-fourth
as large , proportionately , as that of the bird
of a later period. Other birds told the same
story , and It became clear that bralna had
fought tbo battle of existence for feathered
as well as furred creatures.
Yet another utage lower He the reptiles.
In the co-called mcsozolc ago , before the
tertiary , tula class of creatures abounded ,
and were the dominant type of life. Some of
them were tnauiive beyond any creature that
/
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Baby Carriages
) Yr.nrc ? olp nseiitH for the famous
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Ill Cloth Heavy goods nnd well worth
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98c
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Catalogue
has since existed on the glebe no less than
100 foot in length , and perhaps twenty In
height. The thigh bone of one of them was
about eight feet In length , and perhaps two
feet In diameter , while the corresponding
bane of the largest reptile of today , the
crocodile , Is about eight Inches long. Of
course , the creature that carried such a
bono muat have been a very mountain of
flesh. But what about his brain ? There
was the rub. Of brains he had , so to apeak ,
a mere thimbleful. The modern rcptllo has
none too full a supply ; but as compared
with these ancient reptiles he Is an Intellect
ual giant. The ancient reptile depended
largely upon hLs bpinal cord that part or
the nervous mechanism which enables a
frog to crawl after Its brain has been re
moved , and a snake to wriggle when Its
head has been cut off. Indeed , one of the
strange reptiles which Prof. Marsh discov
ered recently has a cavity at the posterior
end of the spinal canal very much larger
than that In Hit skull. If this cavity wau
ically filled with nervous matter , the crea
ture had Its brain utterly misplaced , nnd
seemingly was destined to go through the
world wrong end foremost. What It did do ,
of course , was to EO out of the world
speedily when HOIHO better-brained com-
pctltom came Into competition with It.
11EPTILES DOOMED.
And , Indeed , that fatu befell the entire race
of gigantic reptiles. Their spinal cords
served them a very go.od purpost * so long
au they had chiefly to compete with one an
other ; but presently mammals appeared and
spinal cords were nt a discount. Some rep
tiles still persist to this day , It Is true , but
they are vastly more Intelligent creatures
than their ancestors , and , even HO , are but
a mere handful as compared with the former
leglona of their tribe. An a race , the rep
tiles were doomed from the day when ter
restrial creatures having better brains than
theirs came to compete with them. And
then , as we have seen , the cjirly .mammals
wlicuc brains were better than those of rep-
UlfB were In turn .displaced by later mam
mals having a still better supply of cranial
ganglia , A ml * at laut mun came , with the
best brain of all , and then It wva only a
matter of time until all thu crcaturca that
remained on the globe nhoiild bo subor
dinated to this new conqueror. The tooth
of the lion , the tusk of the elephant , the
fluke of thu whale were ull equally unavail
ing against weapons tint the big brain of
man enabled him to fauhloii. The age of
giant reptiles wan succeeded by un a o of
giant mammals ; and thai In turn by the age
of a single smallish mammal called man ,
whoso solo natural advantage was that ho
bad a bigger brain than any of his pre
decessors. M
But man himself did not come Into his
realm at a bound , any more than one phalanx
after another of his forbear * had routed their
competitor at a single blow. The geologist
tells us of human fossils that carry the his
tory of our race back some hundreds of thou
sands of years ; and the men of that early
day had no aucb brains as those which we ,
their descendants , boast. The earliest foscll
that can lay claim to recognition as that of
our own clan Is that ot the ape-man which
Dr. Bubols discovered Iu the rocks of Java
not long" ago , and named Pithecanthropus.
This creature lived back In the tertiary time ,
his contemporaries being come of the great
beasts we have already refeired to , IJut U
had a larger brain than any other creature
of the period , and so its destiny was sure ;
yet that brain was only half the size ot that
of modern man.
BUAIN DEVELOPMENT IN MAN.
A million years or so later man had learned
to make crude tools of Hint , and had devel
oped what wo now term a paleolithic or rough
stone age. Armed with artificial weapons
he had begun to dominate the animal world
about him. Ho could kill even the great
mammoth and feast on his flesh. But he
could do more. Ilia big brain , como now to
be two-thirds as large uu that of the modern
European , had begun to seethe with now
trains of Ideas , new fancies , aspirations , day
dreams , Mich as no smuller brain had ever
domiciled , Ho was not content to merely
fashion Implements for pure utility for the
gratification of his unlmal desires ho began
to make ornamcntu , to grave outlines of
anlmalu uu bits of Ivory. In a word , ho en
tered tho.new realm ot art a realm hitherto
BHAIN OK ANCIENT AND MODIJUN
DIVING BIRD.
unlmaglried. And he could do this ulinply
because by this time hlH central nervous nys-
tem. which U as a storage battery recording
Impressions from the outside world , had been
aggregated Into a Masslvo cerebrum or forebrain -
brain , which connected aud harmonized all
the various Impressions , performing for the
human organism somewhat the same function
that a central telephone station performs
for all the myriad detached wires In a great
city.The
The prime function of any brain at all
Is to bring about such a co-ordination of Im-
prosslons as this. But the earlier brains
those of ihhes and reptiles are mainly
given over to supplying wliat might be
termed substations for each of the senses.
Hence we find that three brains have large
optic and olfactory lobes , and wry email
cerebrums or forebrulns. All the vertebrate *
of early geological age had such brains as
this. These creatures could feel , hear , smell
and see accurately enough ; what they lacktd
wan the capacity to vutoclatu the Iraprcs
( dons brought by these channels of sense and
build them Into wide Ideas. And the evolu
tion of the brain that went on an time pro
gresfod nnd enabled one race after another
to become dominant , consisted very largely
of the building up of a more and more elab
orate series of connections between the cen
ters of special sense. So we find that even
the lowest mammals have a cerebrum pro
portionately larger In comparison with the
optic nnd olfactory lobea , for example , than ,
the cerebrum of any reptile. And with each
micccKslvc geological age , thu bigger and big.
ger brain means really n growlny cerebrum.
Finally , In modern man , this cerebrum has
como to oveishadov/ other portions of the
brain combined. Man cannot ECO , or hear , or
smell as well as many lower animals , but
lie can co-ordlnato his impressions Into rnoro
elaborate Ideas than any other animal can
create ; hence all other creatures are at hlo.
mercy.
CAUCASSIAN SUPKKMACY.
Thousands of years ago man gained till *
supremacy , and ceased to have any com
petitor except his fellow man , Dut not all
races of his epeclon have ronin ahead at Jhi >
same rale ; to , au everyone. knouB , there la
today a wide gap between the Intellectual
status of , let us say , the European and the
native Australian , and this Intellectual guj
U explained , ax U nlfio well known , by corresponding
spending difference In average brain weight ,
of the two races. The blggeht brained race
of men seems to outmatch the smaller
brained race as surety as thu mammal out
matched the ropllle.
As a general statement , this admits ot
no question , and It carries wlth'lt , to most
of ui , a feeling of Kp.tlBllcd egotism , for
nvcry ono In aware that the Caucasian -ruco
Is a largo brained lace , AH A lie case stands
today , wi < moat emphatically feel that "wo
are the people , " nnd It Is gratifying toi \ < \
told that our liralim Justify the conceit. But
now comes a disturbing thought , for wlillo
the Caucasian brain 'la undoubtedly a largo
one. It In rumored that there IB a larger ono
among contemporary races. According to sta
tistics that seem reliable , Hie average weight
of the Japanese brain U greater than that
of any other race. DOC.I this mean that the
Japanctto are the people of the future ? la
the scrpter of authority dentlned to bo
grasped by a hand guided by a brain larger
than that of the Caucasian ? If history Is ( u
repeat Itself , as It has repeated Itself a mil
lion tlmea over In the courxo of racial evolu
tion , fiuch would jtccm lo ho the outlook , 1C
It be really true that the Jupanone has thu
largest brain In the world today. The big
brain has won at every tagft of the world's
history , and there Is no apparent reason
why It fchould not continue to win In tliu
future .
For a long time the white race has been
physically dominant , and In material civil
ization , as exemplified In factories , machinery
and engines of war , H for centuries hatt
brooked no equal , But meantime a race
which wo have considered Inferior , over thtro
In the orient , ban not been Idle , Whatever
the cause , It ueerns to have performed the
all essential feat ot building the bldKC't.
brain on record , and western nalloni may ,
well look to their laurels , else It may pres
ently appear that , for the final result , thlit
U a larger feat than the building of the
swlfteot locomotive , ( ho > ( strongest warship *
and the most colownl fortune. It Is no ac
cident that the Japanese have shown uud
denly a capacity to keep step with our west
ern civilization. The Wu bralu tells th
story ,