THE OMAITA DAILY HUE : SATURDAY , 0 , 1807.
UNCLE SAM'S ' MONSTER GUNS
The Hugo "Peacemakers" Ihilt at the
Watervliet Arsenal ,
MANUFACTURE OF MODERN ORDNANCE
The LiirKffit SfiiKlc lltillilltiK for "Work
of Mnolilncrj- ( he World llcnr
I'rcnent MellioiU Dlflcr
from ( he Old \\i\y. \
On the west shore of the Hudson river , be
tween the cities of Troy and Albany , Is
situated the largo army reservation known as
Wntorvllet arsenal , which has become
prominent within tbo last few years as the
center of manufacture ot heavy guns for
Interior land and coast defense.
The wisdom and expediency ot the United
States army making Its own guns In Its own
shops , says the New York Herald , had been
repeatedly recognized by congress. On
September 22 , 18S3 , a bill was passed by
congress authorizing the erection ot the
nrmy gun factory at thin place and ap
propriating for the purpose the necessary
sum.
sum.Tho
The large factory now fully completed and
In operation Is probably the largest stnglo
V building for machinery In the United States ,
and possibly In the world. It consists of two
Wings , extending north and south from a
main central section. This central section
contains the largo boiler house and engine
room , office and Implement room , together
with the shrinkage pit. Common to this
central section are the large north and south
wings , the north wing being 400 feet long
and 125 feet wide , and the south wing 400 feet
long and ,155 feet wldo ; the total length of the
building Is 058 feet. The main aisle , forming
the principal structure of the building , Is
Hoveniy-flvo feet wide and extends through
out Its cntlro length.
In the main aisle of the north wing are the
largo turning and boring lathes , 98 feet In
length , for the 8 , 10 and 12-Inch guns , and the
° finishing lathes , 5S feet In length. In the
south wing are similar machines for the 12-
Inch guns , together with the much larger
lathes and other equipments necessary for
the miuufacturo of 16-Inch guns. The large
Blzo of thcso latter machines necessitated
the south wing being made thirty feet wider
tlmn the north wing.
Connected with the gun factory , and run
ning at right angles with the building proper ,
has been , built a railroad extending from the
Delaware & Hudson Canal company's line
on the Avest , across the arsenal grounds ,
through the central section and at right
angles to the factory proper , to the Hudson
river on the cast , thus rendering perfectly
convenient the shipment of the heavy guns
by either land or water.
HOW THE GUN3 ARE MADE.
All the heavy guns for land defense manu
factured at Watervliet arsenal are con
structed on what.ls known as the "built up
system. " Thcso heavy guns are designed
to be so constructed that the clastic qualities
of the metal may too most advantageously
utilized , and so that no portion shall be
strained beyond 'Us elastic limit at any mo
ment , either whllo at rest or during fire.
The "built up system" has been found to
como up to all ot these , together with other
necessary requirements , and Is now used In
the manufacture of all heavy guns.
These guns are made of the best forged
stsol and composed of a main Inner tube ,
constituting the wall ot the bore , and ex
tending from breech to muzzle , superposed
by forged steel hoops varying In number ac
cording to the severity of the strain neces
sary for the gun to withstand on discharge :
and the size of the gun. The large twelve-
Inch breech loading steal rifled cannon Is
composed of tbo main tube , nine steel hoops
and the trunnion band. Each hoop , aftur
being received In the rough state , Is care
fully and accurately plaued down to the ex
act form and dimensions requ'lrcd.
At the breech end of the gun , where ths
strain Is most severe , the main tube Is sur
rounded by three rows ot thcso hoops , which
number diminishes to ono toward the muzzle
end of the gun. Each hoop , after being
planed down and made ready for shrinkage ,
is slightly less In Its Interior d'lamcter than
the exterior diameter of the tube or hoop
over which It Is ready to be shrunk , and of
just such a diameter as will make the hoop
compress with a known and required ten
sion. This outer cell Is then expanded by
being raised to a dull red heat , during- which
progress It Is most carefully and accurately
measured every few moments. So carefully
Is this done that a variation ct marc than
.003 of an Inch from the prescribed diameter
In the base of the shrinkage surface Is not
allowed.
TUTTING ON TUB HOOPS.
When this required diameter , which Is
such as will make the hoop rema'In at the
required state of tension wlun at Its normal
temperature. Is reached , It Is slipped over
the tube , which Is hurg vertically In the
shrinkage pit , to Its required position on
the tube , and then slowly cooled down.
The tube , with tha first hoop or jacket , 'Is
then taken from the pit and placed In the
special lathe , where It Is carefully prepared
for the shrinkage of the next hoop. This
process Is kept up until all the hoops and
Jackets have been shrunk on. The outer
rough surface of the gun Is then carefully
planed down to the required form and di
mensions , and the gun Is then ready for the
lining and the placing of the breech mechan
ism.
ism.Tho
The various hoops are hooked together by
shouldera to prevent clipping or distortion
from the shock of discharge. The expansion
if the hcop on heating enables these shoul
ders to pass and on cooling they are so ac-
cut'Jtely uuade as to closely fit and grip each
other. This system has been adopted by the
majority ot the countries of Europe and It
will undoubtedly be unsurpaseed by any
future Invention for gun construction ,
The cannon manufactured for the service
of the United States army are divided , ac
cording to their use , Into four classes , viz. ,
mountain artillery , field artillery , slega artil
lery and seacoast artillery.
Mountain artillery Is used for fighting In
rough and mountainous country , where the
conditions governing the fighting make the
use of heavy ordnance Impracticable. This
renders necersary the uio of a gun and car
riage that must be the lightest and at the
same time- the most powerful that can bo
transported. The mountain artillery of our
army consists ot two or thrco types of mu-
chlno guns , together with the 2 and 12-
poundoi' Hotcbklss guns.
The field cannon adopted for army service
consists of the 3,2-Inch gun , the 3.6-lnch gun
end the 3G-nch ! mortar. The 3.2-Inch breech ,
loading steel rifled cannon la Intended for
field lite with rapidly < movln ? troops and Is
employed In accompanying cavalry. It fires
with a charge ot 3H pounds of sphero-
liexagonal powder a 13V4-pound projectile a
distance ot about six miles. These projectiles
are made to explode with great energy tha
moment of coming In contact with any ob
ject. The 3,6-luch gun U very similar to the
3.2-lnch gun ,
SIRGE CANNON.
Heavy field artillery Is used In batteries for
delivering a vertical flro against troops protected -
tected by Intrenchments or any other forms
of temporary defense. For this vertical or
high-angled fire the United States army has
adopted tliu 3.6-tnch stool rifled field mortar.
The range of flro ot that gun Is about two
miles and with a charge of from eight ounces
to onu and a half pounds of powder fires a
projectile of the same kind and weight aa
that uaed tor the 3.0-lneh gun. This style of
gun la only used for close and high-angled
firing ajalnat ; temporary defenses , to allow
the projectile to do Its destructive work be-
lilnd these defenses lu the heart ot the
enemy ,
The olego cannon adopted for the service
are the 5-Inch slcgo rifle , the 7-Inch howitzer
and the 7-Inch mortar. Thcso guns are used
in attacking and also defending Inland forti
fications and land fronts of sea coast forti
fications. These guns are too heavy for field
operations , but are transported over common
roads upon their carriages , from which they
are also fired. Howitzers are shorter than a
cannon , but longer than u mortar , and tire
with great accuracy. They are employed
principally lu demolishing earthworks.
Seacoeat cannon , or heavy guns for coast
defense , aa adopted for the service of tlio
United Slates army , consist of the 8-Inch ,
10-Inch and 12-Inch breech loading stool
rilled cannon , together with tbo 12-Inch
breech loading stevl mortars. Those modern
ill lilsh power guns are models ot Ingenuity
and workmanship and tliu results of long
study and bduntlflc knowledge on , Uio part of
our army officers. The results of recent
toils nncl records of firing plainly demon-
fttrato that the heavy guns of our own army
are superior In every way to the heavy guns
of the same caliber adopted by the armies
abroad.
Only a faint conception of the size and
power of thcso ponderous weapons of war
can bo obtained from the statement that a
12-Inch breech loading steel rifled cannon Is
capable of hurl Ins 1,200 pounds of steel a ills-
tznce of ten mlle * . At a range of two miles
this maas of metal may be made to penetrate
twenty-one Inches of solid steel , and at a
range of from five to six miles this gun Is
capable of demolishing any protected battle
ship afloat. To obtain thcso marvellous re
mits a charge of 4 SO pounds of brown pris
matic powder Is used , which forces the pro-
Jectllo with a muzzle energy of 26,000 foot
tons and a velocity of 21,000 feet per second ,
and for these results the breech of the gun
has to withstand a pressure of 2r > 00,000
pounds. The weight of the gun Is 127,680
pounds-
Quito ns marvellous as the power of these
guns Is their accuracy of fire , which may 'bo '
judged from a recent firing at the Sandy
Hook proving ground. In which at a range
of two miles , the position of the gun being
changed after each round and the gun ro-
almcd , the prcjccttlo passed directly through
the same hole In the target for three consccu-
live shots. Under almlUr conditions no
guns of this class In the world liavo ex-
hlblted such accuracy of fire. Mounted on a
service carriage Invented by two United
States army officers of the OrJnanco depart
ment , the speed of flro Is forty rounds per
hour.
hour.ACCURACY
ACCURACY OP MORTAR FIUE.
The 12-Inch breech loading steel rifled
mortar Is emi of the most. Important factors
In our coast defense and a most dangerous
enemy against Invading fleets. These are
short rifled pieces , anil arc especially for
.seaport . defense. The shell fired from ono
of these mortars carries a charge of 100
pounds of high explosive , and one of these
shots would bo sufficient to destroy any navy
vessel of whatever type afloat. The high
angled lire from this typo of gun Is more
effective than that from high power rifles ,
and renders the deck of a vessel a sure tar
get for this rifle.
An Idea of their accuracy of fire may bo
obtained from some recent targets taken by
army officers with a 12-Inch typo mortar.
The target was laid out at sea In the exact
form and dimensions of the deck of the
United States ship 1'hlladolphla. Four
different series of four shots each were taken
at ranges varying from five to > lx miles.
Of the sixteen shots fired thirteen struck
squarely within the limits of the deck of
the vessel , the remaining three striking
beyond the limit , but at mich a distance as
would have rendered destructive the effects
of the explosive charge.
During the last fiscal year there wcro com
pleted at Watervllct arsenal ten 8-Inch ,
nine 10-Inch and nine 12-Inch guns , together
with ten 5-Inch , siege rifles , ten 7-lnch howit
zers and 10 3.0-lnch field mortars , besides a
largo number of 12-Inch mortara and 3.2-Inch
Held guns.
CARAC1TY OF THK PLANT.
Although tl.Is . work has kept the army gun
factory In constant operation , It has the
facilities for turning out about thrco times
as many heavy guns as have thus far been
manufactured In about the same length of
time ; but , owing to the lack of Interest on
the part of congress In our coast defense
during the lost few years , the United States
army has not been allowed to take advantage
of Ha facilities for manufacturing heavy
ordnance and run the gun factory to Its full
capacity , ns should have been dona.
A prescribed amount of the last appropria
tion Is to bo expended for the manufacture of
a type ICJnch gun. which has long been de-
rlred both"by the artillery and ordnance de
partments. On the completion of this gun It
will be Immediately shipped to the Sandy
Hook proving ground , where It will receive
the thorough test necessary to determine the
advisability of adopting It for the service-
the Unlte.l States army. On completion of
this teat It will without doubt be deemed ai
Important factor In coast defense and a large
number will bo authorized to be built.
The gun factory Is fully equipped with all
the necessary machinery for this Important
pleco of work , and steps have already been
taken to secure the necessary forglngs to
start the construction of the moat powerful
piece of ordnance ever manufactured In the
United States , and with the probability that
a gun of no greater power over will be manu
factured. This modern high power gun will
weigh about ninety tona , and with a charge
of 1,060 pounds of brown prismatic powdsr
will hurl a solid steel projectile six feet In
length and weighing 2,300 pounds over a
range of tan miles.
Up to within three years of the present time
were also manufactured In a fully equipped
foundry at Watervllct arsenal the projectiles
and shells necessary for the field , slego and
coast gucs of different calibre , but , owing to
the great amount of work required In con
nection with the manufacture of heavy guns ,
this department was transferred to the
Watertown ( Mass. ) arsenal , at which place
are manufactured the heavy and light
artillery carriages for the mount of the
heavy guns manufactured at the army gun
factory at Watervllet arsenal.
CHOAVXKI ) HEADS.
Their AKCH anil Their Hoirx A. Hook
TvllH the Stnry.
There Is a fat llttlo red book that comes
Into every considerable reference library at
about this time every year with a bursting
load of Information regarding the nations
of the earth and their rulers. This book Is
the "Almanach de Gotha , " says the Globo-
Democrat. It contains any amount of In
formation that may bo found In equally
available form elsewhere ; It contains also
several hundred pages of facts that never
are collected elsewhere In such trustworthy
and convenient form facts relating to the
crowned heads of all monarchies , great and
small , their families , their ancestors and
children and children's children , and their
collateral relatives far and near.
Every year the editors of the "Almanach
de Gotha" send to the castles and palaces
ot royalty , wherever accessible , the proof
sheets of the pagea concerning the ruling
families , and none of these pages Is pub
lished without having been corrected by
some princely hand. Consequently , a man
may usually rely on what he finds In the
"Almanach" about the crowned heads and
their kind , although not always , for crowned
heads err occasionally , as do uncrowned
heads , In matters of family history. On the
whole , however , the "Almanach" Is about
as trustworthy as any book of 1,250 pages
could be.
The last "Almanach , " received a few days
ago from Europe , shows that the oldest
reigning prlnco next to the pope , who Is SO ,
\a \ the grand duke ot llttlo Luxemburg , who
Is SO. Denmark's king Is 78 ; the grand
dulco of Saxo-Wolmar , 78 ; Queen Victoria
and the grand duke of , Macklenlmrg-Stro-
lltz , 77. Three ruling princes have passed 70
lu the last year the duke of Saxii-.Meinln-
gen , the duke of Saxo-Altenburg , mid the
grand duke ot Baden. Nine sovereigns are
between CO and 70 , seven ot them being over
G5. Eight sovereigns are In their 50s. six In
their 40s. thrco In their 30s , and thrco lu
their 20s. An for several years , \Vllhelmlna
ot the Netherlands and Alfonso ot Spain uro
the youngest sovereigns. According to the
length of reign , Queeti Victoria headu the
list with almost sixty years. She la fol
lowed by Emperor Franz Josef of Ausrrla
\vltli forty-eight years. The grand duke cf
Saxo-Wolmar , the duke of Saxc-Altenburg
and the grand duke of Oldenburg have
reigned since 1853. Seventeen of the forty
European sovereigns have reigned more than
twcnty-flvo years , and thirteen less than ten
years. In 1S94 thcro was but ono change
In a throne ; In 1895 , ono ; In 1SDC , none.
Of thirty-eight reigning houses In Uuropo ,
but twenty-three have heirs lu the direct
Una of succession. Of the heirs to tlironos ,
the prlnco of Wales , with his 55 yearn , Is
the eldest ; then comes the crown prlnco
of Denmark , 53 years old ; the hereditary
grand duke of Mccklenburg-Strelltz , 48 ;
the hereditary prlnco of Melnlugen , 45 ; the
hereditary grand dukes of Luxemburg and
Oldenburg , 44. Of the whole number of
heirs only twelve are married ; six of these
have grandchildren.
A curious addition has been made to the
diplomatic and statistical part of the llttlo
red book , It relates to the national holidays
of the countries of the globe. In only a fmv
German states Is thcro any holiday at the
anniversary of the emperor's birth. In hon
or of the shah's birthday , however , the
Persians celebrate cloven holidays , and In
one principality of India the birthday fes
tivities last two weeks.
llewnro of Imitations , Take tie "jut as
good , " See that you get the , genuine Dr ,
liull's Cough Syrup , the peerless specific.
EMOTIONS OF OUR LOVERS
Cold-Blooded Science Invades the Sacred
Precincts of Sentiment.
THE GRAND PASSION IN A CRUCIBLE
\ovcl nnil IntrrcMlnir Deduction *
Drrnvii from n Orcnt Number ot
Iotters ( InllHToil by Hie
lit * < Mitt aliir.
For the first time his eventful ar.it varied
carerc Cupid Is playing the role ot subject
In a laboratory of science. Ot all Invtatlga-
tlons which have ever been seriously made by
learned men , eaya the New Yolk Herald ,
that which wan lately begun by a well known
scientist ot Washington Is without doubt the
most novel.
Upon the laboratory note book of a philos
opher the writer a day or two ago saw In
scribed this heading : "Experimental Study
of Love. "
The man who Is malting thU Interesting
study Is Arthur MacUoiiald , who hna been
called the "Lorabroso of America. " Few , It
any , men of science arc better fitted to handle -
dlo such a delicate subject than la Dr. MacDonald -
Donald , He has been a student of law , theology
elegy , medicine , psychology , psycho-physics ,
metaphysics , Insanity , hypnotism and crimin
ology. His specialty Is the study of human
nature , both In Its normal and abnormal de
velopments.
In his experimental study ot love Dr. MacDonald -
Donald la employing as far as possible what
ho terms the "natural history method. " Ho
has been collecting love letters and various
other data relating to romances lu real life ,
tabulating them and studying them as an
entomologist would study an anthill , or an
alyzing them ns a chemist would analyze on
unknown compound. Ho has been diligently
collecting details of love affairs which hjvvo
como within his own knowledge or which
have been reported to him directly by the
persons concerned. All of the letters and
other data have been handled with the great
care which evidence In such delicate cases
demands. All names of persons and places ,
dates and other references which might In
any manner betray the Identities of the > ic
concerned have been carefully omitted.
WHAT LOVE HECOUDS SHOW.
In the doctor's records the love affairs
are outlined briefly , only such circumstances
ns might cause turning points In the careers
of the participants being given. The copied
letters- are Interspersed with explanatory
notes and deductions , Each case In Itself
suggests a brief novel , none the less ro
mantic because an experience df real life ,
and all the moro Interesting on account of
the mystery suggested by the suppression of
the Identities of the heroes and heroines.
A few cases might bo briefly outlined .to
Illustrate the varying moods of the different
subjects of the Investigation. For Instance ,
Mr. U falls In love at first sight on meetIng -
Ing Miss C. He shortly Invites her to drive
with the purpose of proposing to her upper
most In his mind. He becomes Impatient ,
however , and calls at her house two days
previous to the expected drive. He proposes.
She Is greatly surprised , cancels the drive
and forbld.1 him her house. Commenting on
this case , the doctor says that 13 and C
appear to have been well adapted to cacl
other. It Is his opinion that D might have
won C had ho been less aggressive. "It seems
to be Instinctive In young women , " says he ,
"to reject the Impetuous lover , without th <
least consideration of hla character , ability
cr fitness. D Illustrates Impetuous love which
at the tlmo haa little reason and leas com
mon sense. He was conscious of these
facts all the time , but his Impulses and de
sires were too .itrong. "
WOMEN AFFECTED BY SUPERFICIAL
In commenting upon this the doctor says
that E was poor , with little visible means of
support , some of his clothes being thread
bare. Thcso so-called superficial things. In
his opinion , affect women unconsciously
whether they admit It or not. Long en
forced economy In life , he believes , tend , ? to
make ono too serious In appearance and often
In reality. Thla feeling , he says , can be
come so extreme In love .affairs as to bf
morbid , which morbidity sometimes results
In terrible crimes In persons with morally
weak and Impetuous characters. There
.should , bayrt he , bo a good-natured disposition
on both sides , especially when the course of
true love does not run smooth , for some
times a woman wishes she could love the
man who lovta her , although she feels It
impossible to do so.
MlE. ? F and Mr. 0 , another couple , had met
and corresponded occasionally without the
least exchange of sentlmont. They became
better acquainted at a summer resort , where
they walked together almost every day.
They frequently quarreled In argument. Af
ter one .icrlous quarrel 0. went away , but
returned In a few weeks to find a great
change In Miss F. , who now became much
less quarrelsome. They appeared to have e
stronger feeling for each other and fell In
love. Soon they quarreled again , whllo on
one of their customary walks. Both returned
from their walk single file. Coming to a
barbed wlro fence G. held It up whllo Miss
F. passed under. She hesitated before hold
Ing It up for G. , but finally condescended tc
do so. < She held It too low , causing the back
of his coat to be caught and torn. This wa ?
the turning point of renewed affection. She
relented and repented and love again grew
up between them.
Leisure tlmo. In the doctor's opinion , Is
of great Incidental Importance so far ta love
affairs are concerned. In the country , he
says , the beauties of nature give a directness
to conversation which under other condi
tions ( as at a reception ) would not bo so
natural. This case , In his opinion. Illustrates
how dependent love Is upon what he tetins
spacious propinquity.
Three few cases , given In outline , nre suffl-
clent to Illustrate the process of recording
the various data and the method of drawing
the deductions. Of course the doctor must
have In mind hundreds of details which for
lack of space cannot bo given to the reader
In order that ho may bo fully equipped for
his diagnosis , so to speak ,
SOME STRANGE SENTIMENTS.
The love letters In the doctor's collection ,
or rather the copied portions , arc , of course ,
the moat Interesting of all the data , relating
to thli experimental study , A few extracts
taken at random will Indicate the character
of the correspondents :
"I want you to feel you can como to me
with anything , and everything. Keep my
soul and I will' keep yours. "
"Of course , my dear boy , I want to see
you , nor do I want the 'civilized , co-dc-
generate world , ' ao you term It , to enjoy
that pleasure with me , No , dear , I only
want you , "
"Aro you sure you want to see mo ?
Ilev/aro ! I wonder how It will affect mete
to sco you again ? "
"I'm only a mountain pink that grows In
out of the way places hard to reach not
easily taken from Its hiding place. "
"How I cling to you and wrap myself up
In you. I'm a kind ot mental chameleon. "
"Emotions cannot bo got up to order , and
I must say you have Jarred my feelings In
so completely misunderstanding mo. " In her
following letter this correspondent somewhat
changes her tune , "I should Ilka to ceo you ,
I fefl a strong Impulco toward you dearest. "
"I wish you were .here , dear Just now. I
do not understand myself why my thoughts
turn to you , for I did not conceive It possi
ble for my jaded soul to be again aroused
with Interest. Strange , very strange ! "
"And 80 , dear , you have been 'emotional1
In your letters to me. How very obtuse I
miMt be , for I have not noticed any traces of
emotion therein. It has been rather a mild ,
unadulterated sort of emotion , hasn't It ? "
"I am In one of my desperate moods when
I simply would defy the devil , man , God and
do what I pleased. I feel gloriously free. "
A young woman In the opening of her let
ter writes : "Do you know that henceforth
I'm going to follow your example and bo
very moderate and mild In my expressions ? "
In the conclusion to the same letter flhe
says : "Just como to my arms , dear. " In
her next letter to the same man nhe re
marks : "I have thought for a long tlmo
that woman and fool were synonymous terms ,
and my own experience confirms the opinion.
I have played the part of a. Urs-cla&s Idiot.
It makes me BUI lie at this moment at my
own puerile faith , that I could think that a
man cared for me , I think a man would
have a more eerloua task than ho wuuld care
I to undertake In convbf Ing mo of It again. I
Hshl It's all a farBeV" ' ' Her next letter
bpRlns : "My dearest boy ! I have been re
penting my brutsl lefiefo \ you. Will you
forgive mo dear ? " ( J (
THE EFFECT W LOVE.
When asked by th& ytll.or what suggested
the Idea of making tltUtaiporlmental study ,
Dr. MacDonald replied : "It Is well known
that young men and yiung women young
men especially , perhaps-very oltcn do fool
ish things becausi of , lov.e. Wo have In
stances of this effect all the time. It Is a
constant evil , although such cascr are ex- ,
tremo. The question Is why should such a '
great amount of suffering add pain bo
caused by unreciprocated lovo. "
"Havo you made any , experlmento with
Instruments of precision With the object of
ascertaining the cftetU of love upon thi
human constitution ? "
"Yes. In a number of exp rlmonf In
which the subjects endcavoretl to concentrate -
trato ttclr minds upon the Idea of loving
some one. experiencing for the tlmo being
the emotions of love , the effect of this con
centration was a lessening ot the breathing.
This effect seems to bo moro Intense than
that cauped by hatred In-normal Individuals ,
but In criminals that of hatred seems to bo
In excess of that of love. The effect of
love , llko that of any prolonged excitement ,
may after a whllo cnuso pallor and ex
haustlon.
"It Is generally true , nlso , that during high
tension ot feeling the desire for food lessens ,
perhaps because the system under nervous
strain Is much limited In Its power of diges
tion and assimilation. 'Where there Is Un
certainty as to the outcome of a love affair
It Is a wearing process. On the whole , love ,
even of the happiest kind , Is not necessarily
restful.
"Love has Its pathological and Us normal
sides. True love may have both. The path-
Tjloglcal side Is temporary as a rule. We say :
'Oh ! ho will do this and that unusual thing
because ho Is In love. ' The first steps of love
seem to produce a form ot emotional and
mental aberration , sometimes manifested In
extreme acts , making the person quite beside
himself , seeming for n time to have a sudden
Indifference a to things formerly of Interest
to him. This sometimes takes the form of
extreme melancholia , but this as a rule Is
only temporary. "
"Do you believe that thcro Is a hypnotic
force In love ? "
"There seems to be such. A young man , by
his conversation , manners or appearance , may
gain the affection of n young woman. Thla
force appears to overcome woman's usual
negative. A woman Is ri.iturally negative , as
of course you know. In courtship the man
says , 'I wish , ' the woman says 'wait ; ' the
man says 'Immediately , ' the woman sa > s
'later ; ' the man says 'today' and the woman
'tomorrow , ' and so it goes. "
"Do you believe that there can be such a
relation as purely platonle love between two
young persons of opposite sex who are not
re'lated ? "
"Yes. but It Is abnormal. I think most
rpeclallsts who have been brought In con
tact with phenomena of this nature consider
It to bo unnatural or abnormal. It Is to bo
discouraged. The question Is , how long will
the platonle love last. Such cases usually
lead after a while to misunderstanding. "
"What la your definition ot love ? "
"Wo may call love a certain mental and
physical state In which we are lost. Thought ,
feeling , duty , the past , present and future
everything In us unites with the single Idea
of another being. Truelove , of which th ?
pools sing , and which , ls eulogized by oil ,
has nevertheless man'y Illusions. Two per
sons can sincerely love each other for a time
and yet they may ncft "us adapted at all to
be Ufa companions. Lftvcrs are generally
convinced that thay are the only ones who
poyslbly could cherish each other so. This
Is an Illusion. It simply means that neither
has chanced to meet' such a person. "
"As a crlmlnologlst , .have . you not found
love , or supposed love , to be at the root of
many social c-vlls ? " i *
"A great deal of crjine peems to tome In
directly from love. The moral status of tbo
community would 'be.higher If more young
people married , and lf | those who mirrled die
so at an earlier age. " , ,
"What other reforms do you consider nec
essary to make love affairs .uvl marriages
ideal ? "
"There seems to bq noproor acsthetlcal
way by which young narrlieaola peoplu of
like Interests can frequently meet. Their
meetings appear , as a tulip , to bs accidents.
If these accidents happenpd more often wo
would have more Well matched couples
The married women of society would bo the
proper ones to develop ioms remedial
scheme necessitating as llttla machinery
about It as possible. Iii a little town things
are more normal than In n large rlty. Among
the lower classes , generally upcaklng , where
there arc fewer formalities , there seem to
occur a greater number of hanpy mar-hges
than In ( lip exclusive circles. The conditions
should ba such that young Deonle of oppo
site sex might become acquainted when con
genial , without seeming to bo aggressive. '
SUl'IlISaiK COURT SYI.LA1JI.
Knapp against Jones. Error from Doug
las county. Affirmed. Opinion by Judge
Harrison.
In an action for damages alleged to have
been produced by the negligence of the
defendant In the action , If It appears that
the plaltitllf'8 failure to cxerclso ordinary
care under the existent conditions was thu
cause of the Injuries , ho cannot recover.
2. If 1'rom the undisputed facts different
minds might not honestly reach different
conclusions or draw different Inferences
without reasoning- Irrationally , It Is not
uiror on thu part of the trial court to with
draw the case from the consideration of
the Jury and order a verdict consistent with
the facts.
National Bank of Commerce against
C'hnpmun. Appeal from Douglas county.
Reversed and dismissed. Opinion by Judge
Harrison ,
A debtor In falling or Insolvent cir
cumstances may prefer ono creditor , not
withstanding the fact that It may bo to
the exclusion of others , and this rule may
Include.- relatives of th'o debtor who are his
creditors.
2. If such transfers between relatives bo
attacked as fraudulent the burden Is upon
the parties thereto to show the good faith
character of the ; transactions.
3. A son may convey property to his
mother In payment of a pre-existing debt
to her If such conveyance is honestly made
or without fraudulent Intent to the knowl
edge of the- mother or jmrtlclpatcd In by
her.
4. Findings and Judgment held contrary
to the conclusions established by the evi
dence.
Wood against nocder. Error from Doug
las county. Afllrmcd , Opinion by Judge
Harrison.
As u Beneral rule ? a misrepresentation
which embodies matter of law , Is ono upon
which a party cannot rely , as all parties
are presumed , or bound to know thu law ,
but where It Is as to thu law of another
state , or Its effect. It la not within the
rule and may be fraudulent ; and Ignorance
of the law may bo pleaded by the ono to
whom the misrepresentation Is made.
2. Where a warrant Issued by a county
ot onu state Is purchased In another state ,
in reliance upon a misrepresentation in re
spect to thu statute of limitations us applicable
plicable- the warrant and on presentation
and demand payment of the warrant la
refused on the ground ( that It Is not n
claim which can bo enforced , thcro arises
a cause of action in favor of the purchaser
and ngalnst the party who nold the war
rant and mndo the : misrepresentation ,
3. Thu uvldenco held sulllclent to sustain
the verdict rendered./
First National Hank of Dubuque , In. ,
against MoIClbben. Krror from Dnwson
county. Reversed and remanded. Opinion
by Judge Norval. '
In an action by the Indorsee of a ne
gotiable promissory note against the maker ,
Its mere production. by the plaintiff , duly
Indorsed , raises a , presumption of law that
It was transferred before maturity and for
value , and the burdenIs on the defendant
to show that plaintiff Is not an Innocent
holder.
2 Held , That the answdr falls to state a
defense. '
3. Evidence examined 'and held not to sus
tain thu verdict. '
Raymond aKulnat Miller. Error from S-\-
llne county. Reversed and remanded. Opin
ion by Judge Norval ,
In an action by a mortgagee of chattels
against u stranger for the conversion of the
mortgaged property thu petition must net
out the factH constituting plaintiff's spe
cial ownership. A more allegation that ho
han a special ownership , right , title nnd
lien upon and to the property by virtue
of a chattel mortgage elrcn to him there
on by a designated person Is not alone
Bulllclr-nt.
Drcxulngalnst Rlclmrds. Appeal from
Huffalo county. Alllrmed. Opinion by
Judgpo Norval ,
Tha Hworn statement of n subcontractor
for a mechanic's lien must contain a de-
Bcrlptlon of the premises on which the Im
provement wan erected.
2. Such u description Is not Insufficient If
It renders the locution of the property
susceptible of ready ascertainment by the
aid of extrinsic evidence-
3. Thu account of thu Items for the ma
terials furnished and labor performed by a
contractor or subcontractor , .and for which
a lien La claimed , and the affidavit thereto
nttnohfM , should be construed together ,
nnd when thus construed they substantially
comply with the statute , It ts sutnclent.
4. A description of property In n state .
ment for a mechanic's Hen ns the "Hart-
lett & Downing1 block. Kenrnoy , nuffnlo
county. Neb. . " Is a siilHolcnt ( Inscription of
the premises , especially when therenre .
no righti of third parties to be affected
by the Hen.
Woods ngnlnst Hart. Appeal from Doug
las county Decree modlilnl. Opinion by
Judge Norvnl.
A rinding on conflicting evidence will nol
be disturber ! unless manifestly wrong.
2. Evldc-nce held to sustain flndlnps In nn
action for the specific enforcement of a
contract for thf exchange of property.
3. The burden ot proving fraud and mis
representation In the making of a contract
Is upon the party alleging It.
4. A stipulation In a contract giving n
person the exclusive- agency for the ( vile
of the principal's property for in Indellnlto
period does not render such contract void ,
as being nnnlnst public policy
5. The principal could , nt any time be
fore sale , revoke the ngcnt'n authority , even
though the Instrument expressly atlpul.xtet' '
that the ugenl's power to sell should be
exclusive.
C. A contract for the exchange ot prop
erty Is not void for indcllnltenes * ot de
scription , where the description 19 such oa
by the nld of evidence nllundo to enable
the property to bo Identified.
7. Where a contract contains two descrip
tions of the properly to bo conveyed , one
correct and the other false In fact , the
latter should bo rejected as surplusage.
Tecumseh National Hank ngalust Ucst.
Error from Johnson county. Alllrmed.
Opinion by Commissioner llynn.
A petition of n creditor of a banking
association which discloses that another
bank nn successor of said association hail
nsHUtnnl the liabilities upon n sufficient
consideration moving from sold associa
tion , and that the claim of plaintiff was
one of said liabilities remaining unpaid
states sufficient facts to entitle to relief
as against the bank which assumed the
aforesaid liabilities.
2. A bill of exceptions muat contain all
thu evidence upon which questions of fact
nru to bo determined , n reference In such
bill to evidence to bo found by reference
to another bill tiled In , nn Independent case
not being sulllclcnt.
The Tecumseh National Hank ngalnst
Saundcrs. Error from Johnson county'
ItovcrHed. Opinion by Commissioner Ryan.
Norval , J. , dissents.
Tim evidence In this case examined nnd
held not sufficient to sustain the judgment
of the district court.
Doitplas County against Taylor. Error
from Douglas county. Alllrmed. Opinion
by Commissioner Ilngalii
Taylor owned a tract ot land lying within
the limits of the city of Omaha , In Douglas
county. On Uio north side of his land was
a public thoroughfare. Tnc south half of
this thorouphfatc In front of Taylor's land
was In the limits of the city of Omaha. The
north half of the thoroughfare In front of
Taylor's land was without the limits of the
city of Omaha , but within Douglas county.
The county made i\ cut and constructed n
fill lu the thoroughfare north of Taylor's
land thu entire width of the street. Taylor
sued the county for damages , alleging" that
by the construction ot the Improvement
In thu street In front of his property the
latter had been depreciated In value ; that
In constructing said Improvement the
county hnd dug nnd carried away uortlons
of his land lylnff outsldu the limits ot said
street ; had torn down his fences nnd cut
dcmn hH trees and used the same In the
construction of said Improvement , nnd had
appropriated n portion of bis land lying
outside the limits of said thoroughfare by
constructlnp thereon the base of said fill.
Held : (1) ( ) Construing sections 1 , 3.1 and la ,
cha-.Uer Ixxvlll , Compiled Statutes ,
that It wiis the duty ot thu
county to work ami maintain the
north half , nnd the duty of the city
of Omaha to work and maintain the south
half of said street In front of plaintiff's
property , but that the county and city hnd
concurrent jurisdiction or authority to con
struct the cut and fill in the street In front
of Taylor's property ; and that , therefore ,
the acts of the county In the premises were
not ultra vires. (2) ( ) That It was Immaterial
what technical name might bo given to
Taylor's action ; for whether his petition
stated a cause of action ex dellcto or ex
contractu the averments thereof. If true ,
established the fact that hli property had
been taken nnd damaged for public use ,
and that by virtue of section 21 of the bill
of rights ho was entitled to comocnsatlon
therefor. (3) ( That no legislative enactment
was necessary to enable Taylor to maintain
his action. (4) ( That the district court .hnd
original jurisdiction to try the claim of
Taylor against tl. > county ; that it was not
a claim required bv section 37 , article I.
chapter xvlll , Compiled Statutes , to be filed
with the county clerk of said Douslas
county nnd passed upon by Its board of
commissioners. ( .1) ) The word "claims" in
said section 37 hns reference only to
claims originating In contract express or
Implied between the claimant and the
county.
2. Evidence examined nnd held to sus
tain tbo finding of the district court.
Union Pacific Railroad Company against
Dovle. Error from L > cuel county. Reversed
nnd remanded. Opinion by Commissioner
Rngan.
The defendant In error was a section
hand In the employ of the railway com
pany. Ho and others wc-rc hired by one
Cochrnn , a section boss In the employ of
the railway company , and they wore under
his control and direction while walking on
their section of thn railway , and Cochrnn
bad authority to discharge the men hired
by him.
Cochran nnd his section men wcro put
to wor'.t on a gravel train of the railway
company. This gravel train the crew there
of nnd all tbo men working thereon , Includ
ing Cochran nnd his section men , while
at work with the ( travel train were under
the control , direction nnd subject to the
orders of n foreman named Forrest. For-
rc-t was not Invested with authority to
hire or discharge the defendant In error.
The defendant In error wnllo working on
this gravel train was Injured , as ho al
leged , through the ncKllBenco of an order
given by Forrest nnd sued the railway
company for damages. Held : That as to
thn defendant In error Forrest was not n
fellow servant , but a vice principal.
2. Whether ono of several employes of
the same master Is a vice principal ns to
his co-employes or whether all are fellow
servants Is not always a iiuestlon of fact
nor always a question of law ; generally It
Is a mixed question of law and fact and to
be determined In any case by the particu
lar facts and circumstances In ovfUcnco In
the case In which It Is presented.
3. The fact that one employe is vested
iwlth authority to hire and discharge ) a co-
employo Is not conclusive evidence that as
to such co-cmployu he Is a vice prln-
clp.il ; nor does It follow that one
employe Is not a vlco principal
us to his co-employes because not
vested with the. authority to hire and dls-
charce them.
4. Thu most satisfactory evidence that
ono Is , as to his co-employes , n vlco prin
cipal Is that his co-employes ire under his
supervision , his control nnd subject to his
orders nnd directions.
fi. Evidence examined and held 0) ) to sus
tain the llndlnpr of the Jury that the negll-
pence of the defendant In error was not thu
proxlmalo cause of his Injury. (2) ( ) Not to
sustain the finding of the jury that thu
negligence of the railway comunny was
the proximate cause of the defendant In
error's Injury.
Hell against nice. Error from Lancaster
county. Judgment. Opinion by Commis
sioner Ilngan ,
Generally where a child renders services
"A dying anchorite , " said Bid-
noy Smith , "would ho tempted
_ to oat it. " Ho didn't happen
g to bo referring to
COMPANY'S g
§ Extract of Beef
but it would bo true enough of
any of the delicious ooups ,
Bailees or made dihhcii in which
this famous product is used.
Year grocer kncnte the cennlno
mil so can you. by thta ligntturo
Inbluoun tbu ja
DUFFY'S
PURE MALT WHISKEY
All Druggists.
4 < 5LBS iM CURE YOURSELF !
iiiiE ? , .l/ lll for unn.lural
'lo 1 l.J .ji. j Ulicbarai-ii , Ililluiiilr.uIluDB ,
( lBtru\iM4 n Irrliutlons or nlrirailuna
, , cei to iiiKiut. ui in ncuu < nirinlrauog.
AfrirtBU cooujloo. I'ulnluij. cml i.ot arlrin.
Kfnt or polionoui.
. , , , or § nt lu plain wrapper ,
* tft. . " * * Prt1. ' Pf P W. tot
&PVA ) ' . ' " ' . " ' ' 3 totllei , 17.71.
. - N Clrcuur cu ( an < MiuMt.
for n. puront the fntnlly relation
nl the tlmo the Inw presumes by rcnion of
1 the kinship of the partlct find sucii fnml y
relation thiU such service. * wore gratui
tously rendered.
2. Such presumption In not n conclusive
one nnd the child may recover the vnlup of
.1 the services rendered If the evidence shows
thnt they were rendered under such cir-
i cumatnnccs ns to Justify the Inference of
I n contrnct on the part of the parent to
I pay for them.
| 3. Whether , the evidence warrants such
1 a conclusion Is a quoMlpn for the Jury.
4. A rtcpfnthor residing In the stole of
Illinois beoarno nn Imbecile ; no conservator
\\aa appointed for him. At the reriucst of
those who hnd churpo ot his property nnd
business his sto 'daughter caused him lo bo
broiiKht to the home of herself and husband
In the state ot Nebraska , w iero he re-
matned until his death , some ninety weeks
nfterwnrdss Ourln ? this tlmo thfl stepdaughter -
daughter furnished him hoarding , lodging ,
medicine nnd medical attendance and rti-'li
care us his demented condition required.
For these services ho filed a claim ngalnst
hls < estate. Held ! That the sen-Ices ren
dered to the stepfather wrro necessaries
for which his estnto was liable
fi. The defense of the statute of limitations
Is a meritorious one , but one lhat may lie
waived , nncl If It Is not Insisted upon In
some manner In the trial court Uwill not
bo considered here for the first tlmo.
G. A brother gnve to his sister his note
for Jl.OOO. The brolher died nnd the note
was tiled nnd allowed ns a i-lnlm against
his cstajo. nnd his administratrix on set
tling the estate pnld snld clnlm In full to the
father of her Intestate's sister. The daugh
ter wa1' nt the tlmo living with her fniher
nnd the money was paid to nnd retained by
him with her knowledge nnd consent with
out any agreement on his part to pay lu
te-rout for the use of snld money or to repay
It nt nny particular tlmo. After the father's
denth the daughter tiled a claim against
his estate for thli money. Held : (1) ( Tint
the evidence -warranted the conclusion that
the money was not n gift by the- daughter
to the father. (2) ) Thnt It was not money to
which the father wns entitled to nppro-
prlnto to hlmrelt by renson of the relation
existing between himself and daughter. (3) )
That the transaction was In the nnttiro of
a grntullous loan to the father. (4) ( ) Thnt
the motley wns payable to the dniighler on
demand. (3) ( ) Thnt her father's estate wns
liable to her for the clnlm , but as she made
no demand for Its payment during the life
time of her father her claim should only
draw Interest from the d.tto she IlleJ It
against the estate.
The Olil-F'ntliliMied ' Kiini'Uvt- .
There has been In recent years , along with
an Increasing use of the colonial style In
architecture , a mild revival ot the old-fash
ioned door knocker , says the Now York Sun.
And nowadays ono may see occasionally n
knocker on the hall door ot an apartment In
an apartment house in tills city. A visitor
who steps out of an elevator and proceeds
along a halt to so ; , when he reaches the
apartment he seek : ) , a knocker upon the
door , may bo a llttlo surprised at It nt first ,
but only for a moment ; for , despite Its mod
ern surroundings , the door knocker stands
here , aa It does everywhere to one who has
been accustomed to seeing It , as the symbol.
of home.
In at least ono Instance the door knocker
In use on the hall door of an apartment In
this city was brought from an ancestral
housa In New England. In ono apartment
house In Now York door knockers appear
upon the hall doors ot flve' apartments , and
they are all ot different style ? . It has been
found that friends who como to doors that
have door knockers upon them are llktly to
knock , while strangers and those who come
on bUHlness errands are merely likely to use
the modern electric bell.
llnrlclIii'NArnica Snlve.
The best salve In the world for cuts ,
bruises , sores , ulcers , salt rheum , fever sores.
tetter , chapped hands , chilblains , corns and
all skin eruptions , and positively cures plies.
or no pay required. It Is guaranteed to glvo
perfect satisfaction or money refunded. Price
25 cents per box. For sale by Kuhn & Co. |
Cmaha , Nebraska.
We hear a great deal about
purifying the blood. The
way to purify it is to enrich
it. Blood is not a simple
fluid like water. It is made
up of minute bodies and
when these are deficient , the
blood lacks the life-giving
principle. Scott's Emulsion is
not a mere blood purifier. It
actually increases the number
of the red corpuscles in the
blood and changes unhealthy
action into health.
If you want to learn more
of it we have a book , which
tells thestory in simple words.
SCOTT & BOWNK. ChemlitJ. New York.
MADE ME A MAM
AJAX TAHI.KTS rCWTIVKi.Y Ctmi !
A.t.1 , rrni tUtraurf 1'nilInn Mem-
liyAhn eond other JllnwM unit Inillft-
cretlona. Ttity oiifrAfM anil tirrlf/
ration * Lmi Vitality In old or ) oan0. arm
fit n mnn for flinty , nu.tnMfl or marring * .
_ _ 1'rorent Insanity anil Oommmi'tlon If
tnlmi lit tlmo. Tlielr n shom immM lit * Improvo.
mnt nnd i > ITect OOKB wlioro nil ottiprB loll. In-
stnl 1111)11 limrlna tlm c nulno AJnx TaMots- They
liaTaruroil IhouMiulannil will euro TOU.Y * ql o n
l ltlro written cunrnntt * In i < fl ct n curnIn ncli cane
or rrnnd tha rnonny. 1'rlo BO rent * | > or imckaio , or
l > l ickniti > ( full tiTatlnnnll for Sim , lit mnll.tu
rlnliirAri r. upon ro lr l of i > rtco. Circular fre < * .
ft"v V DFiMrJnv - CTl . , JPIIfirbtirBSt. oim. , .iii.
For tnlo In Omaha by Jumci Fonyth. OH it ,
ICth Street.
Kiilin & Co. , 15th and bouglai Sirceti ,
Drucglsta-
DR.
MoCREW
a THH ONtT
SPECIALIST
WHO TMATS All
PRIVATE DISEASES
Wc > kne > i * Ditordero
MEN ONLY
0 fn Eiptrl nce.-
( Veart la Omaha.
nook Ft . Cooiulutlaa
nd Kxamioation Free.
| 4lh and Farnim Slf
UMA1L& MEB.
It can 110 niton nllliout liiionlrilcv i
Ilic pnllrnt In coOTo , tea or articles of fonil ; " 111
cflect i > poriimticnt nnil upoedy euro , wliotlior the
patient In n moderate drlnkor or on nlcuhollo urccK.
Hook of vnrtlcnlftVii fr < * o , to tii Imd or
Kulm . ( Co. . IMh A : Iloualax KUOmnhn. . Nrb.
GOLDEN SPECIFIC CO. , Prop's. Cincinnati , 0.
for tlielr " Dook on Ucrphlnt 1ULIU" mklleil free.
CTilchcitrr'n EnBtlth l > inu > und II ran Jr.
Orlfflnnl and Only Genuine.
8Arc , alwATi rclUbla. LDIC ttk
'it for'nUrJIctliri JTiiirnil nit
. . ; ran < llnltrd n < l iMJ metilll. ,
boics. PI fcjfel nlih lluo ribbon. TuLa
[ nnothrr. Jtrfu tdangtroutitilntitv *
tloni anil imttatltnt. At Druggisti.er Bct - . . .
In lUmpi ror partleulitri , tullmrDlal ) ml
* * ICetlcf for LoiUra4 ft Irtlcr , by relnrh
SIull. JI'.OOO TVitloionUli. tfuni raptr.
, euocr
Hi lu tU I.oool Uru-tlili.
LESSONS IN NEWSPAPER MAKING.
I How many pounds make a ton ?
2,000 pounds.
You would not take J 800 , or 1700 , or J 600 pounds
for a ton if you knew it , would you ? Of couise nol
well , then
object lesson taking eight pages ( the average daily is
sue ) of four newspapers , as a basis :
The Omaha Bee Columns are 21 7-8 in. long- .
World Herald Columns are 21 3-8 in , long1 ,
Lincoln Journal Columns are 21 1-8 in. long1.
Sioux City Journal Columns are 19 5-8 in. long- . \ \
Each line of The Bee is J3'i ems wide. Each line of
the others only 13 ems wide. This short weight doesn't
seem much , but in each 8-page paper we have this result
The Omaha Bee prints 292,010 ems or 697 inches.
World Herald prints 272,016 ems or 622 inches.
Lincoln Journal prints 269,624 ems or 616 inches.
Sioux City Journal prints 250,572 ems or 572 inches ,
Don't you see THE BEE gives you 75 inches more
space , or 3i colums , nearly one-half a page more than the
World Herald ; 81 inches , nearly 4 columns , more than
the Lincoln Journal ; 125 inches , or about 6 columns , more
than the Sioux City Journal ? In one week this amounts
to more than four pages of the World Herald , and with The
Bee's Saturday supplement , eight pages or a whole paper.
That's equivalent to eight Bees to seven World Heralds
each week , or nine pages more than the Lincoln Journal ,
or eleven and one-half more than the Sioux City Journal
each week.
This is only the quantity of the news we'll have
lessons on quality later.
DO YOU READ THE OMAHA BEE ?
i