THE OMAHA DAILY BEEs Sr&DAY , AITOTST 23 , 1800.
LINCOLN'S ' MONEY METHODS
Ridiculously Low Fees Charged for His
Services at Court.
SCOLDED BY THE CIRCUIT JUDGES
IlliiNlrnlliiK Lincoln * * Imllf-
( eri-nri * In Money MnttrrN III *
AllMI * H ( (111L'flC < > (
Mom1 } In
( CnpyrlRlit. W , \ > y 8. 8 McClme Cu.l
The making nnil keeping of money was
comcthlng which Abraham Lincoln's contemporaries -
temporaries alwnys declared lie did not un
derstand Ills Idea of tlio value of lilt ser
vice In the law was so niodeit us sometimes
to be ridiculous , while his scale of etpemll-
turci was encompassed by the simple formu
la spend no more than jou earn.
In the day when he began the piactlco nt
law fcts In Illinois were naturally much
smaller than now , nnr did they nlways come
In cash The fee book of Stuart and Lin
coln show more than one entry of merchan
dise. Nor dining the first 11 years of Lin
coln's praUIco Old his fees matcilally In-
crcas3 In 1817 he and lilt partner had only
about Jl.KOO entered on tlielr hooks. 'Ihe
largest Tee they received Unit jear was one
of $100 $50 arc- not rare , but theie arc moro
of $2U , more still of $10 , most of alt of $5
nnd even a few of } 3.
But Lincoln's fees were us n rule smaller
than his clients expected or his fellow law
yers approved of. Mr. Abraham Bioltavv of
Dloomlngton , 111. , tells the following story
Illustrating Lincoln's Idiu of n pioper fee
Ono of Mi1 Urokaw's neighbors had bor-
lowcd about | 500 from him and Riven his
note. When It became duo the man refused
to pay. Action was In ought , and the sheriff
levied on the properly of the dcbtoi and
finally collected the entire debt ; but at
about that time the HherllT was In need ot
fund and used the money collected. When
llrokaw demanded It from him he was un-
nblo to pay It nnd was found to be Insol
vent. Thereupon Broltaw employed Stephen
A. Douglas to sue the sureties on the of
ficial bond of the sheriff. Douglas brought
the suit and soon collected the claim Hut
Douglas WBH at that time In the midst of
Ills campaign as a candidate for congress
und the funds were used by him with the
expectation of being able to pay llioltaw
later. However , he neglected the mutter
nnd went to Washington without making
any settlement with Urokaw. llrokaw , al
though a lifelong and aident democrat and
a great admirer of Douglas , was a thrift ! )
German and did not piopose to lose sight
of his money. After fruitlessly demandIng -
Ing the money from Douglas IJroknw went
to David Da\ls , then In general practice
nt llloomlngton , told him the circumstances
and asked him to undertake the collection
of the money from Douglas. Davis protested
that ho could not do It , that Douglas was
a personal friend and a brother lavvjer and
democrat and It would be very disagreeable
for him to have an > thing to do with the
matter. He finally said to Hrokaw , "You
r/alt until the next term of court and Lin
coin will bo here. He would like nothing
liotter than to have this claim for collection
I will Intioduce you to him and I have no
doubt ho will undertake It. " Shortly after ,
Urokaw was presented to Lincoln , stated his
case and engaged his services. Lincoln
promptly wrote Douglas , still at Washington ,
that he had the claim for collection and
must Insist upon prompt payment. Douglas ,
very Indignant , wrote directly to Drokaw
that he thought the placing of the claim In
Lincoln's hands n gross outrage , that he
and Drokaw were old friends and democrats
and that Drokaw ought not to place any
such weapon In the hands of such an Aboli
tionist opponent as Lincoln and If he could
not wait' ' until Douglas returned lie should
at least have placed the claim for collection
In the hands of a democrat. Drokan's thrift
again controlltd and he sent Douglas' lettei
to Lincoln. Thereupon Lincoln placed the
claim In the hands of "Long" John Wentworth
-worth , then a democratic member of ion-
Kress from Chicago. "Wcntworth called upon
Douglas and Insisted upon payment , which
shortly after was made , and Drokaw at last
received his money. "And what do jou sup
pose Lincoln charged me ? " Drokaw says In
telling the story. After hearing a few
jjuesses ho answers : "Ho charged mo ex
actly $3 SO for collecting the nearly $ GOO '
Such charges were felt by the lawyers of
the Klghth circuit with some reason , to be
purely quixotic. They protested and argued ,
but Lincoln went on serenely charging what
lie thought his services worth. Ward Lamon
\vlio was one of Lincoln's numerous circuit
partners , snys that he and Lincoln fre
quently fell out on the matter of fees. On
one occasion Lamon was particularly In
censed , lie had charged and received a
good sized fee for a case which the two had
tried together and won. When Lamon of
fered Lincoln his share he refused It. The
fee was too laigc , ho said , part of It must
be refunded and ho would not accept a cent
until part of It had been refunded Judge
Davis heard of this transaction. He was
himself n shrewd money maker , never hesi
tating to take all he could legally get and
lie felt a natural disgust at the disinterested
attitude of Lincoln on money. Calling Lin
coln to him the judge scolded roundly. "You
are pauperizing this court , Mr. Lincoln ; you
are ruining > our fellows , Unless ) ou quit
this ridiculous policy wo shall all have to
KO to farming " Hut not oven the Ire of the
bench moved Lincoln. Ho continued to try
cases and accept Insignificant fees , even frc
quently to refuse fees when his clients wert
needy.
Although so constantly engaged In politics
he used little money for campaign purposes
and frequently after election returned to
the donois almost the full amount he hat
received All of his expenses had been pro
vided for In others ways he would say. flu
heaviest drafts upon him for politics came Irj
the yeais between 1850 and 1SCO , when lit
was engaged In fighting Douglas nnd tin
repeal of the Missouri compromise. Ho
was so active In the campaigns , giving
nearly nil his tlmo and force to politics thnt
ha could not , of course , attend closely to
Ills profession , The result was that ho was
seriously cramped most of the time. In
Kovember of 1808 , Just after the close of
the sonatoilal canvass against Douglas , lie
wrote the chairman of the state republican
committee , who evidently wanted to ho
helped out :
"I am willing to pay according to my
ability , but I am the poorest hand living to
got others to pay. I have been on ex
penses so long without earning nn ) thing
that I am absolutely without money non
for even household purposes Still , It jou
can put In $250 for mo toward discharging
the debt of the committee I will allow It
when jnu and I settle the private matter
between us. This , with what I have al
ready paid , and with an outstanding note of
mine , will exceed my subscription of $500
This , lee , Is exclusho of my ordinary ex
ponsrs during the campaign , all of which
being added to my loss of tlmo and business ,
lieara pretty heavily upon ono no better off
In ( this ) world's goods tlinn I ; hut as I
had thn post of honor It Is not for me to Lu
over nice. "
This stringency In money matters con
tinued until his election to the presidency.
When jam willing to make htm piesi'lmt ,
If ho put up a big enough num. 'ordered
their services ho always plead poverty
"I could not raise $10000 If It would
save mu from the fate of Johu Drawn , " ho
\vroto \ ono man. "Nor have my friends , 10
far as I know , yet reached the point of
staking any money on my dunces of suc
cess. "
To another friend he wrote In regard to
Mftcrs of assistance If a proper sum was
put up. "Allow mo to say I cannot enter
the rliiR on the money bails first because
In tbo main. It Is wrong : and secondly , I
have not and cannot get the money , 1 say
In tie main the use of money Is wrong ;
hut for certain objects In a political con
test the use of some Is both right and In-
dispensable. With me , as with > oursel ( , this
long struggle has been ono of great pecu
niary loss. I now distinctly say this. If
you ulinll bo appointed a delegate to Chicago
I will ftirntsh | | 00 to bear the expenses of
the trip. "
No man was moro generous with money
when ho had it than Lincoln. It meant
nothing to him sine aa a means with which
io ulve pleasure and to accomplish ends
am ! It flowed from his pocket ns freely ns
good will did from hit kindly heart. His
father's family was ono of the first to profit
all their lives by his generosity. In fact
It was dus to him that Thomas Lincoln
kept htu little homo In Coles county , Illinois ,
until his death , and that his stepmother
not or knew want He could , however , bo
very stern with those of his relatives whom
ho fell were shiftless and shirking. No
moro sensible letters were ever written
to a lazy and discontented man than those
Lincoln wrote to his stepbrother John John
ston , a ne'er-do-well whom ho had often
assisted.
"Your request for $ SO , " he wrote Johnston ,
who as usual wax broke and wanting help ,
"I do not think It best to comply with now
At the various times when 1 have helped
} ou a little you have said to me. 'We can
get nlong very well now ; ' but In a very
short time 1 find jou In the same difficulty
again. Now , this can only happen by some
defect In your conduct. What that defect
Is I think I know. You are not lazy , and
Mill you are an Idllcr. I doubt whether ,
since I saw you , jou have done n good
whole daj's work In any one day. Yoji do
not very much dislike to work , and still
* " ' >
L - - - J SX
SOME OF LINCOLN'S CHECKS.
jou do not work much , merely becaiibc1 It j
docs not seem to you that jou could get
much of It. This bablt of uselessly wastIng - |
Ing time is the whole difficulty ; it i' , vastly )
Important to jou , and still more so to jour
children , that jou should break the habit.
It Is more Impoitant to them , because they
have longer to live , and can keep out of
an Idle habit , before they are in it , easier
than they can get out after they are In
"You are in need of some money ; and
what I propose is that you shall go to woik , 1
'tooth and nail , ' for bomebodj who will
give j-ou money for It. Let fathei and jour
boys tnko charge of jour things nt home ,
prcpaie for a crop and make the crop , and
jou go to work for the best money wages ,
or In discharge of any debt you owe , that
you can get ; and , to secure jou a fair re
ward for jour labor , I now piomibo jou
that for every dollar jou will , between
this and the first of May , get for your own
labor , cither In money or as > jcur own in
debtedness , I will then give jou ono other
dollar. Hy this. If jou hhe jourselt at ? 10
a month , from me jou will get $10 more ,
making $20 a month for youi work. In this
I do not mean jcu shall go off to St. Louis ,
or the lead mines , or the sold mines In Cali
fornia , but I mean for jou to go nt It fo ;
the best wages you can get close to
homo In Coirs count } ' . Now , It
jou will do this , jou will be &oon
out of debt , and , what Is better , jou will
have a habit that will keep jou from get
ting In debt again. Hut , If I should now
clear jou out of debt , next j'ear you would
bo just as deep In ns over. You say jou
would almost give jour place In heaven
for $70 or $ SO. Then j-ou value jour place
in heaven verj- cheap , for I am sure jou
can , with the offer I make , get the $70 or
JSO for four or five months' v/ork You
gay If I will furnish jou the money j'ou will
deed mo th" land , and If jou don't pay the
money back jou will deliver possession
Nonsense ! If jou can't now live with the
land , how will you then llvo without If
You have alwajs been kind to me and I
do not mean to bo unkind to jou. On the
contrary. If jou will but follow my advice ,
j'ou will find It worth more than eighty
times SSO to jou '
Again ho wrote Johnston : "I learned that
jou aio anxious to sell the land where jou
live and move to Missouri I have been
thinking of this over since and cannot but
think such a notion Is utterly foolish What
can jou do In Missouri better than here *
Is the land any richer ? Can jou there nuj
moro than here ralso corn nnd wheit ami
oats without work' Will anjboily there , any
more than hero , do jour work for jou" If
jou Intend to RO to woik theio Is no bettei
place than right where jou are ; If j-ou do
not Intend to go to work jou cannot get
along anywhere
"Squirming and crawling about fiom place
to place can do no geol You have raised
no crops this jear ; and what jou really want
Is to sell iho land got the money and
spend It. Part with the land jou
have and , my life upon It , you will
never after own n spot big enough to
limy you In. Half you will get for the
land you will spend in moving to Mis
Hourl , and the other half you will eat , drink
and wear out , and no foot of land will be
bought Now , I feel It my duty to Ime
no Imnd In Btich a plt-co of foolery I feel
that It U so even on jour own account
and particularly on mother's account. The
erstern fortv acres I Intend to keep for
mother while she lives ; If yon will not
cultivate1 It , it will rent for enough to sup
port her at least It will rent for something.
Her dower In the other two foitles she ran
lot you have and no thnnks to me. Now
do not misunderstand this letter ; I dn not
write It In any unklmlness. Irlto I It IP
order. If possible , to get you to faoj ibr
truth , which truth Is , jou are di'stltuu be
cause jou have Idled away all your time.
Your thousand pretenses for not getting
along better nro nil nonsense ; they do-
celvo nobod ) but joursclf Co to work Is
the only cine for your case"
Whl'o ' Lincoln provided on his swall in
come fnr his family and helprd n goodly
number of his relatives he never c-xcused
himself because of these duties from aid
ing any friend poorer than himself , IIT
did he lefiMi to respond to the 'alia of
the ilc' < and unfortunate , which , parti su- .
larly oftJ' his election to the presidency , I
were 'QrejEant. Among his papers die
many evidences of his practical nympatnv I
for -hnjo whu had appealed to him. Many
of his rr&ponbcs were as quntnt as tlu-yj
were SdnJly , for Instance , the fol'nwl'ig
"lift" t'lvn In 1858 , when he was In ihe |
very hilt of the Lincoln and DoiiKl'ia ' de
bates ;
My old friend , Henry Clew , the bearer of
this , Is In a Btralt for eorae furniture to
commence housekeeping. If any person will
furnish him $25 worth and he does not pay
for It by the first of January next I will ,
A. LINCOLN.
September 25 , 1858.
The sequel to the above is contained In
tbo following :
"UHBANA. Feb. 16 , 1S5D. Hon. A. Lin
coln , Springfield , 111. : My Dear Friend
I herewith Inclose jour order which jou
gave jour friend , Henry Clew. You will
please send ino a draft for the BBUIO and
oblige yours. S. LITTLE. "
Touching evldencci ot Lincoln' * helpful
ness are found In his bank cheques. A
number of those almost humorously sug
gestive have been secured by collectors and
we reproduce throe here through the cour
tesy of their owners , Mr. 11. It. Officer ot
Denver , Cole , and Mr. Trank Officer of
Kranklln , Pa. One can see the picture the
"one-legged colored man , " a soldier , per
haps , seeking the president with his story
ot woe , the great melancholy eyes growing
tender and kindly as ho listened , the look
of amused appreciation of the cheque ho
wrote , "pay to one-legged colored man , " the
grateful negro , the friendly goodby. Few
men have ever left behind them so true
and delicate proofs of their gentle com
passion , of their sense of humor as those
Abraham Lincoln left on his bank cheque.
Indeed In his making and handling of money
wo have the man's whole character , his
modest estimate of his own services ; his
obstinate refusal to accept any advantage
of which his sense of Justice did not ap
prove , his wholly unselfish use of what ho
had , his conviction that all he had a right
to spend In this world was what ho felt he
had earned by a diligent practice of his
profession. This Is not Ihe "successful
man's" standpoint , to bo sure , but if It vve"e
the general practice of the world It Is pro > -
able that many of the financial problen s
of society would dlsappesr.
Pope Leo XIII Is the oldest bishop now
living.
There nro at present thlitcen Unitarian
churches In Iowa , as against seven four
jears ago.
Archbishop Benson of Canterbury Is 07
jears of age. He has been a bishop nine
teen years.
The Scotchtown Prosbj-terlan church , Or
ange county , N. J. , recently celebrated Its
100th annlversarj1.
The queen of Sweden belongs to the Salva
tion army and sometimes wears the charac
teristic garb In public.
The African Methodist Episcopal church
requhes every preacher in the annual con
ferences to subscilbe and pay for a church
papci before his character can be passed.
The total receipts of the Southern Picsby
terlan chuich for the past jear were ? l,53o-
DS3. as against $1.830.126 last jear , and
$1.913DSO in 1S93 , nnd 535 churches did not
contribute to any cause.
On a recent Sunday in a church In Dublin
the choir was strrtled duiiiu ; the singing of
the psalm by the appearance of the oigan
blower's head , who shouted out , "Sing like
blazes ; the bellows Is bubted ! "
Heniy M. 'Stanley ' Is quoted ns siyln ?
"When I was at Lake Victoria eighteen
jcais ago there was not a missionary there
now theie aio 40,000 Christians and 200
churches The natives are enthusiastic con
verts , rml spend their last penny to acquire
a bible "
Cardinal Vaughan , since his appointment
as Cardinal Manning's successor In London
IMS cmplojed a number of Roman Catholic
laymen as lecturers In the public parks and
open spaces. The new movement U undei
the direction of the cardinal's brother. The
lecturers are men of education , and are for
the most part drawn from the ranks of the
legal and other piofcsslons.
It Is reported that the publishers of tin
late Charles II. Spurgeon's seimons have re
ceived from the Spin goon Mcmoiial Sermon
society , which distiibutca homilies ns lorn
tracts , an older for 1.000.000 discourses The
weekly publication of these sermons , which
has continued without a break for forty-one
jears , Is truly described as ono of the amaz
ing literary successes of the century.
1he > Hcv G. W. Fnmson , who dropped
dead In New Yoik recently , figured In a
very sensational Incident dm Ing war times
Ho was then pastor of a Uaptht church on
M street Washington He ojmpathizpil with
the bouth , und ho cpoko his beliefs boldly
So persistent was ho In declaring his opln
Ions that the matter wns brought to the at
tention of Secretary Stanton. The latter ,
desiring to offset the effect of the preacher s
utterances , ordered htm to hoist flio Amer
ican flag upon his church. For many years
Mr. Samson < ' , as president of Columbian college -
lego and pastor of the E Sticet Dapttat
church He left Washington twenty yea's
ago. For the past fifteen jcara ho has been
president of Hutger's Female college. Mr
Samson was SO jtars old at Iho time of his
death.
TIII : r.innii.s OK
Harpers VVor'Kly.
Why lull against the rndtnnt summer sun
LVcuuse It In'iitH too baiHlily on Homo cluya ,
IU cause It brings not joy to evuiyono.
Nor i.jC'HL'e , nor comfort to nil human
vvnj'.s ;
lii-enu o with midden potencies It beats
Upon Iho city In death-burdened heats' . '
What season of the yonr has not ltd sting ?
Winter H glorious , jot inaj' frocvo the
heart :
There IH subtle poison in the breath of
And autumn harbors an envenomed dart ;
Ji.u.'h IIIIM HH charm , each feels Its own desire
sire- .
As every boul Ita own Imperious lire.
ThehO diij'8 of summer nro so rich with
bloom ,
So Hvve-et with perfumes of the ( lowers
nnd trees ,
So wonderful with starlights hazed In
Kloom ,
So full of tnj'Htety on melodious sens ,
So tender , dreamful , with bird-haunted
noons
And bongs of weft vvliula under yellow
moons ,
That wo who llvo them with lovo-llghted
souls ,
Gather their Hweetneus to ourselves and
Brow
Hej'ond the commonplace of common goals ,
Bejond the dull restraints that all men
know ,
And wo nro thrilled with n divining sense
Of love and It a supreme omnipotence ,
Now earth seems like a garden where our
thought
DloHsoms anew In fresh and tender gul e.
Where beaut y has the power of llfo full
w rough t ,
And youth sees far with wldo. enchanted
eyes ,
And where the air Is scented au It flows
With fragrance of the Jasmine and the
rose.
Tor 40 years Cook's Imperial Champagne
( Extra Dry ) has been on the market. Once
used never discarded
iHCT1
Personalty and MetHi'dl'of Grcnt Political
T 1 ' ' 'I'
OME OLD-TIME PRESIDENTIAL CONTESTS
Wo mlr fill tlcti Win ) lln MitiuiKccl
the I'olHIriil t'oi-niiK-H of Nti-
tliunil 'Ilc'U 'l fn I4nmoim ( " 11111-
of VrnrN' ( iiinu 11 } .
( Copjrkht 1 1 < ! )
WASHINGTON , Aug. 21. Campaign man
agers , now so essential a feature of our pol
itico , played small part In the presidential
contests of forty jears ago. Indeed , the
campaign manager as Wo now know him ,
first appeared In the two canvasses which
resulted In the election of Lincoln. Doth
In 1SCO and 1SG4 Edwin I ) . Morgan , later
governor of and United States senator from
New York , managed the republican cam
paigns , Ho was a successful business man
and introduced Into politics the careful and
systematic methods which have since made
campaigning almost an exact science.
Marshall Jewell , who succeeded Morgan
as chairman of Iho republican national com
mittee , wns n rather puerile politician , but
he was one of the most successful money
gettcis of his party. Ho could squeeze n
subscription , nnd n good one , too , nut of
Shjlock himself. Ho had the Insinuating
art to a high degree , and a knack of Im
pressing on a bank account that that bank
account was doing Itself the very greatest
favor In the world by contilbutlng a part
of itself to the committee Jewell represented
Ho never bored iiujbodj- , but ho had n way
of making a man feel that he would be very
much ashamed of himself if ho did not give ,
and veiy much pleased with himself if he
did. And so , when .leuell started out on
one of hta little subscription trips , It was
understood by the committee that he would
come back with a handsome credit
Hut this accomplishment of Jewell's had
some drawbacks. He had n vanity about
this ( nullification which would have been
amusing had it not bocn i other danger
ous , for he would come back to the com
mittee rooms with boyish glee , and with
out rccollectlnj ; that committee- room walls
have very long cars , would be likely to
blurt right out the story of hU successes
In 1SSO , when the republicans determined
to run Gnrfleld on n money basis It was
regarded as absolutely essential that Jew
ell should bo at the head of the committee ,
but the managers clipped his wings , much
to his grief v , hen he found It out , by ap
pointing an executive commlfieo that went
on with the work at spending the moi'cj' ho
and otheis had raised as oblivious of Jewell
as though he was in China.
August Bclmant , cliaiinian of the demo
cratic national committee in the years Im
mediately following the war , was a vciy
dllfcicnt man from Jewell , icserved , secre
tive and a diplomat by nature. Dclmont
had the harder task tf the two Ills party
was In a hopeless minority In the north and
In a dlsorginbcd cdndltlbn In the south.
Thlb made It almost Impossible for Mr.
Belmont to keep Ui the semblance of an
organization. The political methods which
had formerly been In 'vogue would have been
useless If he had adopted them , and there
Is but little doubt that ,1113 , position as a
financier he was a banker of International
repute and his ability t& conduct a cam
paign In a perfectly honorable way ,
but on a financial babts , did
moie than anjfhlng ' else to
hold the democratic ! organization together
until by changes IH , public sentiment it
became a powerful organization. However ,
Mi. Dclmont found politics a costly diver
sion. There was a widespread notion th t
the ilch banker could afford to contribute
liberally , and so had to take as contribu
tions of ethers many promises to pay which
were never kept. HV'haU'tb take a great
dec I cf abuse , and got' little thanks and
no recognition after his party came into
pox.ci.
In 1S72 the late Augustus Schcll , long a
leader of Tammany Hall , was at the head
of the democratic national committee. He
was a man of great ability and ripe cx-
peilcncc , but he led a cause foiedoomcd
to defeat. In the campaign of 137(1 ( two
n-asters of political stiatcgy , Samuel 3
llldcn and Zachailah Chandler , were plttel
against each other. Abram S. Hewitt was
Mr. Tllden's peiconal representative , but
M. . Illdcn himself supervised and di
rected evciy Important detail of his canvass ,
vass.
Chandler , who opposed him , wrs one of
the greatest political ccneials of his time
and his management of Hayes1 canvass
Is ono of the most stirring chapters of
American political history To a large
extent he established the campaign
methods of the present daj , and such
leaders as QuajHi Ice , Gorman and
Caiter brve merely followed In his foot
steps Chandler was a native of New
England , and had all the personal charac-
tcilstics of the ahrevvd Yankee , combined
with the experience1 Incident to a busi
ness struggle In Michigan at the time
when that stiito was near the frontier
Hi3 buslnc-33 tact brought him much
wealth nnd Influence , and these , combined
with aggressiveness and an Intense party
spirit , made him the dominating Influence
In Illchlgan politics during war daya ,
Dining the period of leconatnictlon
Chandler was one of the fighting senatois ,
and It was his pugnacity that led him to
be chosen chairman of the national com
mittee to run the llajes campaign. In
this capacity he was at hla best. He wns
a man of surprises , as the subsequent de
velopments piovcd. No one had before
thought of bieaking the solid boutli. In
tnct no attention wns being paid to the
south , as it was supposed to be nurely
dunociatlc. The whole country was watch
ing the doubtful states New Yoik , New
Jcissy , Indiana and Connecticut. On elec
tion night one after another of thesf
doubtful states swung Into line for Tlldcn. .
The no , with the solid south , elected Tlldun ,
so that nt midnight people went to bed
and considered the tlglit over. Dut nn bom
later Chandler gave the picas associations
tbo following signed dlfapatch , v/hlch has
become historic1 "Hutherfoul 1) ) Hayes
has iccclved 1S5 electoral votes and la
elected. "
No details were glvpu. Chandler simply
imulo the broad claim of votes enough to
elect , nnd left to conjecture where they
were to come from. It soon developed
that while- everybody had been watching
the doubtful states , Chandler had kept
his eye on Florida , South Carolina and
Louisiana. Then fame , the memorable
stiugglo over these states Without go
ing Into Its merits'It is'sufficient to show
Chandler's foresights toi'ttato ' that In the
end Hayes received ) 1 $ $ electoral votes ,
exactly the number Cha/ullei / had claimed
on the night of tlio U/ectlon. / when 'Ill-
den's success Bccmei curtain. William E
Chandler of New Hampshire , as secretary
of the republican national committee ,
was also a leading' actor In the events
v/hlch led up to the sontlng of Hayes.
Don Cameron BJiccflpded the eldei
Chandler as chairman of the icpublican
national committee'Ahd'As ' such called to
gether the conveiitlcvii which nominated
Gaifleld , Ho did not .spne as campaign
manager , however , liut' tinned OUT his
work to Senator Fafiltl of Minnesota
Senator Sabln was lamlnethodlcal worker ,
but his management vjas not marked by
any conspicuous brllllanty. Indeed , the
ablest of the republican managers in 1SSO
was Senator Dorsey , , of Arkansas , Dor-
sey managed the campaign In Indiana ,
which was thrn an October state. Garfield -
field was a member of the Campbelllle
sect , and that church was adroitly used
by Dorsey to Insure republican success In
Indiana. Where a Camphelltte church
that represented a largo number of voters
was found In debt the debt was promptj !
paid , and where a community was found
with a good number of Campbelllto voters
without a church , liberal contribution *
were made toward building one , especially
If the voters were democrats.
Hy these and other means Dorsey mada
the lonely way of the Campbelllto and there
were about 5.000 of them In the state so
pleasant that Indiana , both at the October
ind November elections , gave handsome ma-
orltles for the republican candidates. His
work In the state and city of Now York wan
lot less effective. When ho returned from
the west , four weeks before the election.
both seemed lost to his party. Hut by the
use of the methods which he had Introduced
so successfully In Indiana a new face was
speedily placed on affairs , nd New York
Kavo a majority of 25,000 for Garfleld It
has often been paid that Dorscy changed the
probable result In that state by a secret
understanding with John Kelly , then the
loader of Tammany Hall , but the former
stoutly atllrms that there Is not a grain of
truth In this charsc. As a matter of fact ,
those who knew Kelly know thai ho never
made a trade or deal In his llfo that he did
not make In open convention.
Pitted against Dorscy In the campaign of
1S80 was William 11 Darnum ot Connecticut.
Darnum had helped to manage the Tlldcn
campaign , but It wns not until Hancock
was nominated that he took supreme com
mand. Already ho wns popularly known as
"Mules" Darnum , from the dispatch as
cribed to him at a critical juncture of the
campaign , suggesting "Day more mules. "
Darnum was n born fighter. He not only
set forth the gooj qualities of his own can
didate , but he adopted the tactics of per
sonal warfare on the opposition Ills cam
paign book In ISbO was ono of
the most vitriolic publications of Its
kind over Issued. It gave such questions
as the tariff jnnd finance onlj1 passing
mention , the bulk of the book being given
up to a bitter arraignment of Garfield In
connection with the Credit Moblller , "Sal
ary Grab , " Pacific Mall contracts , "Doss"
Shepherd and the pav Ing ring of Wash
ington. These tactics , however , did not
lead to success and have been emplojed
In but one subsequent campaign.
In 1SS1 Ilenjamln F. Jones was the nomi
nal leader of the republican foices , with
melancholy personal consequences , for nt
the end of the campaign he had to make
good committee debts amounting to more
than $100,000. However , the real leaders
of the Dlalne canvass were Stephen D.
Elklns nnd Joseph It. Mauley. They put
up n splendid fight , and It was not their
fault that Dlalne was beaten. At this
tlmo GariM A Hobait pushed to the front
aa a campaign manager. In the cam
paign ot 1SS4 Darnum was again at the
head oi1 the democratic national committee ,
and , with Senator Aithui P Gorman as
his chief lieutenant , continued his policy of
bitter peiional attacks on the enemy It
was a campaign memorable for the airing
of the Mulligan letters , and other un-
sivoiy chapters of pcisonal history The
Durchard Incident seivcd ns a climax to
that hot campaign' and though unexpected ,
served as one of the most effective features
of the cam ass Dlalne hlnihclt declared
that the Din chard Incident caused his de
feat. '
nut It would probably be nearer the
truth to say that this event was due In
chief measure to the ability and energy
of William C. Whitney , who , though not
a member of the national democratic com
mittee , was Cleveland's personal represent
ative in the campaign. What a stor >
Whitney , if ho were so Inclined , could
tell of those eventful months' ' On two
separate occasions liarnum and Gorman
threatened to close the committee looma
and go home. Doth felt that the battle
was lost It seemed certain that Cleveland
was defeated. There was no money to be
had They absolutely did not have fundJ
enough to pay their stenographers , their
telegraphers and their stationery bills. In
both ot these cilscs Whitney was appealed
to , and with success. His personal contri
butions to the campaign funds amounted to
many thousands of dollars. When desiring-
to ralso money he led the list with a
handsome sum and then called upon others
to follow his example. And he had his
reward in the election of his chief. Whit
ney's appointment a little later as secre
tary of the navy was a burprlso to the
general public , but not to those familiar
with the inner history of the campaign I
have been dcscilblnc.
In I8S8 Senator Matthew S Quay , as
chairman of the republican national and
executive committees , ( list gave proof in
other than n local field ot his abilities as
a political strategist. A keen , able , method
ical man , who has made politics his life
studj- . Quay does not believe In a speaking
campaign , or In meetings to listen to
speeches. His methods are "practical , "
and when ho essajed the election of Harri
son ho found the weapons of warfare al-
icrdy foiged for his use. His ready em
ployment of them was evidenced when
the well-remembered Foster "frjlng-thc-
" "blocks-of-flve" letters
fat" and the Dudley - -
became public The fat frying letter , which
\\aa sent to large conceins which enjojed
the benefits of proteclion , has become his
toric among politicians , and a few months
ago Senator Chandlci referred to It in con
nection with his analgnment of Mark
Hanna , and the methods adopted in be
half of McKinley. It was eclipsed in In
terest , however , by the lottcr which came
out a short tlmo after , signed by Colonel
Dudley , ticaaurcrof the national committee
which had been sent to the political work
ers of Indiana , This was known ns the
"blocks-of-fivo" letter. Quay's chief aide
In the campaign was James S. ClarKson of
Iowa. The peisonul representative of Can
didate Harrison was Colonel John C. Now
of Indiana , an editor and a politician of
long experience. Later Harrison gave him
the ilpcst plum at his disposal , the consul
generalship at London , but Quay and Dud
ley were left out In the cold , and Clarkson
failed to get what ho wanted a place in
the cabinet. Candidates , like republics , arc
sometimes ungrateful.
In the campaign of 1888 Calvin S. Drico
of Ohio also came to the fiont as a cam
paign manager , Darnum continued to be
chairman of the democratic national com
mittee , but Drlce wat made chaliman of
the campaign committee , and , as such , did
the moro active woik. Eaily In the can-
vrsa ho called together at Chicago the
chad men of the several state committees
of the west and organUed a plan of west
ern campaign. It was the first time that
organl/atlon had been attempted outside of
Now York. Dilce , however , niado his head
quarters in New York , and brought to the
campaign woik all the energy und audacltj
which has mrdo him a prince of the rail-
load fraternity.
Diico's methods failed to elect his can
didate but they were as costly as they were
brilliant and when the battle wan over ho
mpdo good from his own pocket committee
debts amounting to something like $500,000
Other membois of the donibcratlc campaign
committee In 1888 were Aithur Sowall of
Maine , Arthur P , Gormnii of Maryland , John
S Daibo-ir uf Virginia and William L Scott ,
The last mined was Hrlco's chief lleuten-
rnt , and ponied out his money like water
for what pioved to bo a losing cause , In
1SSS AVhltney was again active In Cleve
land's behalf , and I have It from good au
thority that ho contiUnited fiom his own
funds no less a uum than $250,000 for the
campaign , which icsulted , as the French
say , "as a stroke of a sword In the water. "
The campaign of 1802 brought to the
front a new net of men , haidly known be-
jond the borders of their own states Wil
liam F. Harrlly , who bo ably managed
Cleveland's canvaBH , waa , until chosen
chairman of the democratic national com
mittee , a Pcnnsjlvanla politician of strictj )
local repute , and Thomas II Carter , who
brought to Harrison's campaign a coocl deal
of western dash and hiowdncss , had had
no experience as a picsldeiit maker before
ho was made chairman ot the icpubllcan
national committee , after at least a dozen
men had de-dined the place. Thin year Mr.
Hanlty is "out of polities. "
IIIH i.ovnit i M > iiivrooi ) .
1llKsl\i > from a VnIII | Who Cmililn'l
AVrllccJ 'cl 3 > i > lii < 'i-iir < tl > r ,
A Lancashire lady has been relating a
lather pretty story about a factory girl's
way of answering a marriage proposal made
to her , sajs Pearson's Weekly.
" 'Iho joung woman could not write or
rood writing , and ono day the hi ought F.
letter to me to read to her. It contained an
offer of marriage.
"I happened to know that the writer was
a deserving joung artisan , so I said to her
'Now , you must consider this matter very
cerlouslj' , and If jou llko to coma to mo
when you have made up jour mind 1 will
w rlto n reply for you '
"A day or two afterward I met the girl
again and asked her If she wanted mo to
answer the letter for her 'Oh , that Is all
right , ' eald she , looking radiant and pleased
'I've ( settled U. I answered It myself'
' "Why , how did you do U ? ' I asked ,
"And then she told mo that tlio could
make a capital 'I , ' and that ahe stuck on
the paper a piece of wool after it for
' ' ' ' "
'wull' 'I wool.
Theories of cure may be rtuscussed at
length by physicians ) , but the sufferers want
quick relief ; and Ono Minute Cough Cure
will give U to them A safe euro for chil
dren. It U "the only harmless remedy that
produces Immediate results. "
[ LEADING MEN OF THE LAW
Distinguished Jurists nt the Mooting of tbo
American BUT Association.
NOTABLE VISITORS FROM BEYOND THE SEA
The HNIory , Aim * mill 1'rroiiniirl f
\KinoliilliinA Mliilit } I'imrr
In .simiiliiK I lie lclHlalluii |
of ( lie Coutitr ) .
SAUATOOA , N. Y. , Aug. 21. ( Coucspond-
ence of The lice ) Meetings of technical and
professional societies , though national In
scope , do , not , as n rule , command wide at
tention outside the paitlculnr crafts which
they are supposed to repicsetit. The con
vention habit has become ( o thorough ! ) a
pnit of our American cixlll : itlon , every
trade , calling or Intcirst having now Its
peculiar guild , that the assemblage of one
of these Is looked upon as a matter of
course , and designed only to Intelest Us
membership
' caslonally , however , some Incident out
of the ordinary maiks the otherwise prosy
dellbeialloni of ono of these meetings , and
gives It the chaiactcr of a national event.
The session of the American liar association ,
which has just come to a close nt Saiatoga ,
has acquired some such Impoitanco through
the presence and paitlcipatlon In its pro
ceedings of Lord Chief Justice Hussell of
England. Iholsit to our shores of one
so distinguished would at anj time nt-
tiact great attention. Just nt this pcilod
when out icliitloni with Hiigland nro bo much
inoio trained than usual It bus an added
rlgnlllcanco. In spite of disputes over
llshci les and boundarle , of bellicose dip
lomatic messages and hostile pi ess mani
festoes , the relations between the bar of
England and that of Amcilca have remalnc 1
most coidlal. Last je.u Sir Kiederlck
1'ollock , the most eminent living KIIK-
llsh law wtltct , was the piin-
clpal speaker at an anniversary of
the Harvard Law school. In ISfcJ Lord
Chief Justice Coleildrjo. the piedeecssor of
Lord Hussell , traveled extensively In
America nnd between the two dates labt
mimed , Mr. James llrjcc , who , though best
known as a historian , Is , nevertheless , a
juilst of high lank , was a ficqilcnt visitor
to our bhoies while collecting material for
that epoch-making woik on the "Ameil-
can Commonwealth " The icciptlon ac
corded these men by their professional
biethrcn In America has demonstrated that
the luwjers of the two countilcs , as the
Interpreters of a common system of juris-
pindence , iccogulze in that fact a stiong
bond of union. The iccent Saratoga meet
ing has done much to biing this sentiment
to the attention of the general public.
Moreover , the peisonalltj of Lord Hussell
is such as would naturally attiact wide
attention Probabl > the most eminent
piactltloncr In England , his prominence In
such spectacular causes as Iho I'arncll trial
sccuied him a fame which was baldly
heightened by his recent piomolion to the
chief jiibtlco's seat. The fact , also , that
ho Is not an Englishman bv birth , but a
x-itlvo of Ireland , and a Italian Catholic
the first of that faith hince the reformation
and of that race ut any tlmo , to hold his
high onice , lends an added Interest to his
career , anil so It hns happened that the
presence of this distinguished guest has
drawn popular attention to the session
during Iho past week at Saratoga , and more
laymen than ever before have probably been
led to inquire what the American liar Asso
ciation is and why It exists
ITS PERSONNEL
The Ameilcan Bar association Is not a
body composed of all the lawyers of the
United States , or even a considerable fiac-
tion of them. Its nominal membership has
never exceeded 1,100 out of a total of per
haps 30,000 American lawyers , and its ac-
tlvo membership Is much smaller. But
what it has lacked in members It has
made up in quality. Ever since the asso
ciation was formed , Its membership has
Included the Ilower of the Ameilcan bar
Among Its presidents have been the most
eminent of the bench and bar of this
generation , such for example as Thomas M
Cooley , David Dudley Field , John K Dillon
and James C. Carter with others whose icp-
utatlon have been professional rather than
popular. Its leading spirits have always
been men who , though distinguished foi
success at the bar , have nevertheless be
Moved that their calling was not a meic
money-getting trade ; that law bus Its sclcn
tide and altruistic as well as its practical
side ; that in the adminlstiatlon of justice
there arc evils to be remedied and re
forms to be undertaken which are best
known to the lawyer ; and that upon the bar
as a great social Institution , endowed with
unusual privileges , rests the obligation of
rendering society some service In return.
Of late years and since the formation of
the "flection of legal education , " the profes
sors In the leading law schools of the coun
try have constituted an Important element
in the membership and their presence has
tended constantly to make the absoclatlon
moro scientific in character. Papers have
been presented befoio recent meetings of
the abbociatlon by such men as Profs. Thajcr
of Harvard and Wigmore of Chicago , which
would do credit to a society of European
savants. There hab also been added lately
a section of patent law. The qualifications
for admission to the association include five
jcarfa' membership , In good standing , of the
bar of borne state.
ITS IIISTOHY.
The association was organized In 1S7S.
Numerous local and state bar associations
woio in existence at the tlmo In dlffeicnt
pails of the country and were effective
enough in their own bpheies. The new as
sociation was formed not as a rival of these ,
but to co-operate with and supplement them ,
Tim initial meeting was held at Saratoga
and for the next ten jears the association
contlnmd to meet there. Since then It has
alternated between Saratoga and some laiger
city. In 18S9 , going west for the first tlmo ,
It met nt Chicago , In 1S91 at Doston , during
the World's fair at Milwaukee , and last
year at Detroit. Kffoits have been made to
abandon the plan of alternately meeting at
Saiutoga , but the attractions of that place
at the season when the association meets ,
together with Its nearness to New York City ,
where BO many of the incmbein reside , have
liei.ii sufficient thus far to continue the cus
tom.
In 188S u rival was formed In the "Na
tional liar association , " which was a repre
sentative body composed of delegates from
Htuto and local societies. Hut this was only
short-lived nnd the American Bar associa
tion occupies the entire field todaj excepting
pobblbly thu organl/atlon which met In
Omaha last month and which was foimcd
for quite distinct purposes. Such Is a hi let
outline of the personnel and history of the
American Dar association.
It may be Inteiestlng now to consider
what It has accomplished In the eighteen
yeais of its existence. Its constitution de
clares the objects of the absoclatlon to be
"To advance the science of jurisprudence
promote the administration of justice and
uniformity of legislation throughout thu
union ; uphold the honor of the profession
til the law , and encourage cordial Intercourse
among the members of the American liar"
A brief consideration will show that sub-
Htatitlal progress has been madu toward the
accomplishment of these Important ends
In the Ilrst place , the association lias
done much to raise the standard of legal
learning in the United States. The mil ) ,
jecls discussed at Us meetings range be-
voml merely technical lines and Include
such topics as Roman Law , Comparative
Jurisprudence , History of Law , etc. The
papers read before the association are usu
ally of a high grade and Its eighteen vol
umes of published reports are a repository of
judicial knowledge , not always oUewhero
accessible Ono of the notable features of
every meeting Is the president1 ! ! resume of
the jear's legislation In the different states
and In congress. In the hands of a president
like Judge Dillon , or Mr. Carter , this becomes -
comes at olico an exhaustive rovlow and a
masterly criticism of current American legal
history , and there Is probably no better
source for ascertaining the character of the
enactments of a particular year
The association has a number of standing
committees through which Its various ob
jects are promoted and these are expected
to Uo their work during the jear and report
at the annual meeting. Among these la a
committee on "jurisprudent and law ro-
fonn , " and another ou "Ict'ul education and
' admission to the liar" Thn latter , In
conjunction with the ' srcllon of legal edit *
cntlon , ' hns already dona tmirlt to Impiovo
! the methods of Instruction In law schools
And both hove contributed largely to the
movement for raising the simulants nt ad
mission to the b.ir In which our o\\n Mslo
has been among the latest to join , Thcro
Is also a stftiidlni ; commltlce on "law report-
Ing" which Is at work on plans to unify
and Improve the methods tif publishing de
cisions of thn courts of IAS ! resort , and
there Is a special committee on the
"classification of the law , " to which Is
committed the task of reducing to a moro
oidorlj and convenient arrangement , \vlut
has been called
"The lawless science of our law ,
The codrlcss mjrlad of precedent. "
SHAPING LKfilSLATION
So much for what ma > be termed the acftil-
mile work of the American llai association.
Hut It has also exerted an Influence In shap
ing leglblatlon which , considering Its Inlet
existence nnd the difficulties attending such
a task has be'eii far from Inconsequential
Ono of tl.e n oat notnblo Ur.ls ntlve change i
In our recent legal hlstorj was the act of
conKrcss of 1S91. which ctcntctl the federal
courts of appeals Prior to this act the su-
pi erne coutt , which was then the only court
of ultimate appeal In the federal judiciary
was lloodod w lth appeals , often of n dilatory
natuic , fimu every stale and terrltoiy Ita
docket was ars behind , nnd the delay re
sulting thercfiom frequently amounted to it
dental of justice. This was a situation
which wns , of course , most famlllni to law-
5crs , though they WCHI fni fiom bolng the
chief siifiereis The general public knew lit
tle of thr rnnd \ \ had It been nhllgod to
wait until there was n popular demand for
lefoim , the remedy might have been dp-
la > od for a generation Iho Ameilcan liar
association hero found an opportunity for
its special work. As early ns 18S2 meas-
uies for the relief of Iho BUprrme court were
dlsiusscd at Its meetings , and n hill pro
viding for Intermediate courts wns finally
agreed upon and recommended to congress.
This was Intioduci'd by Seimtoi Evorts , an
active member of Iho association , nnd became -
came a law In practically the same form
as recommended And toduj , thanks to the
inembeia of this assoelntoln. It Is possible
for n litigant in the fe'deinl supreme court
to have his CIEO submitted nnd decided at
the s.imo term , while In each of the nlno
circuits into which the country Is divided
there exists n special Mint of nppealH In
which cruises may be brought not lota
speedily to u teiinitiation.
UNIFOK.M STATE LAWS.
Another Held In which the association has
beeir nt work for s > ome tlmo nnd In which ,
despite many obstacles. It is slcnly achiev
ing MICCCSS , Is that of bringing about greater
uniformity In the laws of the dlllerent states
pertaining to matters of every day business ,
such as the presentment and protest of
negotiable paper , the formal execution of
deeds und also In the granting of divorces.
In respect to these mattcis our country Is
too much lllo-j pro-revolutionary Franco
where every petty province had its Inde
pendent Ic-gal s > stem Our Nobiaska laws ,
for example , requite two witnesses for a
will and only one for a deed , but we might
cioss the Missouri river and Und the icquiie-
mcnls reversed , and this too on a vital
point. No business man Is safe In acting ,
and no lawjci In advising In such matters
In reliance upon his knowledge of the laws
of his own state. Yet there Is no reason
why merelj foimal rcquliements of this Kind
should not he identical In every state so
that a business man from Maine , knowing
something of Its laws would be &afo In exe
cuting a deed in Texas. But these are
matters which do not fall within the legis
lative powers of congress and lie who would
change them must peisuado not ono legis
lature , but forty-eight. To this task the
American Dar association is now committed.
One of Its permanent committees has drafted
a uniform statute covering subjects Ilka
those above enumerated , and already In the
eastern states , great progress has been made
toward Its adop'ion , nnd whllo a reform of
this character Is subject to enormous dltn-
ultlcs and is necessarily slow of accomplish
ment , still the association may fairly bo
said to have Inaugurated a great legal re
form , which had it been left for tbo agita
tor and the platform-maker , would liavo
been ono of the dreams of the tndcllnlto fu
ture.
ture.Much
Much more might be written of the past
achievements of the American Dar associa
tion. Perhaps enough lias been said to Indi
cate Its real position as a factor In Ameilcan
civilisation. Llko Its fellows and co-la-
boiers , the American Economic association
and the Ameilcan Social Science association ,
It is helping to bring to the .solution of tha
great piohlcms of society and government ,
the best thought of our tlmo. Such an
organisation can hardly be devoid of Inter
est to an > one , howc\er far removed from
law and lawjcrs , who is interested in thu
ever-changing jet over-repeated story of
civic projirebs.
This much for the general chaiacter and
alms of the Ameilcan liar association. I
shall attempt In another aitlcle to give moro
of the details of the iccent Saratoga meet
ing , at whose proceedings I wns an interested
attendant. CHAHLES S. LOHINGIEIl.
a
Don't tilde away tlmo when you have
cholera morbiis or diarrhoea , right them In
Iho beginning with DeWltt's Colic and Chol-
eia Cure. You don't have to wait for ic-
sults , they are instantaneous , and It leavci
the bowels In a healthy condition.
The fact that eight hours IB a day's work
In most of the building trades probably
saved the lives of thousands of workmen dur
ing the St Louis tornado , which occured bo-
twccn S and C o'clock In the afternoon , just
after the men had left their work. Nearly
all of the scaffolding on now buildings vvai
bcattered far nnd w Ido.
BABIES WITH SKINS ON FIRE
from llchlni } nnd li'mlntf re/Mnna md othei
HKIII und cili | torlimn SOIIH but pin nto n-al.
Uo lioi iuo | liulo oiiis Hilfir 'Io know lint
uwnrin lulliwiili Ci'TicuiiA MMV , nnd n * lnclo
aiinllcatlun of CuTirmiA ( ulmiiuin ) , the jfrint
fiUn cure , will In | | io majority of cam ufford
Innlint iisllcf , permit rc'M nud lcop , mul point
to 11 idly i ( iiri > . mul not Io ute them wlthuut u
moment' * dtluy la to fell In our ilulj.
Bold Ihronsliniii ihii wml.l IVIrr , Ci Ticuiu , ton i
iliiiLeK'f ? ' i""si''Ti/3 ' ! ' | " IJiHTon " ' " ' ° " >
Dearies &
Searloa
SPECIALISTS IN
Hcivous , Chronic
UllJ
Pilvate Oiseis:3. :
WEflTHEH
BEXUALM ,
All I'rlmto UliBle
mid UUunlurt uf ilea
I'rtiitluioiit by mall
cuimiHatlou Iron'
SYPHILIS
Cured ( or Ufa und the pul o iboroughlf
rlininfd from lli v tem rjI.ICS. PIBTUJ.A
n HKOTAl. UI.CKH8 , IIYOIIOCKMC1 ANU
VAniCOCRI.B permanently and uccenfully
cured. Method new * nd unfolllnir
STRICTURE UNO GLEET
Jy new method without rain or cutting.
Call on or ndjreii wlm stump.
Dr Searles & Scarto lit ) 8. litli-JI.
, , UiaitU * * ! ! , ,
"ENNYRQYAL
. .v > w.f . . . -t. n * - , ' - " "
In lUiapf ( cr parthuUrl. ( rBUuu&lill il
c " HrJIeT for I dlf . " ( n ! : . 1 > J rel utl
V Hull. ll'.OOIT ! ll oil I
CJ.li ln.ler Oiiciutcul L , U ill